Praxis PLT Grades: 7-12 – Flashcards
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Albert Bandura
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"Social Learning Theory" - Behavior can be learned through the observations of others.
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Social Learning Theory
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Behavior of children can be learned through the observations of others.
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Albert Bandura
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Found that observational learning requires attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation; "Modeling".
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Attribution
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The process of explaining people's behavior, including our own.
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Accidental of Critical Thinking
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Done by choice encounter.
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Attention Deficit Disorder - ADD
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Disability in which children consistently show one or more characteristics over a period of time; inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. May have difficulty focusing, following directions, organizing, making transitions, and completing tasks.
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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder - ADHD
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Disability in which children consistently show one or more characteristics over a period of time; inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. May have impulsivity, sitting still, and taking turns.
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Adolescence
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Time period between the beginning of puberty and adulthood in which a child negotiates identity vs. role confusion with key event of a sense identity.
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Analysis Questions
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What are the features of? How does this compare with?
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Alternative Assessment
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Offer students more choices than they would have in taking a test or writing an essay.
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Affective
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A term which refers to emotions and attitudes.
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Analytical Scoring
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Scoring method which separate scores are given for specific aspects of the essay. A scoring procedure in which a student's work is evaluated for selected characteristics, with EACH CHARACTERISTIC receiving a separate score
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Anecdotal Notes
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Informal assessment where teacher makes small notes based of observations of student behavior or performance.
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Aptitude
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One's capability for performing a particular skill or task.
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Aptitude Test
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Used to predict a student's ability to learn a skill or accomplish something with further education and training.
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Ability
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What one has learned over a period of time from both school and non-school sources; one's general capability for performing tasks.
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Age-Equivalent Scores
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Test score indicating the age level of students to whom a test taker performed most similarly.
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Authentic Assessment
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Measure student understanding of the learning process and product, rather than just the product.
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Auditory Learner
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Students who process information through listening, lecture discussions, listening to tapes, repeating information, and reading aloud.
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Autism Spectrum Disorder
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Disorder where students have difficulty socializing and communicating.
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Advatages of Critical Thinking for Students
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1. Allows for students to think for themselves 2. Allows for students to question information. 3. Challenges traditional belief. 4. Allows for new information discovery. 5. Allows for students investigation.
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Advantages of Direct Instruction
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1. Introduce new information or tasks. 2. It can be easy to judge how well the students are progressing. 3. Teacher has control 4. Easy to measure if curriculum needs are being met 5. Quick way to learn information.
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Advantages of Independent Learning
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1. Learn life long learning skills 2. Identify learning style that suits the learner best 3. Learn higher order thinking 4. Mirrors real life adult learning
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Advance Organizers
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Introducted before learning begins; link prior knowledge to current. Ex. Sematic Map, Webs, KWL chart, Concept Map
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Basic Cognitive Process
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1. Critical Thinking 2. Creative Thinking 3. Questioning 4. Inductive and Deductive Reasoning 5. Problem Solving 6. Planning Memory 7. Recall
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Bloom's Taxonomy
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Developed by Bejamin Bloom and identifies educational objectives by the order of lower to higher level thinking skills.
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Bloom's Taxonomy
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Hierarchy Level of thinking which categorizes the skills required at each level according to difficulty: 1. Knowledge 2. Comprehension 3. Application 4. Analysis 5. Synthesis 6. Evaluation
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B.F. Skinner
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"Operant Conditioning" Based on the idea that learning is a function of change in observable behavior. Changed in behavior are the result of a person's response to events. When a stimulus-response is reinforced, the indivivual becomes conditioned to respond, which is operant conditioning.
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B.F. Skinner
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Behavior approach to learning.
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Benjamin Bloom
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Established a hierarchy of educational objectives that attempted to divide cognitive objectives into subdivisions ranging from simplest to most complex behavior.
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Behaviorism
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Level of culture defined by our social roles, language, and approaches to non verbal communication that help us situate ourselves organizationally in society. Teachers manipulate the learning environment and present stimuli, using conditioning and social learning to shape student behavior.
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Behavioral Objectives
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Statements that communicate proposed changes in students' behavior to reach desired levels or performance.
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Behavior/Emotional Disorders
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Consists of serious, persistent problems that involve relationships, aggression, depression, fears associated with personal or school matters, and other inappropriate socioemotional characteristics.
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Bodily/Kinesthetic Intelligence
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Students who are athletically gifted and aquire knowledge through bodily sensations.
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Behaviorism Concepts
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Conditioning Intrinsic and Extrinsic Rewards Reinforcement Punishment
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Cognitivism Concepts
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Schema Information Processing Mapping
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Constructivism Concepts
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Learning as Experience Problem Based Learning Zone of Proximal Development Scaffolding Inquiry/Discovery Learning
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Social Learning Theory Concepts
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Modeling Reciprocal Determinism Vicarious Learning
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Cloze Procedure
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An assessment method used to determind readability of a text that involves deleting words from the text and leaving blank spaces. The teacher chooses a text of atleast 250 words, leaves the first and last sentences alone, and deletes every fifth word in the text.
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Carol Gilligan
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Known for "Stages of the Ethic of Care" based on the moral development of women.
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Carol Gilligan
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Moral development studies to follow up Kohlberg. She studied girls and women and found that they did not score as high on his six stage scale because they focused more on relationships rather than laws and principles. Their reasonings were different.
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Criterion-Referenced
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A test designed to indicate how an individual performs in comparison to a pre-established acceptable criterion, rather than the performance of other students.
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Comprehension Questions
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Interpret, retell, organize, and select facts.
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Cooperative Learning
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Students work together to solve a problem or achieve a goal; they help each other learn. Ex. Think-Pair-Share, Jigsaw
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Coaching
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Giving advice, direction or information to improve performance
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Cognitive Processes
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Emphasizes ways to enhance student's intrinsic nature and make sense of the world around them. Ex. Critical thinking, creative thinking, questioning, inductive and deductive reasoning, problem solving, planning, memory, recall.
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Concept Mapping
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A visual means of exploring connections between a subject and related ideas and identify, graphically display, and link key concepts. Way to organize.
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Cooperative Learning Groups
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Students working together in small groups (4-6 students). Mix together students of different abilities, each student needs a job, teacher needs to monitor and adjust groups.
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Creative Thinking
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Finding new ideas by joining old ones. The more knowledge one possesses allows for larger base of information to use towards creative thinking. Yields a productive and culturally appropriate result. Come up with unique solutions to problems.
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Creative Thinking Processes
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Accidently Deliberately Through an on going process
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Critical Thinking Processes
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The pursuit of knowledge that: 1. Asks appropriate questions 2. Collects relevant information 3. Fosters thinking that enables people to make large informed decisions vs low level thinking.
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Concept Learning
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Refers to learning about something in general rather than learning-specific stimuls-response chains. Same as cognitive learning.
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Classical and Operant Conditioning
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Type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. Learning in which a neutral stimulus can be used to elicit a response that is usually a natural response to a stimulus.
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Cognitive Dissonance
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An uncomfortable inconsistency among one's actions, beliefs, attitudes, or feelings. People attempt to reduce it by making their actions, beliefs, attitudes or feelings more consistent with one another.
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Constructivism
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A philosophy of learning based on the premise that people construct their own understanding of the world they live in through the reflection on previous experiences and knowledge.
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Collaboration
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Joint communication and decision making among educational professionals to create an optimal learning environment for students and especially for students with disabilities. A philosophy about how to relate to others- how to learn and work.
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Interdisciplinary Units Components
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-Collaborating -Generating Applicable Topics -Planning Instruction for each Discipline -Designing Integrative Assessment
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Critical Thinking
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Rationally deciding what to believe or what to do. When one rationally decides something, he or she evaluates information to see if it makes sense, whether it's coherent, and whether the argument is well founded on evidence. Thinking reflectively and productively and evaluating evidence.
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Critical Thinking Characteristics
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1. Organize thoughts for articulation 2. Uses evidence relevantly and objectively 3. Makes judgements after evidence 4. Understands different beliefs and points of view 5. Sees hidden similarities 6. Learns indepentently 7. Applies knowledge to new situations 8. Can articulate irrelevance in arguments 9. Questions your own views 10. Aware that some knowledge contains bias
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Concrete
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Most visable level of culture including: clothes, music, games, and food. Having a material existence; not abstract; tangible.
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Concrete Operational
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Occurs from ages 7-11 in which the child reasons logically in familiar situations and can conserve and reverse operations.
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Conventional (G)
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Moral Stage with the goal of self-sacrifice as goodness
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Conventional 1 (K)
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Moral stage with the social orientation of "good boy/good girl"
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Conventional 2 (K)
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Moral stage with social orientation of law and order
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Code of Ethics
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Principles of conduct within an organization that guide decision making and behavior.
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Cognitivism
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A theory of learning. The idea is that learning is a conscious, rational process. People learn by making models, maps and frameworks in their mind. ~ is the opposite of behaviorism. Uses maniplulatives and real-life learning opportunities that are relevant to students' prior experiences. Teachers stimulate cognitive developemtn, mediate student learning and monitor thought processes.
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Continuous Reinforcement
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Student is reinforced every time she makes a response. In this type of reinforcement, students learn very rapidly. but when the reinforcement stops, extinction also occurs rapidly.
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Curriculum Webbing
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tool used to help teachers relate and plan for all areas and development using a central theme.
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Culturally Relevant Teaching
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Seeks to make connections with learner's cultural background. Makes teaching more effective.
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Curriculum Chunking
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Teacher breaks down the Unit's content into smaller units and provides support of feedback to the student as he or she demonstrates understanding of each piece of information.
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Curriculum compacting
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Teacher finds the key content tha tmust be learned and reduces the number of examples, activities, or lessons so that a student can demonstrate the content and move on to another subject.
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Bruner
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Discovery learning & Constructivism Theory
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David Ausubel
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Associated with Advanced Organizer, which is a teaching technique that is introduced before learning begins and is designed to help students link their prior knowledge to current lesson's content
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Advanced Organizer
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teaching technique that is introduced before learning begins and is designed to help students link their prior knowledge to current lesson's content
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Deductive Reasoning
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Process of drawing a logical inference about something that must be true, given other information that has already been presented as true. - A conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case.
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Diagnostic Assessment
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Highly specialized, comprehensive and detailed procedures used to uncover persistent or recurring learning difficulties that require specially prepared diagnostic tests as well as various observational techniques.
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Direct Instruction
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Structured Teacher-centered instruction which includes lecture, presentation, and recitation. Lessons are carefully planned and presented in small attainable increments with clearly defined foals and objectives. Keep negative affect to a minumum.
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Direct Instruction Steps
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1. Introduce a task. 2. Provide a background. 3. Give student individual work. 4. Instructor provides immediate feedback.
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Developmental Delays
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Students with one or more of the following difficulties; self-care, expressive or receptive language, learning, mobility, self-direction, capacity for independent living, and economic self-sufficiency. They may have scattered or arrested gross/fine motor skills- usually proximals to distal.
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Group Configurations for Learning
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1. Whole Class 2. Small Group 3. Independent 4. One to One 5. Pair Share
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Differentiated Instruction
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Involves recognizing individual variations in students' knowledge, readiness, interests, and other characteristics and taking these differences into account when planning curriculum and engaging instruction.
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Discovery Learning
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Teaching methods that enable students to discover information by themselves or in groups. Students construct an understanding on their own.
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Direct Instruction Disadvantages
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1. Students are taught as a whole, not individuals 2. Learning may seem irrelevant 3. Low retention levels 4. Various students needs are not catered to
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Independent Learning Disadvantages
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1. Some students feel discouraged 2. Some students need more teacher interaction 3. Low number of students who understand this environment and are able to act naturally
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Distance Learning
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Process of delivering educational or instructional programs to locations away from a classroom site.
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Due Process
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The set of procedures or safeguards that gives students with disabilities and their parents extensive rights.
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Experiential Learning
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Learning from experiences.
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Independent Learning students must
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1. feel enabled by teachers 2. practive with perservering through problems on their own 3. recognize their own faults as a learner 4. be held accountable for their own actions and in actions 5. be exposed to effective ways to self manage
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Erik Erickson
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Eight Stages of Human Development - suggested Eight Stages of Human Development based on a crisis or conflict that a person resovles
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Eight Stages of Human Development
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Erick Erikson- Based on Crisis or Conflict that a person resolves: 1. Infancy - Trust vs. Mistrust 2. Toddler- Autonomy vs. Doubt 3. Early Childhood- Initiative vs. Guilt 4. Elementary vs. Middle- Competence vs. Inferiority 5. Adolescence- Identity vs. Role Confusion 6. Yound Adulthood- Intimacy vs. Isolation 7. Middle Adulthood- Generativity vs. Stagnation 8. Late Adulthood- Integrity vs. Despair
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Edward L. Thorndike
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Connectionism - Behaviorism Law of Effect- The probability is altered by the effect it has, acts that are reinforced tend to be repeated. Study- Cat in Puzzle Box. Learners from associations or connections between a stimulus and a response. Through trial an error, reward responses would be strengthened.
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Extrinsic Motivation
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Motivation that comes from "without", or from outside a person.
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Individuals with Disabilites Education Act-IDEA
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A federal statute made up of several grant programs to states in education students with disabilities. It specifically lists types of disabilities and conditions that render a child entitled to special education.
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Early Childhood
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Period between 2-6, in which a child negotiates initiative vs. guilt with a key event of independence.
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Elementary or Middle School
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Period between 6-12 in which a child negotiates competence vs. inferority with a key event of school.
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ELL, ESL, or PLNE
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Terms used to describe students who are learning English as a second language.
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Emergent Curriculum
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Child-centered curriculum that "emerges" from the children's interest and experiences. It involves both the participation of teachers and children in decision making.
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Exceptional Learners
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Students who have abilities or problems so significant that the students require special education or other services to reach their potential.
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Extinction
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Occurs when a previously reinforced response is no longer reinforced and the response decreases. In the classroom, the most common use of this is for the teacher to withdraw attention from a behavior the attention is maintaining.
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Evaluation Questions
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Make a value decision about an issue in the lesson.
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Formal Assessment
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Pre-planned, systematic attempt to assess what students have learned.
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Formative Assessment
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The process of collecting, synthesizing, and interpreting, information for the purpose of improving student learning while instruction is taking place: Assessment for improvement during the course, not grading Used to modify instruction.
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Functional Mental Retardation
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A condition with an onset before age 18 that involved low intelligence and difficulty in adpating to everyday life. Diagnosis determined by a medical professional for a child who exhibits difficulties with age-specific activities, communication, daily living activities, and getting along with others.
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Flexible Grouping
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Groups that change as the students' learning needs change
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Formal Operational
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Occurs from ages 11 and up in which a child can reason in hypothetical situations and use abstract thought. Students at this stage can use logical operations to abstract problems.
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Generalizing
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Draw or state a general conclusion from a number or items or instances, making a statement about what several people or things have in common, finding and extending patterns.
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Guided Practice
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The teacher guides and assists students as they learn how and when to apply the strategy, practice done with frequent and immediate teacher assistance.
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Grade- Equivalent Scores
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Test scores indicating the grade level and month of students performance to whom a test taker performed most similarly.
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Holistic Scoring
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Essay scoring method in which a single score is given to represent the overall quality of the essay across all dimensions.
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Heirarchy of Needs
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Maslow's concept that individual needs must be satisfied in this sequence; physiological, safety, love, and belongingness, esteem, and self actualization.
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Howard Gardner
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Suggests that the traditional notion of intelligence, based on IQ, is too limited He proposes eight different intelligences: Linguistic Logical-Mathematical Spatial Bodily Kinestic Musical Interpersonal Intrapersonal Naturalistic
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Inductive Reasoning
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Collecting data to draw a conclusion that may or may not be true.
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Information Processing
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A means used to learn and remember knowledge.
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Instructional Models
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- Direct - Indirect - Independent - Experiential - Interactive
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