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Pre-Civil War Immigrants to USA

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Northern and Western Europeans

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Native Americans

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U.S. government made promises in the form of many treaties which were broken and Native American lands were taken.

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Women's suffrage

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The western U.S. was early in offering women's suffrage while many of the eastern states did not until the 19th Amendment was passed while the mid-west was split.

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Homo Sapiens

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Dates from 75,000 to 115,000 years old and are the species modern man belongs to. AKA "wise men" because of the use of tools and thinking/ reasoning.

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Agriculture

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Dates from 10,000 years ago. Prior to agriculture humans were hunters and gatherers.

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Ethnic Strife

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Conflict between groups of people with different language and culture often a result of ethnic nationalism. Much of Africa, the Middle East, and southern Asia are affected by ethnic strife. Egypt is one of the few exceptions. Much of the ethnic strife is between Hindus, Muslims, and animists.

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U.S. Presidential Powers

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*Appointment of: Ambassadors, public Ministers, Supreme Court Judges and other Officers of U.S. not otherwise provisioned for by Constitution *Make treaties between two or more independent nations *Veto * Commander and Chief of Armed Forces In short the President is the head of the executive branch of the government and is responsible for the execution of laws made by the legislature through Foreign and Domestic Policy.

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Congressional Powers

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Article 2 Section 8 of constitution gives the legislature or congress 27 expressed powers. A few are: Declare War Raise and fund army Regulate trade and commerce Levy taxes Borrow Money Investigate activities Impeach President Make laws for execution of expressed powers Many implied powers as well

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Judicial Powers

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Are placed in the Supreme Court and lower courts as deemed necessary by congress. Specific to Supreme Court: Redress Diversity Jurisdiction Subject Matter Jurisdiction dealing with federal law Precedent Stasis Decisis

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Democracy

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Dependent on participation of citizens

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Densely Populated River Valleys

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Yangtze, Indus, Ganges, Nile, Tigris - Euphrates.......

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Law of Supply and Demand

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An economic concept that states that the price of a good rises and falls depending on how many people want it and depending on how much of the good is available. Prices rise with lack of availability and fall when there is a surplus.

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Social Norms

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The implicit or explicit rules a group has for the acceptable behaviors, values, and beliefs of its members

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GDP

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Gross Domestic Product- the total market value of all final goods and services produced annually in an economy

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GNP

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Gross National Product - the sum of all goods and services produced in a nation in a year

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Varanasi

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the holiest city of Hinduism that is found on the Ganges River

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Mecca

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joint capital (with Riyadh) of Saudi Arabia

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Jakota Triangle

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The easternmost region of the East Asian realm, consisting of Japan, (South) Korea, and Taiwan. This region consists of large cities, numerous exports, and increasing consumption of raw materials.

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Checks and Balances

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A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

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Brown VS. Topeka Board of Education

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1954 Supreme court case that overturned Plessy Vs. Ferguson ruling; ruled "separate but equal" education system is "inherently unequal". This upheld rights guaranteed under 14th amendment. Rationale: Minorities separated from the majority will not/ cannot have access to the same experiences and opportunities; therefore, separate can never be equal in education.

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Miranda VS. Arizona

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the supreme court case in which the court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police. Decision based on rights given in 5th Amendment.

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Senator Joseph McCarthy

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1950s; Wisconsin senator claimed to have list of communists in American gov't, but no credible evidence; took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential; "McCarthyism" was the fearful accusation of any dissenters of being communists

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Expansion of European colonial rule in Africa

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Was greatest from 1850 - 1900

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Paris Peace Conference of 1919

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Peace conference run by the allied powers to discuss terms of the Treaty of Versailles at end of WW1

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Treaty of Versailles

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the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

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Muslim Scholars contributions to science circa 700 to 1400 C.E.

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Preserved ancient discoveries and added to their own

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Zheng He

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Zheng He was a court ambassador in Ming Dynasty. He made 7 voyages from 1405 - 1433 C.E. to southern Asia, India, Arabia, and Africa to display the wonders and power of China to these lesser powers as China would not remain apart from the world forever. He also collected gifts for China. The routes he traveled were based on the experience of Chinese merchants with the currents and weather of the Indian Ocean.

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Marco Polo

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Italian explorer from Venice; spent many years in China or near it until his return to Europe in 1295 . He was an associate of Kublai Khan who asked Pope Clement IV to send 100 wise men to teach Christianity and Western Science to his people through Marco's father and uncle. At 17 Marco accompanied his father, uncle, and two friars to China with gifts and letters from Pope Tedaldo. The journey took 3 1/2 years to travel 5600 miles while avoiding the route previously taken by his father and uncle. Marco served in several court posts before returning to Venice 17 years later. His travels sparked interest in higher learning resulting in the establishment of universities.

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Cotton Production in U.S. 1811-1859

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Cotton went from being a minor crop in Mid -Atlantic states to being the major crop of the south by 1859 largely due to the invention of Eli Whitney's Cotton Gin. This lead to a larger and more stable slave population in the south to work the plantations.

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Cotton Gin

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Invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 but not copyrighted until 1807. Cotton Gin revolutionized clean cotton production with greater efficiency. With easier cotton production the market for cotton increased.

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Vasco Da Gama

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Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route. Da Gama took advantage of the prevailing winds when sailing south around Africa by not hugging its coastline. Da Gama had been commissioned and provisioned by the Portuguese government under King Manuel I to find a maritime route to the East. Established trade ports at Mozambique and Calicut.

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Pre- Colonial Population of North America

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The population of North America before colonization was entirely made up of Native Americans who were originally thought to be Indians from India. These people crossed the Bering Straits from north east Asia long ago and spread out across the Americas from the Bering Straits to the southern tip of South America. Lifestyles could be divided into hunter gatherers, urban, and non-urban agricultural.

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North America: Pre - colonial Urban Life

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Before colonization urban life was centered in Mesoamerica (central) and Peru.

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North America: Pre - colonial Non - urban Agricultural Life

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Non- urban agriculture life dominated what is now southeast Canada, eastern and southern U.S., and Chile. Settlements did not grow large enough to be considered cities.

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North America: Pre - colonial Hunter Gatherers

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Hunter gatherers dominated most of what is now northwest Canada , the west coast of U.S., and Argentina. Among the hunter gathers there were nomadic, semi-nomadic, and settled tribes. For those who settled, settlements were even smaller than those of the non- urban tribes.

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Pre- colonial North America Arctic Cultures

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Aleuts lived in the now Alaskan arctic. Eskimos lived in the now Canadian, Alaskan, and eastern Siberian arctic. The Inuit lived in Greenland and the now Canadian Arctic while the Yupik lived in Alaska and eastern Siberia arctic. The arctic region was predominantly located in now NE Canada, upper NW Canada, and part of now Alaska.

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Pre- colonial North America Sub-arctic Cultures

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Cree pictured. "Subarctic culture region, which is covered mainly in coniferous forest, encompasses most of Alaska and Canada. Subarctic peoples hunted various animals (notably caribou) and fished; in winter, many navigated the frozen landscape with snowshoes and toboggans.15 Most of the Cree and Athabaskan peoples are native to the Subarctic region." Source: http://www.essential-humanities.net/world-history/history-of-the-pre-colonial-americas/#.UVeNwByG1ks

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Pre-colonial NW Coast Cultures

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Northwest tribes including Chinook, Tinglit, and Haida created the only "highly stratified" hunter gatherer society.

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Pre-colonial CA Cultures

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Tribes such as Wappo and Pomo were hunter gatherers in the forests, deserts, and grasslands of CA. Acorn bread was a common staple food after the poison was extracted from ground acorn pulp.

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Pre - colonial Southwest Cultures

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Apache, Navajo, and Pueblo were cultures of the now southwest U.S. and thrived in river communities despite the deserts they lived in.

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Pre-colonial Plains Cultures

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Plains covered the southern Canadian prairie provinces and most the central U.S. Blackfoot, Sioux, and Comanche are plains peoples. There lives changed with the arrival of horses from Spain's colonies as they turned from agriculture to hunting from horseback by following the herds.

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Pre-colonial NE Woodland Cultures

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Woodlands covered the now northeast U.S. "Deerskin clothing, birch bark canoes, wigwams, and longhouses are characteristic of this region. The Iroquois, Ojibwe, and Algonquin are all indigenous to the Northeast Woodlands." Source:http://www.essential-humanities.net/world-history/history-of-the-pre-colonial-americas/#.UVeNwByG1ks

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Pre-colonial SE Woodland Cultures

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"The Southeast Woodlands gave rise to the largest settlements of pre-colonial North America. A typical Southeast settlement consisted of a town centre (where the nobles lived) surrounded by farms (where most of the commoners lived and worked). Southeast Woodlands towns were sometimes dotted with mounds, which served as platforms for temples and houses.15 Southeast peoples include the Caddo, Cherokee, Chickasaw, and Choctaw." In the Southeast culture area the settlement Cahokia, actually exceeded 10,000 residents. Cahokia was a settlement of the Mississippian culture. Source:http://www.essential-humanities.net/world-history/history-of-the-pre-colonial-americas/#.UVeNwByG1ks

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Leif Ericson

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The Viking explorer believed to be the first European to reach the New World (in about 1000 AD). Landed in Newfoundland which was called Vinland.

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Christopher Columbus

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Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China (1451-1506). He made 4 voyages and first landed in the Bahamas on October 12.

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Ponce De Leon

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Discovered and claimed Florida (Land of the Flowers) for Spain while looking for the Fountain of Youth 1513 and St. Augustine the first permanent European colony was established in 1565 to keep the French out.

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Juan de Onate

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a descendant of a wealthy Spanish family who, in 1598, took control of the Rio Grande region and the Pueblo region of what is now New Mexico for Spain.

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Jamestown

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The first successful English settlement in the Virginia colony founded in May, 1607. Harsh conditions nearly destroyed the colony but in 1610 supplies arrived with a new wave of settlers. The settlement became part of the Virginia Company of London in 1620. The population remained low due to lack of supplies until agriculture was solidly established. Jamestown grew to be a prosperous shipping port when John Rolfe introduced tobacco as a major export and cash crop.

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Plymouth Colony

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Colony formed by the Pilgrims when they arrived at Plymouth Rock in 1620. The colonies government was based on Mayflower Compact which was a contract signed by the 41 male colonists from the Mayflower.

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New Amsterdam

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A 17th-century Dutch colonial settlement that served as the capital of New Netherlands. City and colony was seized by the English in 1664. Dutch surrendered without a battle. Later became the city now known as New York City.

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Gregorian Calendar

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The solar calendar now in general use, introduced by Gregory XIII in 1582 to correct an error in the Julian calendar by suppressing 10 days, making Oct 5 be called Oct 15, and providing that only centenary years divisible by 400 should be leap years. Britain and British colonies moved from using the Julian calendar to Gregorian

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French Indian War

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1754 - 1763 This struggle between the British and the French in the colonies of the North America was part of a worldwide war known as the Seven Years' War, Was a war fought by French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley-- English defeated French in 1763. Historical Significance: established England as number one world power and began to gradually change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse.

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Boston Massacre

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1770 The first bloodshed of the Amercan Revolution, as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans

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Boston Tea Party

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Demonstration (1773) by citizens of Boston who (disguised as Indians) raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor as a protest to taxes on tea

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American Revolution

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The war between Great Britain and its American colonies, 1775-83, by which the colonies won their independence. Colonists rebelled against the Intolerable Acts

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First Continental Congress

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September 1774, delegates from twelve colonies sent representatives to Philadelphia to discuss a response to the Intolerable Acts

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Intolerable Acts

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In response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses

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Manifest Destiny

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This expression was popular in the 1840s. Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This rationale drove the acquisition of territory.

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Declaration of Independence

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The document written by Thomas Jefferson, recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

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Bill of Rights

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A statement of fundamental rights and privileges ( the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution) added in 1791.

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Great Compromise

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1787 Compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house

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Gold Rush

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A period from 1848 to 1856 when thousands of people came to California in order to search for gold.

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Shay's Rebellion

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This conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes

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1787 Constitutional Convention

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Delegates met in Philedplhia, Pennsylvania to revise the Articles of Confederation; instead they wrote a new constitution and formed a federal system of government

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Articles of Confederation

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This document, the nations first constitution, was adopted by the second continental congress in 1781during the revolution. the document was limited because states held most of the power, and congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage

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George Washington

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1st President of the United States, was commander of the Continental Army who accepted surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown in 1781. Served two terms

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Yorktown

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In 1781 during the American Revolution the British under Cornwallis surrendered after a siege of three weeks by American and French troops

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U.S. Supreme Court

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The highest court in the land which has original jurisdiction in all cases involving ambassadors, consuls, other public ministers, and cases in which a state is a party. First organized in 1790 with 1 chief judge and 5 associate judges. Hears first case in 1792.

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First U.S. flag

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1777 Continental Congress adopted first 13 star union flag.

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John Adams

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America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."

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Philadelphia

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A city in Pennsylvania, on the Delaware River. Established as a Quaker colony by William Penn and others in 1681, it was the site of the signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, and the adoption of the Constitution in 1787. First capital of the U.S. until moved to Washington D.C. in 1800.

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Washington D.C.

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Capital of the US was moved here in 1800 during Washington's presidency. The secretary of treasury, Hamilton, nationalized the debt (80 million). The south was suspicious because the southern states didn't owe that much debt. Hamilton promised the new capital would be built in the south so the southerners could watch over affairs. This appeased them and ended in DC.

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Thomas Jefferson

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He was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the third President of the United States for two terms.

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Marbury Vs. Madison

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The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress, in this case the Judiciary Act of 1789.

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Judiciary Act of 1789

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In 1789 Congress passed this Act which created the federal-court system. The act managed to quiet popular apprehensions by establishing in each state a federal district court that operated according to local procedures.

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Louisiana Purchase

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The U.S., under Jefferson, bought the Louisiana territory from France, under the rule of Napoleon, in 1803. The U.S. paid $15 million for the Louisiana Purchase, and Napoleon gave up his empire in North America. The U.S. gained control of Mississippi trade route and doubled its size.

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Lewis and Clark

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Sent on an expedition by Jefferson in 1804 to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase. They were guided in part by Sacajewia

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James Madison

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Strict constructionist, 4th president, Father of the Constitution, leads nation through War of 1812

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War of 1812

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War between the U.S. and Great Britain which lasted until 1814, ending with the Treaty of Ghent and a renewed sense of American nationalism

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James Monroe

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1817 - He was the fifth President of the United States. He is the author of the Monroe Doctrine. Served two terms.

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Monroe Doctrine

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1823 - A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

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McCulloch Vs. Maryland

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1819 The state of Maryland taxed banknotes produced by the Bank of the United States, claiming that the Bank was unconstitutional. Using implied powers, Marshall countered that the Bank was constitutional and ruled that Maryland was forbidden from taxing the Bank.

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Missouri Compromise

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An agreement in 1820 between pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States concerning the extension of slavery into new territories

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U.S. Civil War

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The period of warfare between the Confederate States of America (1861-1865) and the United States over the issues of states' rights and slavery.

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Denmark Vesey

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American insurrectionist. A freed slave in South Carolina, he was implicated in the planning of a large uprising of slaves and was hanged. The event led to more stringent slave codes in many Southern states.

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Gibbons Vs. Ogden

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1824 - supreme court decision that ruled that the constitution gave control of interstate commerce to the U.S. Congress, not the individual states through which a route passed.

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John Quincy Adams

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6th President of the United States, Secretary of State. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work.

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Baltimore and Ohio Railroad

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The first company to begin actual road operations, which opened a thirteen mile stretch of track in 1830.

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Andrew Jackson

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The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

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Indian Removal Act

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Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.

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Nat Turner

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United States slave and insurrectionist who in 1831 led a rebellion of slaves in Virginia

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William Lloyd Garrison

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1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.

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Tanzania, Africa

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1st signs of life from about 3,000,000 years ago found here and possibly south China.

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Agricultural settlements vs. hunting and gathering

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Hunting and gathering led to agriculture which appeared about 7,000 years ago and allowed for permanent settlements usually along rivers.

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Sumerians

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2900 B.C.E.- First known civilization, who dominated Southern Mesopotamia, which lay in the river valley of the Tigris and Euphrates, through the end of the 3rd Millennium BCE. Responsible for the creation of irrigation technology, cunieform writing, mathematics, law, and religious conceptions.

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Early Middle Eastern Civilizations

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Phoenicians - glass and alphabet Hittites- ironwork Hyksos - first used horse Hebrews- first permanent monotheistic religion of Judaism (10 commandments) Persians- conquered most of the Middle East.

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Etruscans

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Etruscans, beginning in the 700s BCE,first rulers of Roman Republic and Empire; Laid the foundation for Rome and Roman civilization. Etruscans intermingled with other civilizations to become the Romans.

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Early African Civilizations

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Egyptian- complex polytheistic religion, irrigation systems, medicine, astronomy, rites and monuments for the dead ..... their discoveries influenced the Greeks.

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Civilization

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A stratified society in an advanced state of social development (e.g., with complex legal and political and religious organizations). Usually indicates a population of 10,000 or more historically.

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Early European Civilization

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Greeks - Philosophy, drama, Olympics, democracy (city-state), complex polytheistic religion based on myth, forms of mathematics, architectural styles, and many other contributions. Important Greek scholars: Archimedes, Euclid, Eratosthenes, and Aristarchus. Poets: Homer, Sappho. Philosophers: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle. Politics: Pericles. Dramatists: Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes. Mathematician: Pythagoras. Medicine: Hippocrates. Romans- administrative system, military, arch, dome, waterworks

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Golden Age of Greeks

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Greatest period of achievements in arts, philosophy and science 477 - 431 B.C. began with Minoans and Mycenaeans and spread through much of the Middle East. When taken over in 300 B.C. by Alexander the Great (Macedonian) Greek culture was spread further through Middle East and northern Africa.

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B.C.

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before the Christian era or before Christ many have moved to using B,C.E. or before common era

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A.D,

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in the Christian era or "In the year of our Lord" (meaning Christ) many have moved to using C.E. or common era

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Roman Empire

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Existed from 27 B.C.E. to about 400 C.E. Conquered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity even though Roman soldiers killed Christ in about 30 A.D.

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Christianity

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A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior. Rose and spread through the Roman Empire then onto the most of the world.

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Middle Ages

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The historical period from around 500 A.D. up to around 1450 A.D. between the fall of Rome and the birth of the Renaissance. Robin Hood and King Arthur are set in these years as well as the building of the Gothic Cathedrals. The Catholic church was the only institution of religion and learning. The Pope and church were very powerful from about 800 A.D. when it crowned Charlemagne emperor. Conflict between monarchs and church marked this era.

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Fall of Rome

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476 C.E.- Contributing factors to this event include: military interference in politics, civil war and unrest, moving the capital and division of the empire, low confidence, disloyalty, contrast between rich and poor, poor harvests, gold and silver drain, inflation, and threat of attack; immediate causes were pressure from Huns, invasion by Germanic tribes and by Huns, sack of Rome, and conquest by invaders

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Feudalism

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a political and social system that developed during the Middle Ages; nobles offered protection and land in return for service

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Dark Ages

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Term for the roughly 200-year period in history that followed the final collapse of the Mycenaean civilization in the 12th century BC. to about 1400 B.C. Also, saw the decline of Roman Empire. Often included as the early years termed the Middle Ages.

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Magna Carta

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The royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215. Rights given limited monarch's power, right to trial by peer jury for barons, and representation for taxation.

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Renaissance

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The great period of rebirth or enlightenment in art, literature, learning, and government in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition into the modern periods of European history. Important figures included the poets Petrarch and William Shakespeare, political advisor Niccolo Machiavelli, and the scholars Thomas More and Erasmus. Oil painting, perspective, and proportion were all discovered/invented.

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Reformation

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A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches

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Charlemagne

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King of the Franks (r. 768-814); Roman emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Illiterate, though started an intellectual revival. Caused mass conversion to Christianity

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Battle of Tours

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European armies defeat Muslim armies and stop the spread of Islam in Europe, battle in 732 in which the Christian Franks led by Charles Martel defeated Muslim armies and stopped the Muslim advance into Europe

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Charles Martel

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Carolingian monarch of Franks; responsible for defeating Muslims in battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat to western Europe.

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William the Conquerer

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Invaded England from Normandy in 1066 defeating Harold King of the Saxons; extended tight feudal system to England; established administrative system based on sheriffs; established centralized monarchy. This brought a blending of Latin (French) and German (Anglo-Saxon) based cultures

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Otto the Great

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Formed a close alliance with the Church. Built power by gaining support of clergy. Invaded Italy on pope's behalf. Rewarded by being crowned emperor 912-973. Created the Holy Roman Empire which was the strongest in Europe until the 12 century.

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Great Schism

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The separation of most of the Eastern churches from the Western Church in A.D. 1054 causing the establishment of Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox.

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Black Death

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The epidemic form of bubonic plague experienced during the Middle Ages 1347-1351 when it killed nearly half the people of western Europe. Was caused by fleas on ship rats departing Asia but at the time was considered to be caused by magic or as punishment from God. Led in increased wages and taxes for the decimated workforce causing many revolts.

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Crusades

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A series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Western European Christians to reclain control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims

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Byzantine Empire

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Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from 'Byzantion,' an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453. (250)

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Albert Magnus

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Also known as "the Great" and "Dr. Universalis", he was the first scholar to attempt to integrate Aristotle's philosophy into Christian theology. He used Aristotelian language to talk about God. Ex. God is the "prime mover" of all things. He was also the teacher of Thomas Aquinas.

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Roger Bacon

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Franciscan monk, English philosopher, and scientist in the 1200s who advocated for a system of scientific experimentation in seeking truth rather than accepting without question traditional Church and ancient beliefs. This led to the development of the scientific method.

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Hundred Years War

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The series of wars between England and France, 1337-1453, in which England lost all its possessions in France except Calais. Was discovered that foot soldiers with long bows were superior to armored knights thus ending medieval form of warfare.

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War of the Roses

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Struggle for the English throne (1455-1485) between the house of York (white rose) and the house of Lancaster (red rose) ending with the accession of the monarch Henry VII first of the Tudor dynasty

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Joan of Arc

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French heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions to organize French resistance to the English in the 100 Years War and to have Charles VII crowned king,

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Johannes Gutenburg

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German printer; in 1446 he invented a printing press that used movable type. This eventually led to written information including scripture being available to the general population causing a greater need for literacy.

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William Shakespeare

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(1564 - 1616) English poet and playwright considered one of the greatest writers of the English language; works include Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and Hamlet.

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Thomas More

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English statesman who opposed Henry VIII's divorce from Catherine of Aragon and was imprisoned and beheaded. Wrote the book "Utopia"

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Erasmus

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(1466?-1536) Dutch Humanist and friend of Sir Thomas More. Perhaps the most intellectual man in Europe and widely respected. Believed the problems in the Catholic Church could be fixed; did not suport the idea of a Reformation. Wrote Praise of Folly.

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Niccolo Machiavelli

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(1469-1527) Italian Renaissance writer, described government in the way it actually worked (ruthless). He wrote The Prince (the end justifies the mean).

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Petrarch

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(1304-1374)The father of humanism, he wrote that literature should not be subordinate to religion. He studied ancient texts like Cicero, and wrote his poetry in Italian vernacular, which unified the Italian language. He became a symbol of a new type of writer, he didn't use language merely as a practical tool but instead for expression.

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William Wycliff

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Condemned by Catholic church for translating Bible to English from Latin and Greek in late 1300s.

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John Huss

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Czechoslovakian religious reformer who anticipated the Reformation and attacked the corruption of clergy. Was excommunicated in 1409 and later was burned at the stake for heresy.

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Martin Luther

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German religious reformer who authored 95 Theses, posted in 1517 to church doors in Wittenburg, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.

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95 Theses

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The sheet of paper that Martin Luther put on a church door stating what he believed to be the abuses of the Catholic Church, which included the sale of indulgences. This act is regarded as the start or catalyst to the reformation.

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John Calvin

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French religious reformer who founded system of theology later known as Calvinism.

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John Knox

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This was the man who dominated the reform movement in Scotland and Switzerland. He established the Presbyterian Church of Scotland so that ministers ran the church, not bishops (1514-1572)

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Calvinism

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The theological system of John Calvin and his followers emphasizing omnipotence of God and salvation by grace alone

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Counter Reformation

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The reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected) Most of southern Europe followed the counter reformation movement.

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Inquisition

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A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy - especially the one active in Spain during the 1400s. The Inquisition was an element of the counter reformation.

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Huegonots

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Members of the Protestand Reformed church of France which were persecuted by French Catholics

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St. Bartholomew Day Massacre

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Six week nation wide slaughter of Huguenots. Occurred when Huguenot nobles were in Paris attending the marriage of Catherine's daughter to a Huguenot prince, Henry of Navarre in 1572. Resulted in over 10,000 deaths.

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Edict of Nantes

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1598 - Henry of Navarre's policy of religious tolerance to keep peace in France. Edict was revoked in 1685 by Louis XIV.

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Henry of Navarre

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Political leader of the Huguenots and a member of the Bourbon dynasty, succeeded to the throne as Henry IV. He realized that as a Protestant he would never be accepted by Catholic France, so he converted to Catholicism. When he became king in 1594, the fighting in France finally came to an end.

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King Henry VIII

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Founder of the church in England and ruled England from 1509-1547. He broke with the Catholic church because he couldn't get a divorce for wife not bearing male child.

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Ferdinand Magellan

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Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.

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Spanish Armada

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In 1588 the Spanish fleet attempted to invade England, ending in defeat, due to the raging storm in the English Channel as well as the smaller and better English navy led by Francis Drake. This is viewed as the decline of Spains Golden Age, and the rise of England as a world naval power.

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Amerigo Vespucci

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Italian cartographer commissioned by Portugal and sailed along the coast of South America concluding that it could not be Asia; his discoveries were published and the new continent was named after him

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Enlightenment Period

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18th century European movement in which thinkers attempted to apply the principles of reason and the scientific method to all aspects of life. Also known as Age of Reason.

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William of Orange

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King of England and Scotland and Ireland, he married the daughter of James II; was invited by opponents of James II to invade England; when James fled, William III and Mary II were declared joint monarchs (1650-1702) conditioned on signing the English Bill of Rights which limited the power of the monarchy.

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Act of Settlement

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Said no Catholic could be King of England thus insuring the Protestant line of succession. Succession switched from Stuarts to Hanovers because of this passing.

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French Revolution

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The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

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Reign of Terror

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The historic period (1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed

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Code Napolean

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A set of laws made in 18th century that guaranteed certain freedoms for the males of France, French law is still based on this code. One of the main ways Napoleon was said to be the heir to the French Revolution.

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Napolean Bonaparte

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Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814 and was exiled to the island of Elba. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile on the island of St. Helena.

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Battle of Nations

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October 1813 at Leipzig in eastern Germany. The decisive defeat of the army of Napoleon by combined forces of Prussia, Austria, and Russia.

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Robespierre

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A French political leader of the eighteenth century. A Jacobin, he was one of the most radical leaders of the French Revolution. He was in charge of the government during the Reign of Terror, when thousands of persons were executed without trial including King Louis XVI and his wife Marie Antoinette. After a public reaction against his extreme policies, he was executed without trial in 1794.

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Jacobins

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Radical republicans during the French Revolution. They were led by Maximilian Robespierre from 1793 to 1794.

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Ivan the Great

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Prince of the duchy of Moscow who responsible for freeing Russia from the Mongols in the 1400s; took the title of Czar.

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Ivan the Terrible

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Ruled from 1533-1584; Was responsible for the death of thousands, including his own son; Created the Oprichnina in order to destroy the Boyars; Believed in a Strong Centralized Government; expanded mostly south.

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Time of Troubles

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Followed death of Ivan IV without heir early in 17th century; boyars attempted to use vacuum of power to reestablish their authority; ended with selection of Michael Romanov as Czar in 1613.

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Boyars

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Russian landholding aristocrats; possessed less political power than their western European counterparts

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Oprichnina

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The secret army/police created by Ivan IV or Ivan the Terrible that he used to kill anyone who got in his way (i.e. the Boyars)

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Peter the Great

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(1672-1725) Russian Czar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg which he founded.

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Catherine the Great

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Ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796, added new lands to Russia, encouraged science, art, lierature, Russia became one of Europe's most powerful nations

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Austrian Empire

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After the defeat of the Turks in 1687 Austria took control of all of Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slovenia, thus establishing the Austrian Empire in southeastern Europe. It remained a collection of territories held together by the Habsburg emperor, who was archduke of Austria, king of Bohemia, and king of Hungary.

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Maria Theresa

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Empress of Austria, 1740-1780, made sure all her children were educated, did away with forced labor for peasants of Austria, the reforms made-brought greater equality for Austrian society

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Copernicus

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Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543)

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Galileo

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Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars; demonstrated that different weights descend at the same rate; perfected the refracting telescope that enabled him to make many discoveries (1564-1642) Promoted Copernicus's theory of heliocentric universe. Condemned by church and forced to recant.

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Johannes Kepler

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German astronomer; assistant to Tycho Brahe; used Brahe's data to prove that the earth moved in an elliptical, not circular, orbit; Wrote 3 laws of planetary motion based on mechanical relationships and accurately predicted movements of planets in a sun-centered universe; Demolished old systems of Aristotle and Ptolemy

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Tycho Brahe

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Influenced by Copernicus; Built observatory and collected data on the locations of stars and planets for over 20 years; His limited knowledge of mathematics prevented him from making much sense out of the data.

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Isaac Newton

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English mathematician and scientist who invented differential calculus and formulated the theory of universal gravitation, a theory about the nature of light, and three laws of motion. His treatise on gravitation, presented in Principia Mathematica (1687), was supposedly inspired by the sight of a falling apple.

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Andreas Vesalius

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a Flemish surgeon who is considered the father of modern anatomy (1514-1564)

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William Harvey

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English physician and scientist who described the circulation of the blood (1578-1657)

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Francis Bacon

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(1561-1626) English politician, writer. Formalized the empirical method. Novum Organum. Inductive reasoning.

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Carolus Linnaeus

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Swedish botanist who developed the first successful system for classifying living things into similar groups, a system that is still in use today: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

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Baroque

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Style in art and architecture developed in Europe from about 1550 to 1700, emphasizing dramatic, curving forms, elaborate ornamentation, and overall balance of disparate parts. Associated with Catholicism.

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Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

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(1632-1723) a Dutch tradesman and scientist who is known as "the Father of Microbiology;" the first person to see bacteria through a microscope; best known for his work on the improvement of the microscope and his work which led to the creation of the field of study called microbiology

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Johanne Sebastian Bach

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(1685-1750) A famous German-Lutheran composer of organ fugues and church cantatas. Lived in Leipzig, and wrote St. Mathew Passion Coffee Cantata. Worked privately for the church and publicly.

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Wolfgang Amadaeus Mozart

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Prolific Austrian composer and child prodigy, master of all classical music of his time (1756-1791)

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Ludwig van Beethoven

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Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) was the first master of romantic music. He was one of the greatest composers in German history. He composed 9 symphonies, 5 piano concerts, a violin concerto, 32 piano sonatas, 2 Masses, and an opera. Continued composing after becoming deaf. Beethoven never heard much of his later work including the finale to the Ninth Symphony.

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Thomas Hobbes

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English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679), He wrote "Leviathan" and believed people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish; he also believed only a powerful governemnt could keep an orderly society

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John Locke

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English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property. Also, an English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704)

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Industrial Revolution

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The change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production, beginning in England from about 1750 to about 1850. Inventions such as steam engine, steam ships, locomotives, cotton gin, flying shuttle, spinning jenny, and power loom fueled the revolution as well as advances in steel production and the use of electricity. Later the internal combustion engine led to cars. At first there were no regulations regarding working and living conditions but later in the century there were many reforms.

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Age of Revolution

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Period of political upheaval beginning roughly with the American Revolution in 1775 and continuing through the French Revolution of 1789 and other movements for change up to 1848 1775-1783 American Revolution 1820's Revolutions: Greece, Spain, and the Italian and German States of Austrian Empire 1830's Revolutions: France, Italy, Belgium, and Poland 1848 Revolutions: France, Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, and small Italian and German states 1871 Revolution: France

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Congress of Vienna

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Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order and establish a plan for a new balance of power after the defeat of Napoleon in early 1800s.

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Unified Italy

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started in 1860s unofficial in 1870 because the Patrimony of St. Peter was not included; complete in 1871 included all Italian states and the Patrimony of St. Peter

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Unified Germany

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1860s-1870s Otto von Bismark unified Germany through or because a series of small strategic wars against Denmark, Austria, and France

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Franco Prussian War

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1870-71, war between France and Prussia; seen as German victory; seen as a struggle of Darwinism; led to Prussia being the most powerful European nation. Instigated by Bismarck; France seen as the aggressor eventually led to WWI due the changes in balance of power.

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Romanticism

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A movement in literature and art during the late 18th and early 19th centuries that celebrated nature and the past rather than civilization. Emotion was valued over reason. Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights, and poetry of William Wordsworth were notable pieces of literature while music was influenced by nationalism in the musical works of Frederic Chopin, Richard Wagner, and Giuseppe Verdi.

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Ottoman Empire

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A Turkish sultanate of southwestern Asia and northeastern Africa and southeastern Europe created by the Ottoman Turks in the 13th century and lasted until the end of World War I; although initially small it expanded until it superseded the Byzantine Empire around 1453. Became static because of the Muslim belief that all truth can be found in the Koran so did not participate in the Renaissance and Enlightenment with the western civilizations.

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Ghengis Khan

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The title of Temujin when he ruled the Mongols (1206-1227). It means the 'universal' leader. He was the founder of the Mongol Empire.

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Kublai Khan

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Mongolian emperor of China and grandson of Genghis Khan who completed his grandfather's conquest of China he establish the Yuan dynasty and built a great capital on the site of modern Beijing where he received Marco Polo (1216-1294)

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Mongol Empire

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An empire founded in the 12th century by Genghis Khan, which reached its greatest territorial extent in the 13th century, encompassing the larger part of Asia and extending westward to the Dnieper River in eastern Europe making it the largest land empire in the world.

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Islam

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The religion of Muslims collectively which governs their civilization and way of life; the predominant religion of northern Africa, the Middle East, Pakistan and Indonesia

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Hinduism

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A body of polytheistic religious and philosophical beliefs and cultural practices native to India and characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme beings of many forms and natures, by the view that opposing theories are aspects of one eternal truth

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Buddhism

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A world religion or philosophy based on the teaching of the Buddha and holding that a state of enlightenment can be attained by suppressing worldly desire, religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama, the Buddha

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WWI

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1914-1918; Began after the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a group of Serbian radicals; Germany, Austria-Hungary (aka central powers) v. Britain, France, Russia (aka allied powers); America is neutral. Over 10,000,000 people died mostly in battle.

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League of Nations

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An international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations; although suggested by Woodrow Wilson, the United States never joined and it remained powerless; it was dissolved in 1946 after the United Nations was formed.

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Post WWI Middle East

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As mandated by the League of Nations, Britain administered or influenced the governance of: Iraq, Palestine, Egypt, and Arabia while France administered: Syria and Lebanon Turkey became the first secular state in Middle East under "Ataturk" Mustafa Kemal. Iran (aka Persia until 1935) and Iraq became independent nations as did Egypt and all the others except Palestine eventually.

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Franz Ferdinand

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Archduke of Austria and Hungary who was assassinated at Sarajevo by a Serbian terrorist group called the Black Hand in 1914; his death was a main cause for World War I.

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Balfour Declaration

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Statement issued by Britain's Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour in 1917 favoring the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine.

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United Nations

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International organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. It replaced the League of Nations.

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Holocaust

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A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled. Related to WWII.

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WWII

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Began when Germany invaded Poland in 1934; US became in WWII when Pearl Harbor was bombed by Japan in 1941 and ended in 1945

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Israel

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An ancient kingdom of the Hebrew tribes at the southeastern end of the Mediterranean Sea, In antiquity, the land between the eastern shore of the Mediterranean and the Jordan River, occupied by the Israelites from the early second millennium B.C.E. The modern state of Israel was founded in 1948 by the United Nations as a result of the Holocaust. Conflict between the Jews and Arabs persists over the land which had been part of Palestine.

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Six Day War

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(1967) Short conflict between Egypt and her allies against Israel won by Israel; Israel took over the Golan Heights , The West Bank of the Jordan River; and the Sinai Peninsula.

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October War

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Known as Yom Kippur War, 6-25 Oct, 1973. Suprise attack instigated by Egypt and Syria to push Israel out of Sinai. (Arab-Israeli conflict).

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OPEC

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An organization of countries formed in 1961 to agree on a common policy for the production and sale of petroleum; Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries; international cartel that determines price of oil by regulating supply; Venezuela, Saudi Arabia and UAE are prominent members

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Middle East

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Geo-Political designation of the area stretching from the eastern Mediterranean Sea to the western side of the Indian subcontinent. Consists of countries such as Israel, Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Egypt.

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Near East

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The region between the Eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea and the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

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Far East

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A popular expression for the countries of eastern Asia (usually including China and Mongolia and Taiwan and Japan and Korea and Indochina and eastern Siberia)

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British Empire

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What is now the United Kingdom and all the territories and colonies under its control; this empire consisted of Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand and vast portions of Africa

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Intifada

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An uprising by Palestinian Arabs (in both the Gaza Strip and the West Bank) against Israel in the late 1980s and again in 2000; "the first Intifada ended when Israel granted limited autonomy to the Palestine National Authority in 1993"

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Lebanese Civil War

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Lasted from 1975 to 1990. Was a religious conflict between Christians and the PLO, Sunni Muslims and Shi'a Muslims. After war equal seats were given in Parliament to Christians and Muslims

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Shah of Iran

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Great friend of the US for two and a half decades but Iranians want to nationalize their oil and improve economy, sparks Iranian Revolution and Shah is overthrown (1979) and exiled.

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Iran Hostage Crisis

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In November 1979, revolutionaries stormed the American embassy in Tehran and held 52 Americans hostage. The Carter administration tried unsuccessfully to negotiate for the hostages release. On January 20, 1981, the day Carter left office, Iran released the Americans, ending their 444 days in captivity.

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Taliban

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a fundamentalist Islamic militia; in 1995 the Taliban militia took over Afghanistan and in 1996 took Kabul and set up an Islamic government; "the Taliban enforced a strict Muslim code of behavior"

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Vedas and Upanishads

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Sacred writings of Hinduism interpreted by priests called Brahman.

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Aryans

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Indo-European speaking nomads who entered India from the Central Asian steppes between 1500 and 1000 BC and greatly affected Indian society. Vedas from this time suggest beginning of caste system.

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Four Noble Truths

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Foundation of Buddhism 1) All life is full of suffering, pain, and sorrow. 2) The cause of suffering is nonvirtue, or negative deeds and mindsets such as hated and desire. 3) The only cure for suffering is to overcome nonvirture. 4) The way to overcome nonvirtue is to follow the Eightfold Path

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Chandragupta Maurya

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He was an Indian prince who conquered a large area in the Ganges River valley soon after Alexander the Great invaded western India.; founded Maurya dynasty; established first empire in Indian subcontinent; first centralized government since Harappan civilization

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Harappan Civilization

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Another name for the indus valley civilization that arose along the indus river, possibly as early as 7000 BC; characterized by sophisticated city planning

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Gupta Empire

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Powerful Indian state based, like its Mauryan predecessor, in the Ganges Valley. It controlled most of the Indian subcontinent through a combination of military force and its prestige as a center of sophisticated culture. Ended about 500 A.D.

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Indentured Servitude

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The system of temporary servitude, where a person bound themselves to masters for fixed terms of servitude, in exchange for passage to America, food and shelter. This method of labor was one of the largest elements of colonial population in America.

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Mogul Empire

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An empire established by the Mongol conquerors of India that reigned from 1526 to 1857

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Taj Mahal

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A beautiful mausoleum at Agra built by the Mogul emperor Shah Jahan (completed in 1649) in memory of his favorite wife.

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East India Trading Company

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English company originally seeking trade in the East Indies before seeing their chance and taking over the Indian government.

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Sepoy Rebellion

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The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain British practices that violated religious customs; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny.

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Mahatma Ghandi

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-Hindu leader who protested with non violent acts and civil disobedience -Was able to: 1. Pull India out of British rule 2. Heal the clash between Hindus and Muslims 3. Gave rights to Outcastes, calling them "God's Children"

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Jawaharal Nehru

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Was a great Indian nationalist leader who worked for independence and social reform. Supported and associated with Ghandi. He became first prime minister of independent India, a position he retained until his death. He initiated India's nonalignment policy in foreign affairs.

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India

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A republic in the Asian subcontinent in southern Asia; second most populous country in the world; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1947 after WWII

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Hsia Dynasty

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Legendary dynasty, not enough information Possibly the first dynasty; King Yu founded this dynasty because he dredged channels of Yellow River to let floodwaters flow to sea and solve problem of recurring floods 2,000 BCE

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Shang Dynasty

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Second Chinese dynasty (about 1750-1122 B.C.) which was mostly a farming society ruled by an aristocracy mostly concerned with war. They're best remembered for their art of bronze casting.

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Chou Dynasty

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1122-256 BC AKA Middle Kingdom Chinese longest ruling dynasty; used iron implements and metal coins

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Confucius

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Chinese philosopher (circa 551-478 BC), administrator, and moralist. His social and moral teachings, collected in the Analects , tried to replace former religious observances

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Mencius

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(371?-289 BCE), Chinese philosopher, who studied Confucianism. He later refined many of the ideas and spread them across China. Also known as Mengzi, or Meng-tzu.

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Lao-Tse

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270 BCE Founder of Daoism (Taoism), the "Old Master" who encouraged people to give up worldly desires in favor of nature; stressed that people should live in harmony with nature.

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Opium War

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War between Britain and the Qing Empire that was, in the British view, occasioned by the Qing government's refusal to permit the importation of opium into its territories. The victorious British imposed the one-sided Treaty of Nanking on China and took possession of Hong Kong.

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Ch'in Dynasty

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(221 - 206 BC) a legalist dynasty created by Qin Shi; all the city states were combined; the Great Wall was built during this dynasty, but not completed

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Han Dynasty

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Imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time from 206 BC to AD 220) and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy; remembered as one of the great eras of Chinese civilization

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Age of Disunity

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The period following the fall of the Han dynasty when China was beset by warfare and political unrest which lasted until 589 A.D.

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Sui Dynasty

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(589-618 CE)The short dynasty between the Han and the Tang; built the Grand Canal, rebuilt Great Wall, strengthened the government, and introduced Buddhism to China

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T'ang Dynasty

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The Dynasty under which Buddhism gained most of its popularity. (7th-10th century CE) distinctly Chinese Buddhist schools arose, often based on a particular text. China took over Korea and had its only female empress Wu Hou in this dynasty. Also known for its great poets.

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Sung Dynasty

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969 AD - 1279 AD reunited the country, invented paper money,typography, gun powder, and compass; taken over by the mongols

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Ming Dynasty

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Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia, Middle East, and east Africa, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.

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Manchu Dynasty

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Last imperial dynasty began in 1644 which greatly expanded China's control in Asia. Overthrown in 1911 by nationalists.

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Taiping Rebellion

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The most destructive civil war before the twentieth century. A Christian-inspired rural rebellion threatened to topple the Qing Empire.

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Wu Hou

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625 - 705 First Chinese empress who ruled during the Tang dynasty and unified the empire

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Tz'u-hsi

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1834- 1908 Dowager empress of China who failed to recognize foreign threat.

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Boxer Uprising

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1898-1900 A group of Chinese formed a secret society called The Righteous Harmonious Fists, their goal was to drive out foreign devils who were polluting the land with non traditional [Chinese] ways.

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Sino Japanese War

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(1894-95) War fought between China and Japan. After Korea was opened to Japanese trade in 1876, it rapidly became an arena for rivalry between the expanding Japanese state and neighboring China,

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Sun Yat-sen

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Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders.

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Mao Tse-Tung

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Chinese communist leader (1893-1976), gained power through the Chinese civil war; defeated US backed Chiang Kai Shek

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Japan

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A string of more than 3,000 islands east of Asia extending 1,300 miles between the Sea of Japan and the western Pacific Ocean. Japanese first migrated to islands from mainland Asia in 300 A.D. Though nominally led by a Shogun, Japan fell to the feudal systems under warlords called Samurai and Daimyo.

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Shinto

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Japanese polytheistic religion whose followers believe that all things in the natural world are filled with divine spirits, kami.

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The Tale of the Genji

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Written by Lady Murasaki about year 1000; first novel in any language; relates life history of prominent and amorous son of the Japanese emperor's son; evidence for mannered style of the Japanese society.

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Zen

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school of Mahayana Buddhism asserting that enlightenment can come through meditation and intuition rather than faith

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Japanese Tea Ceremony

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Is a Japanese cultural activity involving the ceremonial preparation and presentation of matcha, powdered green tea. the art of its performance, is called otemae. Zen Buddhism was a primary influence in the development of the tea ceremony.

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Noh

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Classic drama of Japan, developed chiefly in the 14th century, employing verse, prose, choral song, and dance in highly conventionalized formal and thematic patterns derived from religious sources and folk myths.

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Commodore Matthew Perry

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The Commodore of the U.S. Navy who compelled the opening of Japan to the West with the Treaty of Kanagawa in 1854. Japan also agreed to help shipwrecked soldiers as a result. Matthew Perry brought many steam ships with him to show America's strength, and to intimidate and persuade the Japanese.

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Meiji Emperor

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Emperor Mutsuhito "Enlightened Rule" became ruler of Japan after Tokugawa Shogunate toppled. Becan Meiji reformation in which new arm, government, and schools were created

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Charter Oath

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A five point policy issued by Japan's Meiji emperor, which described Japan's plan for modernization calling for democracy, equality of class, rejection of outdated customs, and acceptance of foreign knowledge.

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Bantu

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African peoples who originally lived in the area of present-day Nigeria; around 500 BCE they began a centuries-long migration that took them to most of sub-Saharan Africa; the Bantu were very influential, especially linguistically as their language became the basis for several others as did their culture.

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Kush

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An ancient African kingdom situated at the confluence of the White Nile, Blue Nile, and Atbara. Had farming, iron works, temples, art, and trade at its height in 200 B.C.. Ruled as pharaohs in Egypt for a time but was eventually conquered by Axum in 300 A.D.

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Axum

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A town of northern Ethiopia. From the first to the eighth century A.D. it was the capital of an empire that controlled much of northern Ethiopia. Was the first state in the world to adopt Christianity as its official religion.

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Soninke

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African people which traded with Arabs/Burburs, became wealthy because of taxes, traded gold for salt. Developed into the modern state of Ghana. Developed "silent barter" for gold and salt.

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Mandingo

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The group of African people that formed Mali. Converted to Muslim. In 1300s capital was Timbuktu which had a palace, mosque, and university.

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Mansa Musa

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Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world.

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Songhai

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A West African people that conquered Mali and controlled trade from the 1400s to 1591. Defeated by Moroccans armed with guns in 1590.

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Moroccans

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In 1591, what group of Northern African people conquered the Songhai with the use of guns.

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Luba

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Around 700 A.D. developed a group of loosely associated states in modern day Democratic Republic of Congo

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Kongo Empire

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Emerged in 14th century along the mouth of the Congo River. Had a & centralized government allowed empire to grow. Traded with Portuguese.

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Swahili

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Bantu combined with Arabic along the east African coast to form the Swahili language starting about 1000 A.D. because of migration of Muslims due to trade in gold, ivory, and slaves between Arabia and the many independent states along the east African coast. Coastal states were controlled by Portuguese from 1500s until Arabs took over in 1800s.

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West African Slaves

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Predominantly taken to the Americas.

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East African Slaves

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Predominantly taken to Arabia and India.

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King Affonso

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1505 Christian African ruler of Congo decided slavery harmed his nation and opposed it but failed to bring it to an end. Other rulers openly supported and dealt in slaves to gain power over enemies and to buy firearms from Europeans.

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Liberia

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A West African nation founded in 1822 by the American Colonization Society to serve as a homeland for free blacks to settle

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Marcus Garvey

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African American leader during the 1920s who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and advocated mass migration or "repatriation" of African Americans back to Africa. Was deported to Jamaica in 1927.

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Sierra Leone

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State for freed black slaves established by freed slave Olaudah Equiano British abolitionists 1787.

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Olaudah Equiano

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(1745-1797) African who was sold into slavery and bought his way out-kidnapped as a boy (age 11) from his home he was sold into slavery and sold amongst slave traders many times-he served in the Seven Years' War as a captain's boy and was then sold to a slave trader where he went to the Caribbean-from there a white colonist bought him and he eventually bought his way out of slavery-he went to England to live and published a book about slavery and his experiences-his message was widespread and helped to inspire the abolition of slavery

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Sir Richard Burton

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1821-1890 Explorer risked his life to find source of the Nile River: natural talent for languages/disguised himself as an Indian with friend John Speke faced obstacles from malaria to steep hills

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Dr. David Livingston

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1813-1873 First white man to do humanitarian and religious work in South and Central Africa. He wanted to improve people's health and Christianize them. No one had heard from him and thought him to be dead. H. M. Stanley found him.

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Henry Stanley

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British-American explorer of Africa, famous for his expeditions in search of Dr. David Livingston. He helped King Leopold II of Belgium establish the Congo Free State.

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Boer War

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Lasting from 1899 to 1902, Dutch colonists and the British competed for control of territory in South Africa.

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Europeans in Africa

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Europeans and Africans clashed over control of territory. Dutch (Boers) - Khosian and Zulu French- Algerian and Mandingo British - Sudanese, Matabele, and Ashanti German - Tanzanians Italians - Ethiopians, Italians were defeated British ended up controlling from South Africa to Egypt while most of north and west Africa were controlled by French while Portuguese, Spanish, and Germans were left with the remainders. After WWII most African countries became independent.

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Berlin Conference

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A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa and trade rules.

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Olmecs

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(1400 B.C.E. to 500 B.C.E.) earliest known Mexican civilization,lived in rain forests along the Gulf of Mexico, developed calendar and constructed public buildings and temples (flat topped pyramids), carried on trade with other groups. They had hieroglyphs and number system. Had a ceremonial ball game that ended with some players being sacrificed.

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Teotihuacan

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First major Olmec metropolis in Mesoamerica, collapsed around 800 CE. It is most remembered for the gigantic "pyramid of the sun".

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Mayans

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A Mesoamerican civilization of Central America and southern Mexico. Achievements include mathematics, architecture, and a 365 day a year calendar. They flourished between the 4th and 12th centuries C.E.. Had strict social class structure.

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Aztecs

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(1200-1521) They settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Aztecs worshiped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor. Had coed schools for their children.

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Tenochtitlan

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Capital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.

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Incas

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A Native American people who built a notable civilization (600,000,000 population) in western South America in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The center of their empire was in present-day Peru. Practiced slavery and human sacrifice. Francisco Pizarro of Spain conquered the empire.

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Francisco Pizarro

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Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).

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Anasazi

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Important culture of what is now the southwest (700- 1100 C.E.). Centered on Chaco Canyon in New Mexico and Mesa Verde in Colorado, the Anasazi culture built multistory residences and worshiped in subterranean buildings called kivas. Also, known as Pueblos cliff dwellers.

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Creek Confederacy

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A North American Indian confederacy organized by the Muskogee that dominated the southeastern part of the United States before being removed to Oklahoma.

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Bartholomeu Dias

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Portuguese explorer who in 1488 was the first European to get round the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa (thus establishing a sea route from the Atlantic to Asia) (1450-1500)

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Vasco de Balboa

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Spanish explorer who became the first European to see the Pacific Ocean in 1510 while exploring Panama

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Ferdinand Magellan

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Portuguese navigator who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world showing the oceans were connected. Also, giving valuable information about winds and currents.

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Treaty of Tordesillas

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Set the Line of Demarcation which was a boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas.

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Hernando Cortes

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Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

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Malinche

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Daughter of an Aztec leader that was given to the Mayans as a slave and Cortes main translator.

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Hernando de Soto

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Spanish Conquistador; explored in 1540's from Florida west to the Mississippi with six hundred men in search of gold; discovered the Mississippi, a vital North American river.

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Francisco de Coronado

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Leader of Spanish expedition into northern frontier region of New Spain; entered what is now United States in search of 7 mythical cities of gold.

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Encomienda

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A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. It provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians. It obliged the grant holder to Christianize the Amerindians.

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Giovanni Caboto

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Also known as John Cabot, this Italian mariner was sent by the English to explore the northeastern coast of North America in 1497 & 1498

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John Hawkins

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One of the most famous Elizabethan Sea Dogs; deeply involved in slave trade and transported people from West Africa to the New World; eventually overshadowed by his partner Francis Drake, though he was highly successful too

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Sir Francis Drake

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English explorer/privateer who circumnavigated the globe from 1577 to 1580 and was sent by Queen Elizabeth I to raid Spanish ships/ settlements for gold. Help defeat Spanish Armada

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Henry Hudson

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Discovered what today is known as the Hudson River. Sailed for the Dutch even though he was originally from England. He was looking for a northwest passage through North America. 1565-1611

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Adriaen Block

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A Dutch trader who was the first European to sail up to the East River into the Long Island Sound and the first European to realize that Long Island was an island. Block Island, to the east of Long Island, is named after him.

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Sir Walter Raleigh

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An English adventurer and writer, who was prominent at the court of Queen Elizabeth I, and became an explorer of the Americas. Claimed Virginia for Queen. In 1585, Raleigh sponsored the first English colony in America on Roanoke Island in present-day North Carolina. It failed and is known as " The Lost Colony."

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Croatoan

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In 1590, John White finally returned to Roanoke. No settlers were found, this word was found carved into a tree.

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William Bradford

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A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.

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Squanto

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Native American who helped the English Pilgrims in Massachusetts develop agricultural techniques and served as an interpreter between the colonists and the Wampanoag. In November of 1621 first Thanksgiving was celebrated by settlers and Indians with native foods grown.

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John Winthrop

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As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.

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Anne Hutchison

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A devoted Puritan, started to hold prayer meetings where they discussed sermons and compared ministers. this created a problem for Puritan leaders; in 1637, the General Court called her to trial to answer to charges of heresy, and was banished. Help found Rhode Island after exile.

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Roger Williams

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A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south

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Touro

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Oldest synagogue in America built in 1763.

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Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

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Set up a unified government for the towns of the Connecticut area (Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield). First constitution written in America.

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Salem Witch Trials

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About 1629 several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. 19 people were hanged as witches and many others accused. Afterwards, most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake.

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William Penn

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Penn, an English Quaker, founded Pennsylvania in 1682, after receiving a charter from King Charles II the year before. He launched the colony as a "holy experiment" based on religious tolerance. Was later given Delaware by charter to give the colony coastline.

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Lord Baltimore

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1694- He was the founder of Maryland, a colony which offered religious freedom, and a refuge for the persecuted Roman Catholics.

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Charles II

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In 1663 gave charter for Carolina to a group of noblemen and the northern part of colony was settled by Virginian farmers.

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Jame Oglethorpe

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Founded the colony of Georgia as a haven for debtors; Georgia Served as a buffer zone with Spanish Florida. Georgia was the last of the English colonies founded.

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Great Awakening

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It was a revival of religious importance in the 17th century. It undermined older clergy, created schisms, increased composite-ness of churches, and encouraged missionary work, led to the founding new schools. It was first spontaneous movement of the American people (broke sectional boundaries and denominational lines).

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Virginia Dare

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1587-?: 1st child of British parents born in US. Part of "Lost Colony of Roanoke Island"

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French Indian War

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A conflict between Britain and France for control of territory in North America, lasting from 1754 to 1763 named by the British because they fought against French and most Indian tribes. French were defeated. Caused most North America to be English Speaking.

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1763 Treaty of Paris

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Ending the French and Indian War. British get new land (no more next-door foreign enemies for Colonists). To pay for their new land and war/debt costs, the British tax the Colonists. This fuels the beginning of the American Revolution.

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Jaques Cartier

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French explorer, found the St. Lawrence River and laid claim to Canada as a French possesion (1534)

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Samuel Chaplain

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Leading figure of the french in Qubec in 1608 also founded Montreal; an intrepid soldier whose energy and leadership earned him the title "father of new France".

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Jaques Marquette

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French priest and missioanry 1673- He and a fur trader named Louis Joliet explored the Mississippi They traveled 700 miles before returning back

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Sieur de La Salle

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Explored the Mississippi River to Gulf of Mexico and claimed entire river valley for France (named it Louisiana in honor French Kings)

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Vitus Jonnasen Bering

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Russian explorer who crossed from Siberia to Arctic ocean. Never made it to America but saw Alaska.

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Captain James Cook

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English navigator who claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain and discovered several Pacific islands (1728-1779)

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Pocahontas

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A native Indian of America, daughter of Chief Powahatan, who was one of the first to marry an Englishman, John Rolfe, and return to England with him; about 1595-1617; Pocahontas brave actions in saved an Englishman, John Smith, and paved the way for many positive English and Native relations.

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Captain George Vancouver

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1790s Sent to explore the Pacific coast from Alaska to California and to make a report on the Sandwich Islands. Friendly to natives; gave them seeds and plants; Made 2 later trips and brought from California the first cattle to the islands. Thought of highly by Kamehameha such that they wished to be protect by his country, Great Britain. The British flag was raised on the island if Hawaii.

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Privateering

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Privately owned armed ships specifically authorized by different governments to prey on enemy shipping. There were over a thousand American privateers who responded to the call of patriotism and profit. The privateers brought in urgently needed gold, harassed the enemy, and raised American morale. (American Revolution,

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Edward Teach

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An English pirate who operated in the Caribbean and off the Atlantic coast of North America (died in 1718) aka Blackbeard

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Piet Heyn

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Dutch pirate/ naval commander against the Spanish, steals silver from Spanish Silver Fleet in 1628

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Thomas Fuller

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A black mathematical prodigy., By the time he was shipped to the Americas in 1724 as a slave he had already aquired the abiltiy to calculate numbers into the billions.

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Thomas Day

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Born to free black parents in Virginia; as well educated as some white students; free black craftsman and successful businessman of fine furniture; lived in Milton, Caswell County

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Benjamin Banneker

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African-American scientist who taught himself calculus and trigonometry. He also helped design the capitol in Washington D.C.

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Phyllis Wheatley

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(1753-1784); a slave girl brought to Boston at age eight and never formally educated; she was taken to England when, at twenty years of age, she published a book of verse and later wrote other polished poems that revealed the influence of Alexander Pope

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William Dawes

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American patriot( leader in Sons of Patriots) who rode with Paul Revere to warn that the British were advancing on Lexington and Concord (1745-1799)

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Paul Revere

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American silversmith remembered for his midnight ride (celebrated in a poem by Longfellow) to warn the colonists in Lexington and Concord that British troops were coming (1735-1818)

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Ethan Allen

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A soldier of the American Revolution whose troops, "Green Mountain Boys", helped capture Fort Ticonderoga from the British (1738-1789)

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Battle of Bunker Hill (Breed's Hill)

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First major battle of the Revolution. It showed that the Americans could hold their own, but the British were also not easy to defeat. Ultimately, the Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition, and Bunker Hill was in British hands. However, the British suffered more deaths.

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Thomas Paine

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Revolutionary leader who wrote the pamphlet Common Sense (1776) arguing for American independence from Britain. In England he published The Rights of Man

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Benedict Arnold

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He was an American General during the Revolutionary War (1776). He prevented the British from reaching Ticonderoga. Later, in 1778, he tried to help the British take West Point and the Hudson River but he was found out and declared a traitor.

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Marquis de Lafayette

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He was very rich and noble when he arrived in America at the age of 19 years old. He believed in the liberty that the Americans were fighting for and asked to help. He became a general on Washington's staff and fought hard. He was known as "the soldier's friend," and is buried in France but his grave is covered with earth from Bunker Hill.

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Captain Nathan Hale

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American spy that was captured and hanged by British. "I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country."

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Major John Andre

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A poet and humorist who was Benedict Arnold's co-conspirator to betray West Point to the English. Hung by the Americans fro spying.

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George Roger Clark

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The colonial frontiersman who in 1778-1779 captured important British forts at Vincennes, Cahokia, and Kaskaskia.

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Francis Marion

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South Carolina militia leader nicknamed the "Swamp Fox" for his hit-and-run attacks on the British during the American Revolution.

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Generals in Revolution

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"Mad" Anthony Wayne, Israel Putnamn, Henry "Light-Horse Harry" Lee, Philip Schuyler, Horatio Gates, Daniel Morgan, Benjamin Lincoln, and Nathanael Greene.

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Peter Salem

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African American soldier who fought for America's freedom. Fought at Lexington,Concord - became a hero at Bunker Hill.

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Salem Poor

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A free black man who was honored for his bravery during the American Revolution and fought in the war.

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Betsy Ross

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American seamstress said to have made the first American flag at the request of George Washington (1752-1836)

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Treaty of Paris 1783

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This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River.

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U.S. Constitution

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The document written in 1787 and ratified in 1788 that sets forth the institutional structure of the U.S. government and the tasks these institutions perform. It replaced the Articles of Confederation. The Constitution came about by a series of compromises between large and small states, free and slave states, and federalists and anti-federalists.

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Federalists

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Supporters of the Constitution that were led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. They firmly believed the national government should be strong. They didn't want the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the Constitution.

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Anti-federalists

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Opponents of a strong central government who campaigned against the ratification of the Constitution in favor of a confederation of independant states.

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1800s American Intellectualism Authors

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James Fenimore Cooper Nathaniel Hawthorne Herman Melville Walt Whitman Mark Twain Emily Dickinson Ralph Waldo Emerson Margaret Fuller Henry David Thoreau

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John Muir

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United States naturalist (born in Scotland) who advocated the creation of national parks (1838-1914) , founded Sierra Club in 1892; fought unsuccessfully to prevent the damming of the Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park.

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Mexican American War

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(1846-1848) The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory. Ended with Treaty of Guadalupe Hildago

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Treaty of Guadalupe Hildalgo

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1848 ends the Mexican American War. For $15 Million the US acquired Texas territory north of the Rio Grande, New Mexico, and California. US territory increased by 1/3 as a result of the treaty.

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Toussaint L'overture

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1803 - Led a slave rebellion which took control of Haiti, the most important island of France's Caribbean possessions. The rebellion led Napoleon to feel that New World colonies were more trouble than they were worth, and encouraged him to sell Louisiana to the U.S.

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Spanish American War

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1898 War fought between the US and Spain in Cuba and the Philippines. It lasted less than 3 months and resulted in Cuba's independence as well as the US annexing Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.

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Jose de San Martin

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South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru

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Cinco De Mayo

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Mexico beats France in the Battle of Puebla in 1862

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Ellis Island

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Immigration processing center that open in New York Harbor in 1892

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Jane Addams

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1860-1935. Prominent social reformer and founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom.

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Bureau of Indian Affairs

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A government agency created in the 1800s to oversee federal policy toward Native Americans

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Custer's Last Stand

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At the Battle of Little Bighorn: Custer and men defeated by 2500 Sioux warriors

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Chief Joseph

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Lead the Nez Perce during the hostilities between the tribe and the U.S. Army in 1877. His speech "I Will Fight No More Forever" mourned the young Indian men killed in the fighting.

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Dawes Act

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1887, dismantled American Indian tribes, set up individuals as family heads with 160 acres, tried to make rugged individualists out of the Indians, attempt to assimilate the Indian population into that of the American

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Missouri Compromise

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The issue was that Missouri wanted to join the Union as a slave state, therefore unbalancing the Union so there would be more slave states then free states. The compromise set it up so that Maine joined as a free state and Missouri joined as a slave state. Congress also made a line across the southern border of Missouri saying except for the state of Missouri, all states north of that line must be free states or states without slavery.

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Fugitive Slave Act

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1850 law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders

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1850 Compromise

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The Compromise of 1850 was an intricate package of five bills, passed on September 4, 1850, defusing a four-year confrontation between the slave states of the South and the free states of the North

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Dred Scot Decision

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The 1857 ruling of the Supreme Court in the case Scot v. Sandford that legalized slavery in the territories and declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional. Also, declared Scot as a slave did not have the right to sue because he was not a citizen.

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Sojourner Truth

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United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)

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Daniel Boone

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Famous early pioneer who cleared Wilderness Road, a new route to the west. Wilderness Road became the main route used to cross the Appalachian Mountains 1734- 1820

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Davey Crockett

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A member of the group of Texas "patriot" fighters during the Alamo, he was a renowned frontiersman and former Tennessee congressman, argued that he was America's first celebrity

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Susan B. Anthony

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Social reformer who campaigned for womens rights, the temperance, and was an abolitionist, helped form the National Woman Suffrage Assosiation

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Seneca Falls Convention

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Kicked off the equal-rights-for-women campaign led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony (1848)

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Civil War

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The period of warfare between the Confederate States of America (1861-1865) and the United States over the issues of states' rights and slavery.

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Ulysses Grant

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An American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

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Abraham Lincoln

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16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)

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Emancipation Proclamation

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Issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

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John Wilkes Booth

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Was an American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865.

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March to the Sea

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The name commonly given to the Savannah Campaign conducted in late 1864 by Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman of the Union Army during the American Civil War. The campaign began with Sherman's troops leaving the captured city of Atlanta, Georgia, on November 15 and ended with the capture of the port of Savannah on December 22.

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Robber Barons

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The term used to describe the Gilded Age monopolist for their Social Darwinist practices who referred to themselves as "Captains of Industry." Examples: John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, and William Vanderbilt

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Reconstruction

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The period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union

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Andrew Johnson

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A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

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Samuel Morse

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United States portrait painter who patented the telegraph and developed the Morse code (1791-1872)

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Clara Barton

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Launched the American Red Cross in 1881. An "angel" in the Civil War, she treated the wounded in the field.

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Alexander Graham Bell

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United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone in 1876 (1847-1922)

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Thomas Edison

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This scientist received more than 1,300 patents for a range of items including the automatic telegraph machine, the phonograph, improvements to the light bulb, a modernized telephone and motion picture equipment.

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Wright Brothers

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1903 Orville Wright credited with the design and construction of the first practical airplane. They made the first controllable, powered heavier-than-air flight along with many other aviation milestones, also showing the beginning of the individual progressive spirit.

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Henry Ford

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1863-1947. American businessman, founder of Ford Motor Company, father of modern assembly lines, and inventor credited with 161 patents.

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Elijah McCoy

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Son of runaway slave, invented lubricating cup that oiled running machines

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Lewis Latimer

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African american inventor who played a key role in improving practical electrical lighting and invented other electronic gadgets

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Euro

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The basic monetary unit of most members of the European Union (introduced in 1999)in 2002 twelve European nations (Germany, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Ireland, Greece, Austria, Finland) adopted the euro as their currency

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European Union

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An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members

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NATO

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1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

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NAFTA

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A trade agreement between Canada, the United States and Mexico that encourages free trade between these North American countries.

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New Deal

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The historic period (1933-1940) in the U.S. during which President Franklin Roosevelt's economic policies were social services implemented

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War on Poverty

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Lyndon Johnson declared war on poverty in his 1964 State of the Union address. A new Office of Economic Opportunity oversaw a variety of programs to help the poor, including the Job Corps and Head Start.

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Great Society

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President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.

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Theodore Roosevelt

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26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War

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Ronald Reagan

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40th US president.First elected president in 1980 and elected again in 1984. He ran on a campaign based on the common man and "populist" ideas. He served as governor of California from 1966-1974, and he participated in the McCarthy Communist scare. Iran released hostages on his Inauguration Day in 1980.

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"The sun never sets on the British Empire"

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At the peak of the British Empire's power, it was often said that "the sun never sets on the British Empire" because its span across the globe ensured that the sun was always shining on at least one of its numerous colonies or subject nations.

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Russo- Japanese War

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Russia and Japan were fighting over Korea, Manchuria, etc. Began in 1904, but neither side could gain a clear advantage and win. Both sent reps to Portsmouth, NH where Theodore Roosevelt mediated Treaty of New Hampshire in 1905. TR won the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts, the 1st pres. to do so.

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Unification of Germany

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1871, unified under Bismarck uses spirit of nationalism provoked by the Napoleonic wars; nationalist based on language and religion and culture (not civic nationalism like the French); what we get is "the worship of the state"; state not just agency that regulates relationships but a spiritual corporation

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Naval Arms Race

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Starting in 1890s, conflict between major countries such as Great Britain, France, Germany, U.S., Japan. They were trying to come up with better technologies and more military power than the rest, created tension and fear, led national leaders to the conclusion that if war should break out, the best protection would be to take the military offense.

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Triple Alliance

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An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy in the years before WWI.

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Triple Entente

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A loose alliance between Great Britain, France and Russia in the years before WWI.

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Richard J. Gatling

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Invented a machine gun, the Gatling Gun, during the Civil War. Important because of its widespread use in WWI.

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Battle of Marne

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September 1914, Britain joins France at Marne river (the Western Front), pushed back Germany's offense and destroyed German hope for a quick victory.

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Poison Gas

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Technology used in trench warfare (WWI) first by Germans, then British and French that caused burning in the eyes and throat and a slow death

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Easter Rebellion

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Irish demand for independence in 1916, hoping to get it while British were occupied by the WW1.

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IRA

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A militant organization of Irish nationalists who used terrorism and guerilla warfare in an effort to drive British forces from Northern Ireland and achieve a united independent Ireland

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Battle of Jutland

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Only real naval battle of the WWI. May 1916. German Baltic fleet met Brits of coast of Denmark. Germans inflicted heavy British losses but failed to break British blockade. German fleet retreated to Baltic and stayed there. British naval supremacy confirmed but British were unable to defeat German fleet completely in order to service Russia through the Baltic.

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U-Boats

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German submarines used in World War I. Sank many Allied ships most famously the civilian ship, Lusitania in 1915. Sinking of civilian ships was not allowed but British were smuggling contraband weapons on civilian ships.

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Vladimir Lenin

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Russian communist, founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of the Russian Revolution and first head of the USSR (1870-1924)

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Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

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Treaty between Bolsheviks and Germans to get Russia out of the WWI. 1) Russia lost 1/3 of her population and 2 million square miles of land. 2) height of German success in WWI. Signed by Lenin.

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Tank

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An enclosed armored military vehicle used by British in WWI. Helped end the war.

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14 Points

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Peace plan presented by President Woodrow Wilson. Fourteenth points called for the League of Nations. Others were: no secret treaties, seas are free, lower tariffs, lower arms, colonial policies should consider all powers.

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Russian Revolution

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The coup d'etat by the Bolsheviks under Lenin in November 1917 that led to a period of civil war which ended in victory for the Bolsheviks in 1922. Ended czarists rule.

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Romanovs

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Russian dynasty, started with Michael Romanov after the Time of Troubles and lasted until 1917 when executed in secret. Some say Romanov children escaped.

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Joseph Stalin

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Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953)

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U.S.S.R.

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Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Created by Lenin in 1922. Included 16 republics of which Russia was the largest.

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Great Depression

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The economic crisis and period of low business activity in the U.S. and other countries, roughly beginning with the stock-market crash in October, 1929, and continuing through most of the 1930s.

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Spanish Civil War

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A conflict form 1936 to 1939 that resulted in the installation of fascist dictator Francisco Franco as ruler of Spain; Franco's forces were backed by Germany and Italy, whereas the Soviet Union supported the opposing republican forces

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Constitutional Monarch

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A system of government in which the monarch has shared governmental powers with elected legislatures or serves mainly as a ceremonial leader of a government

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Cold War

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This period of time following World War II is where the United States and the Soviet Union emerged as superpowers and faced off in an arms race that lasted nearly 50 years. No actual battles fought.

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MAD

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Mutually Assured Destruction: double deterance, on the parts of both the Soviets and the US having enough nukes to discourage both countries from attacking, for both nations would perish.

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Adolf Hitler

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German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945)

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King Edward VIII

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British Monarch from the House of Windsor; Abdicated the throne to be able to marry "the women I love" Wallace Warfield-Simpson

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The Long March

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In 1934 in China lead by Mao with 100,000 followers. Jiang wanted to stop communists and even went after them. 6,000 miles and only about 20,000 lived.

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Roaring Twenties

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Called "roaring" because of the exuberant, freewheeling popular culture of the decade. The Roaring Twenties was a time when many people defied Prohibition, indulged in new styles of dancing and dressing, and rejected many traditional moral standards. Included American expatriate movement in France mostly made up of artists and authors.

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Harlem Rennaisance

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A renewal and flourishing of black literary and musical culture during the years after World War I in the Harlem section of New York City.

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Laissez- faire capitalism

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An economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privately owned and operated for profit with minimal or no government interference

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Franklin Delanor Roosevelt

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Democrat elected President in 1932. Responsible for New Deal and fireside chats. First president to use media (radio) as a regular/ common connection to people.

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Benito Mussolini

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Italian fascist dictator (1883-1945) allied Italy with Adolf Hitler's Germany in WWII

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WW2

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1939-1945, Hitler, invading Poland, was the beginning of the war. U.S. was neutral but became involved when Japan, bombed Pearl Harbor. We then dropped the atomic bombs, Little Boy, & Fat Man on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, using the Enola Gay B-29 bomber.

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Battle of Okinawa

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First Japanese Home island (only 340 miles from mainland Japan) to be invaded. Island of immense strategic value. Involving over 500,000 troops and over 1,200 ships. Battle showed Japanese determination to resist invasion.

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Battle of the Bulge

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December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses.

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Korean War

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1950-1953 Conflict that began with North Korea's invasion of South Korea and came to involve the United Nations (primarily the United States) allying with South Korea and the People's Republic of China allying with North Korea.

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Vietnam War

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A prolonged war (1954-1975) between the communist armies of North Vietnam who were supported by the Chinese and the non-communist armies of South Vietnam who were supported by the United States

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Roosevelt Corollary

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1904 corollary to Monroe Doctrine in which US would mediate between Europeans and Latin America.

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Fidel Castro

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Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba

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Bay of Pigs

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In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure.

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NAACP

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National Association for Advancement of Colored People formed in 1909 by W.E.B. Du Bois. Played substantial role in Civil Rights movement of 1960s. Still active today.

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Rosa Parks

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United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)

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Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.

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An African-American Civil Right's Activist who was peaceful. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his cause. He was assasinated in 1968 in Tennesee. Famous for "I have a dream" speech.

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Watergate

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A political scandal involving abuse of power and bribery and obstruction of justice led to resignation of President Nixon

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Richard Nixon

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President of the United States from 1969 to 1974 who followed a foreign policy marked by détente with the Soviet Union and by the opening of diplomatic relations with China. In the face of likely impeachment for the Watergate scandal, he resigned.

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Detente

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Relaxation of tensions between the United States and its two major Communist rivals, the Soviet Union and China

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Feminine Mystique

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Name of the book by Betty Friedan that discussed the frustration of many women in the 1950's and 1960's who felt they were restricted to their roles of mother and homemaker. Considered catalyst to feminist movement.

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Sexual Revolution

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Participants int he counterculture demanded more lifestyle freedom; their new views of sexual conduct, which rejected many traditional behavioral restrictions, were labeled this. Based in part on the availability of birth control pill.

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NOW

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National Organization of Women, 1966, Betty Friedan, author of Feminine Mystique,was first president. NOW wanted Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) enforce its legal mandate to end sex discrimination.

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Rock N Roll

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"Crossover" musical style that rose to dominance in the 1950s, merging black rhythm and blues with white bluegrass and country. Featuring a heavy beat and driving rhythm, rock 'n' roll music became a defining feature of the 1950s youth culture. (947)

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Earth Day

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A day in which we celebrate the earth on. Held first on April 22, 1970.

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Carl Bernstein

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Journalist for the Washington Post that helped uncover the Watergate scandal with Bob Woodward earning the Post the Pulitzer Prize for public service, wrote All the Presidents Men

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Bob Woodward

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Investigative reporter for Washington Post helped uncover the Watergate scandal that led to U.S. President Richard Nixon's resignation. Worked with Carl Bernstein on Watergate.

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John F. Kennedy

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35th President. President during Bay of Pigs, and Cuban Missile Crisis. Strong image icon. Creator of Civil Rights Act. Assassinated in Dallas, Texas.

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Senator Robert Kennedy

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RFK began gaining on Humphrey in the polls. He wanted to negotiate a peaceful end to the war ASAP. He also believed in Civil Rights Reform and assistance to the poor. On June 5, 1968, RFK won the CA primary and then was assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan.

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Silent Majority

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Label Nixon gave to middle-class Americans who supported him, obeyed the laws, and wanted "peace with honor" in Vietnam. He contrasted this group with students and civil rights activists who disrupted the country with protests in the late 1960s and early 1970s who were termed the "active minority".

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British Invasion

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Influx of bands and musicians from Britain during the 60's. Huge influence on the American music scene.

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Ayatollah Khomeini

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Iranian religious leader of the Shiites; when Shah Pahlavi's regime fell Khomeini established a new constitution giving himself supreme powers (1900-1989)

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Gulf War

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A war fought between a coalition led by the United States and Iraq to free Kuwait from Iraqi invaders.(1990-1991)

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Fall of Berlin Wall

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The removal of the wall that separated East and West Germany in 1989. Symbolized the end of the Cold War.

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Berlin Wall

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In 1961, the Soviet Union built a high barrier to seal off their sector of Berlin in order to stop the flow of refugees out of the Soviet zone of Germany. The wall was torn down in 1989.

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Chunnel

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1990s Underwater (English Channel) tunnel that links Great Britain and France

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Iran Contra

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A political scandal in the United States which came to light in November 1986, during the Reagan administration, in which senior US figures agreed to facilitate the sale of arms to Iran, the subject of an arms embargo, to secure the release of hostages and to fund Nicaraguan contras.

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Bill Clinton

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42nd President advocated economic and healthcare reform; second president to be impeached because of sex scandal. Carried on education reforms began with Republican President George Bush.

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George Bush

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Vice President under Reagan and 41st President of the United States (born in 1924) aka the education president. Responsible for NCLB a renewal of ESEA .

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NCLB

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No Child Left Behind - 2001 Pres. Bush designed to promote "standards-based education reform" via assessments that measure progress; results often affect funding and administration control

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Information Age

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The current era, characterized by the shift from an industrial economy to an information economy and the convergence of computer and communication technology.

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Economics

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The branch of social science that deals with financial resources and the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services and their management. Generally divided into macroeconomics and microeconomics.

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Free Enterprise

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Economic system in which individuals and businesses are allowed to compete for profit with a minimum of government interference

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Equilibrium price

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The price at which the amount producers are willing to supply is equal to the amount consumers are willing to buy

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Relative price

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The price of a specific good or service in comparison to the prices of other goods and services.

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Money

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The set of assets in an economy that people regularly use to buy goods and services from other people.

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Barter

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To exchange goods or services without the use of money

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Specialization

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The concentration of the productive efforts of individuals and firms on a limited number of activities usually based on financial advantage.

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Division of Labor

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Division of work into a number of separate tasks to be performed by different workers individually

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Mercantilism

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Economic system should work to the advantage of the state.

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Karl Marx

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German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary. With the help and support of Friedrich Engels he wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1867-1894). aka father of modern communism

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Socialism

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A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

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Communism

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A political system based in socialism.Characterized by a centrally planned economy with all economic and political power resting in the hands of the central government

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Utilitarianism

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The theory, proposed by Jeremy Bentham in the late 1700s, that government actions are useful only if they promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people.

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Federal Reserve System

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The country's central banking system, which is responsible for the nation's monetary policy by regulating the supply of money and interest rates

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Entrepreneurs

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People who risk their time, money, and other resources to start and manage a business

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Natural Law of Diminishing Returns

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Benefit is outweighed by costs. Example: The 15th candy bar is not as desirable as the 1st three or the 5th pet may not bring as much pleasure as the 1st.

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Anarchism/ Anarchy

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Condition in which there is a lack of government either purposeful or by weakness and ineffectiveness of existing government. Also, a political theory favoring the abolition of governments.

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Civic Life

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A manner of existence of an individual concerned with the affairs of communities and the common good rather than solely in pursuit of private and personal interests.

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Constitutional Government

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A system of government in which the functions of government are defined by a constitution. It effectively restrains the powers of the government and guarantees certain rights to the people.

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Political Rights

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The rights to vote or run for office, which give you control over your government i.e. rights of political participation.

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Civil Rights

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Policies and laws given by a nation within its boundaries designed to protect people its citizens. In U.S., right or rights belonging to a person by reason of citizenship including especially the fundamental freedoms and privileges guaranteed by the 13th and 14th amendments and subsequent acts of Congress including the right to legal and social and economic equality.

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Civil Liberties

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The guarantees of the safety of persons, opinions, and property from the arbitrary acts of government, including freedom of speech and freedom of religion

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Sectionalism

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Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole.

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Liberalism

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A political or social philosophy advocating the freedom of the individual, parliamentary systems of government, nonviolent modification of political, social, or economic institutions to assure unrestricted development in all spheres of human endeavor, and governmental guarantees of individual rights and civil liberties.

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U.S. Election Process

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At least 35 years old, A natural born citizen of the United States, A resident of the United States for 14 years. 1) Primaries and Caucuses 2) National Conventions 3) The General (or Popular) Election 4) Electoral College The vote of the electoral college determines the President but most electors vote the popular vote of their state.

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Totalitarianism

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A form of government in which power resides in a leader who may rule according to self-interest and without regard for individual rights and liberties

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Imperialism

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A policy in which a strong nation seeks to control other countries politically, socially, and economically without direct colonization

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Colonization

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The expansion of countries into other countries where they establish settlements and exert rule over the people.

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Market Economies

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Individuals make their own decisions about what to produce, how to produce it, and for whom to produce it.

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Command Economies

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Economic system characterized by a central authority that makes most of the major economic decisions

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Scarcity

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A situation in which unlimited wants exceed the limited resources available to fulfill those wants

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Opportunity Costs

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Cost of one alternative over another in use of money, time, or resources

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Economic Performance Indicators

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GDP, Unemployment, Inflation, Interest Rates, etc.

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Causes of U.S. Civil War

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1. Social and economic differences - social hierarchy and slave based agriculture vs. industry and abolition 2. States vs. Federal Rights

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Causes of WWI

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1. A system of alliances divide Europe into two parts 2. Nationalism was very prevalent in the countries of Europe (especially Serbia) 3. Militarism or reliance on military strength 4. Imperialism and the conquering of countries in Asia, South America, and Africa 5. The assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand by the Black Hand The immediate cause was the claiming of territory and power in the Balkans.

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Causes of WW2

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Hitler violating Treaty of Versailles, Great Depression, Munich appeasement policy, annexation of Austria, rise of dictatorship, non-aggression pact.

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Rise of Ancient Civilizations

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4000 B.C. Yellow River Valley Civilization 3500 to 2340B.C.- Sumerian 3100 to 30 B.C.- Egyptian 2500 to 1500 B.C. - Indus Valley (Harrapan Civilization) 1900 to 1100 B.C. - Babylonian 1500 to 300 B.C. - Olmec 1100 to 50 B.C.- Ancient Greece 1070 to 350 B.C. - Kush 800 to 400 B.C. - Etruscan and Ancient Rome 500 B.C. to 200 A.D. Adena (Chilicothe,Ohio area)

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Age of Exploration

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Time period during the 15th and early 17th centuries when Europeans searched for new sources of wealth and for easier trade routes to China and India. Resulted in the discovery of North and South America by the Europeans.Africa and Asia became better known as well.

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Columbian Exchange

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The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

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Mnemonic for Chinese Dynasties

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HIS (Hsia) SHOCKING (Shang) CHOICE (Chou) IN (Chin) HAVING (Han) a TAN (Tang) and singing SONGS (Song) MADE (Mongol) ME (Ming) me and mi will be how u remember this one! not to be confused with the mneumonic for Mongol QUEASY (Qing) http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20110607200403AA7nbP2

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Pillars of Islam

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Is the term given to the five duties incumbent on every Muslim. These duties are Shahadah (profession of faith), Salat (ritual prayer), Zakat (almsgiving), Sawm (fasting during Ramadan) and Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)

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New Spain

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Spanish colony in North America including Mexico, Central America, the southwest United States, and many of the Carribean islands from the 1500s to the 1800s. Capital was Mexico City

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Progressive Era

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Period of reform from 1890s -1920s. Opposed waste and corruption while focusing on the general rights of the individual. Pushed for social justice, general equality, and public safety. Significants in this movement included trust-busting, Sherman Anti-trust Act, President Theodore Roosevelt, Upton Sinclair's "The Jungle", Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act of 1906.`

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Square Deal

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Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers

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Immigration Act of 1965

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(1965) This law made it easier for entire families to migrate and established "special categories" for political refugees. This act increased the amount of immigration.

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