Praxis 5440 Middle School Science – Flashcards
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Scientific Method
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The basic method that drives scientific Discovery.
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Steps of Scientific Method
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1. Pose a Question 2. Form Hypothesis 3. Conduct the test 4. Observe & Record Data 5. Graph Data
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Hypothesis
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An unproved theory or educated guess to best explain an phenomenon. Research and testing can disprove a hypothesis.
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Scientific Theory
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A proven hypothesis that explains a set of related observations or relationships.
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Law
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Predicts events that occur with uniformity under the same conditions.
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Model
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A simplification or substitute for what we are actually studying.
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Control
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An experiment run under normal conditions.
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Variable
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An experiment run with one factor that is changed.
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Independent Variable
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One that is changed or manipulated by the researcher.
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Dependent Variable
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One that is influenced by the independent variable.
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Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
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The father of microscopy, who made magnifying lenses that allowed him to see microscopic life.
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Louis Pasteur
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Discovered the role of microorganisms in the cause of disease, pasteurization, and the rabies vaccine.
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Robert Koch
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Discovered that specific diseases were caused by pathogens.
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James Watson & Francis Crick
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Discovered that the structure of DNA molecule was a double helix.
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Math, Science, and Technology
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Use models, diagrams, and graphs to simplify a concept for analysis and interpretation.
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Systems
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Items organized into small groups based on interaction or interdependence. Ex: Periodic Table or 5 Kingdom Class
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Order
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Explains the behavior and measurability of organisms and events in nature. Ex: Solar System or life cycle of bacterial cells
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Models
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A miniaturized representation of a larger event or system.
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Evidence
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Anything that furnishes proof.
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Evolution
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The process of change over a long period of time.
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Equilibrium
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The state of balance between opposing forces of change, such as homeostasis and ecological balance.
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Metric System
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The global standard for scientific measurement and notation.
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Mnemonic for metric system
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King- Kilo 1,000x Base Henry- Hecto 100x Base Died- Deca 10x Base By- Base Unit Drinking- Deci 1/10 Base Chocolate- Centi 1/100 Base Milk- Milli 1/1,000 Base Monday- Micro- 1/1,000,000 Base
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Centrifuge
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Uses high speed to separate two or more parts into a liquid sample.
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Graduated Cylinder
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Common instrument used for measuring volume. Usually measured in mL, read at the bottom of the meniscus (curved surface of liquid) for accuracy.
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Triple Beam Balance
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Common instrument for measuring mass. Usually measured in tenths of a gram and can be estimated to the hundredths of a gram.
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Line Graph
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Compares different sets of related data or predicts data that have not yet been measured.
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Bar Graph or Histogram
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Compares different items by representing them as bars or rectangles.
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Pie Chart
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Organizes data a part of a whole circle. To determine the central angle: percent of total X 360 degrees= degrees of angle
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Scatter Plots
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Compare two characteristics of the same group of things or people and usually consist of a large body of data. Shows how much one variable is affected by another.
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Correlation
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The relationship between two variables.
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Right to Know Law
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Covers science teachers who work with potentially hazardous chemicals and requires that employees be informed of potentially toxic chemicals.
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Buret
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Uses a stopcock to dispense precisely measured volumes of liquid.
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Chromatography
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Uses the principles of capillarity to separate substances. Ex: Plant Pigments
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Indicator
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Any substance used to assist in the classification of another substance. Ex: Litmus Paper
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Electrophoresis
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Uses electrical charges of molecules to separate them according to size.
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Spectrophotometry
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Measures the percent of light at different wavelengths absorbed and transmitted by a pigment solution.
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Accident Procedure for Burn (Chemical or Fire)
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Use deluge shower for 15 minutes.
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Accident Procedure for Burn (Clothing on Fire)
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Use safety shower immediately. Keep victim immersed 15 minutes to wash away heat and chemical.
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Accident Procedure for Chemical Spills
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If on hand/arm then wash immediately with soap and water. Spills on clothing or other parts should be drenched under safety shower. If strong acid or base then remove clothing.
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Accident Procedure for Eyes (chemical contamination)
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Hold the eye wide open and flush with water from the eye wash for 15 minutes. Seek medical attention.
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Accident Procedure for Ingestion of Chemical/Poison
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See antidote chart for first aid directions and drink lots of water. See medical attention.
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Foreseeability
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The anticipation that an event may occur under certain circumstances.
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Negligence
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The failure to exercise ordinary or reasonable care.
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Matter
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Makes up everything in the world: takes up space and has mass.
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Mass
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Measure of the amount of matter in an object.
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Weight
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Measure of the earth's pull of gravity on an object; also the pull of gravity between other bodies.
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Volume
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Amount of cubic space that an object occupies. If object is square then multiple LxWxH too find density. If object is irregular then measure water displacement by measuring amount of water before and after submerged and take the difference.
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Density
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The mass of a substance contained per unit of volume. (D= m/V) and stated in g/cm^3
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Specific Gravity
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Ratio of the density of a substance to the density of water.
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Physical Properties
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Characteristic that can be observed without changing the identity of a substance.
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Chemical Properties
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Describes the capacity of a substance to be changed into new substances.
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Stars
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Manufactured every chemical element heavier than hydrogen.
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Earth's birthing process
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produced frequent eruptions that caused water to rise to the surface, and the solar system system contributed to additional water to the primordial seas.
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92
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The amount of naturally occurring elements in the universe.
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8
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The number of elements that make up 99% of Earth's mass. Earth's core is composed of iron and nickel, crust is rich is silica and the atmosphere is 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen.
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Physical Change
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Does not create a new substance and does not rearrange into different compounds.
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Chemical Change
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A chemical reaction that converts one substance into another by rearranging atoms to form a different compound.
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Phases of Matter
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Solid, Liquid, Gas, and Plasma
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Solid
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Matter that has a definite shape and volume.
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Liquid
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Matter that has a definite volume but no shape.
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Gas
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Matter that has no shape or volume and spreads out to occupy the entire space of whatever container it is in.
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Energy
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The ability to cause change in matter. Energy is neither created or destroyed.
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Evaporation
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The process of changing a liquid to a gas. It takes more heat to change from a liquid to a vapor than a solid to a liquid.
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Condensation
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The process of changing a gas to a liquid.
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Composition Reaction
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Two or more substances combine to form a compound. Ex: Sulfur Dioxide
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Decomposition Reaction
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A compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances. Ex: AB ---> A +B
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Single Replacement Reaction
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Decomposition reaction: a compound breaks down into two or more simpler substances. Ex: A + BX --> AX + B
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Double Replacement Reaction
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Parts of two compounds replace each other, seeming to switch partners. Ex: AX +BY --> AY + BX
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Principle of Conservation of Mass
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States the total mass of a system is constant. Ex: Burning wood, soot, gases, and ash equals wood and the oxygen that reacts with it.
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Principle of Conservation of Charge
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States the total electrical charge of a closed system is constant.
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Law of Conservation of Energy
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States that matter is neither created nor destroyed but merely changes states, either giving off or absorbing energy in the process.
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Work
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The energy expended when the position or speed of an object is moved against opposing force.
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Joules
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Measurement of work as the product of an object and the distance through which the object is moved.
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Thermal Energy (Heat)
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Energy of moving atoms and molecules.
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Chemical Energy
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Energy that bonds atoms and molecules.
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Nuclear Energy
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The energy released when the nuclei of atoms are split apart in a nuclear reaction.
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Mechanical Energy
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Energy of moving objects.
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Potential Energy
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Energy stored in an object due to its position.
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Elastic Potential Energy
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Energy stored in elastic (stretchable) objects such as rubber bands or springs.
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Gravitational Potential Energy
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Energy an object has when its in an elevated position.
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Kinetic Energy
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Energy an object has due to its mass and motion.
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Plasma
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A superheated, molten gas, and not all physicist or text agree it is a separate state of matter.
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Fusion
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The change from a liquid to a solid.
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Heat
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A measure of energy.
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Temperature
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Measure of how hot (or cold) a body is with respect to standard objects.
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Thermal Equilibrium
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State in which two objects have the same temperature.
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Thermal Contact
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When two objects can affects each other's temperature. Ex: Hot cup of coffee on a desk, desk is hotter and coffee is cooler
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Heat Capacity
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The amount of heat energy that it takes to raise the temperature of an object by one degree.
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Specific Heat
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Heat capacity (C) per unit mass (m) = specific heat (c) c= C/m
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Calorie
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Amount of energy that it takes to raise one gram of water one degree Celsius.
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Kilocalorie
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Amount of energy that it takes to raise one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius. Food calories are these.
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British Thermal Units (BTU)
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252 calories= 1.054 kJ
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Celsius
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The freezing point of water is set at 0 and the boiling point is set at 100.
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Fahrenheit
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The freezing point of water is 32 degrees and the boiling point is 212. F=(9/5)C+32
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Kelvin
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Degrees set like the Celsius scale but zero point is moved to the triple point of water. Inside a closed vessel water is in thermal equilibrium. K=C+273.15
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Heat Transfer
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Heat energy that is transferred into or out of a system.
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Calorimeter
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uses the transfer of heat from one substance to another to determine the specific heat of the substance.
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Latent Heat
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The heat that is required to change matter from one substance to another.
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Heat of Fusion
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Amount of heat it takes to change from a solid to a liquid or the amount of heat released during the change from liquid to a solid.
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Heat of Vaporization
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Amount of heat that it takes to change from a liquid to a gaseous state.
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Conduction
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Transfer of heat energy through a substance or from one substance to another by direct contact of atoms and molecules. Ex: electricity through a wire
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Convection
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Transfer of heat in liquids and gases as groups of molecules move in currents. Ex: a home heating system that uses fans to circulate warmer air
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Radiation
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Transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves. Ex: microwave oven
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Laws of Thermodynamics
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The relationship between heat and forms of energy and work (mechanical, electrical, etc) in systems in thermal equilibrium.
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Reversible Systems
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Systems that nearly always are in a state of equilibrium.
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Entropy
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The measure of how much energy is available for work.
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Atom Theory of Matter
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States the following: 1. All matter consists of atoms 2. All atoms of an element are identical 3. Different elements have different atoms 4. Atoms maintain their properties in a chemical reaction.
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Thompson's Model
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The atom is made of negative particles equally mixed in a sphere of positive material.
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Atom
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a nucleus surrounded by a cloud with moving electrons.
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Nucleons
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Nucleic particles that when electrically charged are protons and when electrically neutral are neutrons.
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Proton
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A positively charged particle. The mass of a proton is about 2000 times that of an electron.
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Atomic Number
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Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. All atoms of the same element have the same number.
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Isotopes
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an atom of an element that has the same number of protons as other atoms of the same element but with different number of neutrons.
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Neutrinos
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extremely light particles that belong to a group called Leptons, which are believed to be the building blocks of which all matter is composed.
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Quarks
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The fundamental building blocks of all nucleons.
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Atomic Mass Unit (AMU)
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Standard unit for measuring the mass of an atom, equal to the mass of a carbon atom.
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Mass Number
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The sum of an atom's proton and neutrons.
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Atomic Mass
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An average of the mass numbers of an elements atoms.
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Stable Electron Arrangement
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An atom that has all of its electrons in the lowest possible energy levels.
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Excited Electrons
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Electrons that have absorbed energy and have moved further from the nucleus.
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Valence Electrons
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The outermost electrons in an atom.
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Chemical Bond
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The force of attraction that holds atoms together. Atoms cease to have individual properties.
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Covalent Bond
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Formed with two atoms share electrons. Happens among nonmetals, when this bond happens among two nonidentical atoms they are always polar.
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Covalent Compounds
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Compounds whose atoms are joined by covalent bonds.
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Ionic Bonds
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A bond formed by the transfer of electrons. When metals and nonmetals bond.
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Ions
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An atoms with an unequal number of protons and electrons. Charge can be positive if it has more protons than electrons and negative if more electrons than protons.
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Ionic Compounds
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Compounds that result from the transfer of mental atoms to nonmetal atoms.
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Chemical Property
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A property of matter that depends upon how the substance reacts with other substances.
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Radiometric Dating
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Most accurate method of absolute dating that measures the decay of naturally occurring radioactive isotopes. Knowing the half life of the isotope is the key to this type of dating.
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Carbon 14 Dating
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the most widely known method of radiometric dating.
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Nuclear Reaction
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A reaction that involves the nucleus of an atom and thus changes the elements into a different element.
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Nuclear Fisson
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A nuclear reaction when the nuclei is split apart forming a smaller nuclei and releasing energy.
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Nuclear Fusion
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A nuclear reaction in which small nuclei combine to form a larger nucleus and releasing energy.
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Radioactive elements
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Elements that are the result of a nuclear reaction.
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Chain reaction
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A process in which an action causes a reaction that causes subsequent cycles of action and reaction.
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Albert Einstein's Equation
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E=mc2 or the energy released during fission is directly proportional to the mass of the substance times the speed of light squared.
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Newton's First Law of Motion (Law of Inertia)
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States objects at rest tend to stay at rest, and objects in motion tend to stay in motion, unless something causes them to change.
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Inertia
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The tendency of an object to resist a change in its motion.
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Newton's Second Law
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The acceleration produced by a net force on a body is directly proportional to the magnitude of the net force, in the same direction of the net force, and inversely proportional to the mass of the body.
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Newton's Third Law
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Whenever one body exerts a force on a second body, the second body exerts an equal and opposite force on the first.
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Law of Universal Gravitation
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Every object attracts every other object with a force directly proportional to the mass of each object.
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Friction
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The resistance to motion exhibited by surfaces that touch each other.
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Static Friction
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The force of friction of two surfaces that are in contact without any motion relative to each other.
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Kinetic Friction
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The forces of friction of two surfaces in contact with each other with relative motion between the surfaces.
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Power
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The rate at which work is done. Power = Work/Time
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Amount of work done
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Equal to the force applied over the distance it is applied. (Work= Force X Distance)
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Newton- Meter
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The unit of measurement for work- a combination of the unit of force, Newtons (N) and the unit of distance (meter=m) AKA Joule
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Joule
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Measurement of work; 1J= 1N of force exerted over 1m of distance.
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Watt
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Measure of power; in Joules per second or a watt. One watt (W) of power = one Joule of work done in one second.
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Mechanical Advantage
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Amount of effort saved when using simple or complex machines.
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Torque
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Force that results in as change in rotational motion.
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Formula of Momentum
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Mass X Velocity
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Impulse
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Force exerted over a time period.
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Momentum
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Inertia in motion.
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Centripetal Force
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Constraining force directed toward the center of a circle to keep an object moving in a circular path.
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Pressure
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Force exerted on each unit of area of surface.
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Pascal
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Unit for measuring pressure, one Pascal (pa)= one Newton of force pushing on one meter of area.
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Pascale's Principle
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Pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to every part of the fluid, as well as to the walls of the container.
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Charles' Law
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Pressure inside an enclosed container will increase as heat increases.
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Boyle's Law
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Pressure and volume vary inversely; at a constant temperature, a decrease in the volume of gas causes an increase in its pressure.
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Archimedes' Principle
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The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the displaced fluid, or the weight of the displaced fluid is directly proportional to its volume.
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Bernoulli's Principle
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As the speed of a fluid, gas, or liquid increases, the pressure it exerts decreases.
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Venturi Effect
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The decrease in pressure the results from passing a gas, fluid, or liquid through a constricted tube that causes its velocity to increase.
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Electric Circuit
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Path along which electrons flow.
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Load
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Device that uses energy.
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Switch
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Device that opens and closes a circuit.
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Potential Difference
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Measure of how much energy is lost when electrons go through a load; also, the work needed to move a charge from one point to another.
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Volt
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Unit for measuring potential difference.
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Voltage
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Amount of potential difference; the higher the voltage, the more energy the electrons have.
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Current
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Number of electrons per second that flow past a point in a circuit.
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Resistance
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Ability of the material to oppose the flow of electrons through it.
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OHMS
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Units for measuring resistance.
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OHM's Law
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Current (I) is equal to potential difference (V) divided by resistance (R). V=IR
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Capacitance
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Measure of the stored electric charge per unit electric potential. Electrical energy is stored in capacitors.
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Series Circuit
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One where the electrons have only one path along which they can move.
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Parallel Circuit
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One where the electrons have more than one path to move along.
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Conductors
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Materials that allow for free and easy movement of electrons.
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Insulators
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Materials that do not allow conductions.
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Alternating Current
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Type of electrical current with cyclically varying magnitude and direction. This type is delivered to homes and businesses.
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Direct Current
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Type of electrical current with constant direction.
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Battery
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Consists of one or more electrochemical cells connected together with electron transfer taking place only through an external circuit.
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Electromotive Force
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Also called voltage or cell potential and measured in volts.
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Generators
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Devices that are the opposite of motors in that they convert mechanical energy into electrical energy.
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Magnetic Field
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The space around a magnet where its force will affect objects.
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Magnetic Domains
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Small areas in a magnetic substance where atomic magnetic fields line up in the same direction.
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Electromagnet
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A magnet made by running a current through a coil of wire whose ends are connected to a battery.
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Transformer
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Device that magnetically couples two circuits together to allow the transfer of energy between the two circuits without requiring motion. Allows us to "step up and down" between two voltages.
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Electric Motor
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Uses a strong magnet and a current carrying coil placed in the magnetic field in such a way that the force on it causes it to rotate, converting electrical energy into mechanical energy.
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Speed of Light (C)
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3 X 10^8 m/sec
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Frequency
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Number of complete waveform cycles that pass a fixed point in one second and is measured in hertz. Hz=1/f
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Wavelength
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Distance between the start and the end of one full cycle of the waveform (wave top to wave top)
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Amplitude
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Distance between the top and midpoint of a waveform.
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Wave Period
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Time between the passing of two successive waves.
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Refraction
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Bending or change of speed caused when light enters a different medium.
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Scattering
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Dispersion of light according to the size of the particulate matter it encounters in the sky.
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Mirage
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Image that originates in the lower layers of the troposphere (created by differences in temperature of the air layers near the ground) but is reflected onto the ground.
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Novaya Zemlya Effect
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Optical effect in the Arctic Region that makes the sun appear to rise earlier than expected.
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Rainbows
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Event in which tiny water drops selectively refract reflected light in the form of an arch.
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Diffraction
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Occurs as light passes through a narrow slit and bends slightly around the edges of the slit; a form of differential refraction as in a prison.
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Interference
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Interaction of two or more waves that meet.
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Doppler Effect
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Change in experienced frequency due to relative motion of the sound source.
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Polarized Light
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Has vibrations confined to a single plane that is perpendicular to the direction of motion.
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Pitch
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Depends on and correlates to the frequency of the sound that the ear receives.
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Intensity
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The amount of sound energy that crosses a unit of area in a given unit of time.
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Beats
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Series of sound generated when the waves meet; when the crests combine, they produce loud sounds, and when they don't, they nearly cancel each other out and produce soft sounds.
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Sound Waves
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Produced by a vibrating body that moves forward, compressing the air in front of it, then moves backward, lessening the pressure on the air. Loudness is determined by the amplitude of a sound wave.
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Spectrum
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White light separated by wavelengths into a series different colors.
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White
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Not a color but rather a presence of all of the frequencies of visible light.
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ROYGBIV
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The entire spectrum of visible light.
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Color Subtraction
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Identifying which color or colors of light are subtracted (absorbed) and which are reflected from the original set.
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Fiber Optics
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Thin fibers of plastic or glass through which light pulses (converted from sound waves) travel without escaping the sides and thus can carry telephone messages.
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Mirror
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Typically produces a virtual image.
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Period
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The elements in any one horizontal row of the periodic table.
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Group
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The elements in any one column of the periodic table.
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Metal
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Substance or mixture that has a characteristic luster, or shine, and is generally a good conductor of heat and electricty.
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Malleable
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Can be hammered into sheets.
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Ductile
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Can be drawn into wire.
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Nonmetal
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An element that does not exhibit the characteristic of a metal; most are gases, and the ones that are solids are generally hard and brittle.
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Metalloids
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Elements having both metallic and nonmetallic properties.
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Alloy
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A mixture of two or more elements having properties of metals, but are not necessarily all metals.
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Semiconductor
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Typically a metalloid used in electrical devices that have to function at temperatures too high for metals.
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Electron Affinity
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The readiness of an element to attract and hold an extra electron.
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Mole
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Number whose mass in grams is numerically equal to the atomic mass, molecular mass, or formula mass of the substance.
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Avogadro's Number
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The number of atoms, ions, molecules, or anything else in one mole, or 6.02 X 10^23
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Law of Definite Proportions( Constant Composition)
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Pure compound, whatever its source, always contains definite or constant proportions of the elements mass.
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Mixture
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A material that can be separated by physical means into two or more substances.
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Heterogeneous Mixture
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Mixture that consist of physically distinct parts, each with different properties.
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Homogeneous Mixture (Solution)
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Mixture that is uniform in is properties throughout a given sample.
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Chemical Reaction
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Chemical event in which one or more substances are formed.
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Chemical Equilibrium
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State reached when the quantities of reactants and products are no longer shifting, but the reaction may still proceed with equal forward and backward reaction.
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Cation
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Postive ion.
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Anion
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Negative ion.
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Oxoanions
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Contains one element in combination with oxygen.
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Molecular Compounds
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Compounds (usually composed entirely of nonmetals) making up molecules with a neutral charge.
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Hydrocarbons
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Simplest organic compounds, containing only carbon and hydrogen.
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Alkanes
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A hydrocarbon compound containing only single bonds.
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Saturated
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Describing a hydrocarbon like an alkane that has a maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible for its carbon backbone.
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Unsaturated
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Describing a hydrocarbon like an alkene that has fewer than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible.
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Alkenes
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AKA Olefins, are hydrocarbons that contain one or more double bonds.
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Alkynes
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Hydrocarbons that contain one or more triple bonds.
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Alkenynes
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Hydrocarbons with both double and triple bonds.
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Alicyclic Hydrocarbons
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Is cyclic but not aromatic.
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Aromatic Hydrocarbons
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Hydrocarbons that structurally are related to benzene or made up of benzene molecules fused together.
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Hydrogen Bond
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The weakest of the three types of chemical bonds, formed when one electronegative atom shares a hydrogen atom with another electronegative atom.
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Condensed Structural Formulas
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Elemental atoms and their sub/superscripts.
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Line Angle Drawings
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Angled lines that intersect and terminate with the designated elements.
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Lewis Dot Structure
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Method for keeping track of each atom's valence electrons in a molecule.
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Kinetic Molecular Theory
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Explains how pressure and temperature influence the behavior of gases.
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Translation
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Motion of a molecule from one place to another.
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Crystalline
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Describes the ordered pattern of molecules in some solids.
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Amorphous
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Describes the random but tight pattern of molecules in some solids.
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Phase of Matter
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(solid, liquid, or gas) is identified by its shape and volume.
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Crystalline Structure
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The most efficient arrangement of atoms that forms a crystal shape.
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Minerals
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Crystalline solids whose structure reflects the repetitive, periodic array of atoms.
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Lattice
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The repetitive, periodic array of atoms that form the structure in a mineral.
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Unit Cell
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The basic repeating unit in a crystal that possesses the symmetry and properties of the mineral.
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Endothermic Chemical Reaction
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One in which more energy is needed to break the reactant bonds than is released when product bonds form, so heat is absorbed.
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Exothermic Chemical Reaction
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One in which more energy is released through product bond formation than is needed to break reactant bonds, so heat is released.
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Activation Energy
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The amount of energy needed for the reaction to start.
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Maxwell-Boltzmann Distributions
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Graphed curves showing the effect of temperature on the distribution of kinetic energies in a sample of molecules.
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Catalyst
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A material that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without change itself permanently in the process.
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Enzymes
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A biological catalyst.
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Nanometer
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one billionth of a meter (1 X 10^-9 meter)
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Solvent
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The pure liquid in a liquid solution.
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Solutes
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The non liquids in a liquid solution.
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Precipitate
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An insoluble substance that falls out of an aqueous solution as a solid or gas as a result of a reaction.
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Crystallization
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When collision results in a solute particle reattaching itself to the solid, it reverses the solution process.
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Equilibrium in Solution
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Occurs when no additional solute will dissolve because the rates of crystallization and solution are equal.
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Le Chatelier's Principle
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Solubility will increase with increasing temperature for an endothermic solution process.
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Acid
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A substance that release a hydrogen ion in solution; an acidic solution has an excess H+ ions.
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Base
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A substance that combines with a hydrogen ion in solution; a base (alkaline) solution has an excess of hydroxide (OH-) ions.
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Salt
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One product of combining a base and an acid.
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Neutralization
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The result of combining a base and an acid, producing a salt and a water.
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Oxides
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Compounds that are formed when oxygen combines with another element.
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PH Scale
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Measures the concentration of hydrogen ions (acidity) of a solution.
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Pure Water
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Considered Neutral and has a PH of 7.0.
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Buffering
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The self correcting feature of substances like seawater that allows them to maintain an acidity level within a constant narrow range.
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Prokaryotic Cells
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Include only the bacteria and blue green algae, have no defined nucleus, but do have a thick cell wall containing amino sugars.
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Eukaryotic Cells
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Found in protist, fungi, plants and animals, have cytoplasm, a cytoskeleton, and more complex structures like organelles.
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Mitosis
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The division of somatic (body) cells. IPMAT are the stages.
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Meiosis
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The division of sex cells (sperm and egg). Contains 5 stages but repeated twice. PMAT are the stages.
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Cytokinesis
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The process whereby the cytoplasm of a single cell is divided to produce two daughter cells.
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Mitotic Phase (M)
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The shortest phase of the cell cycle, in which mitosis and cytokinesis divide the nucleus and cytoplasm, respectively.
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Interphase
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The stage where the cell grows and copies the chromosomes in preparation for the mitotic phase. Occurs in 3 stages: G1 (growth), S (synthesis), and G2 (growth).
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Cellular Respiration
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The metabolic pathway in which food (glucose, etc.) is broken down to produce energy in the form of ATP.
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Steps of Cellular Respiration
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1. Glycolysis- Takes 10 steps and occurs in the cytoplasm of cell wall and does not require oxygen. Makes a total of 4 ATP but uses 2 ATP and glucose is the reactant. 2. The Krebs Cycle- Occurs in 4 steps. Produces 2 more ATP. 3. Electron Transport Chain- Creates 34 ATP for a total gain of 36 ATP.
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Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reaction
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The process in respiration that releases energy through the sequential loss and gain of electrons.
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Electron Transport Chain
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The final step in respiration that creates 34 molecules of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
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Photosynthesis
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An anabolic process that stores energy in the form of a three carbon sugar.
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Autotroph
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An organism that makes its own food from the energy of the sun or other elements.
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Chloroplast
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The site of photosynthesis. Capable of trapping sunlight.
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Light Reactions
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The first stage in photosynthesis, in which solar energy is converted to chemical energy.
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Calvin Cycle
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The second stage in photosynthesis in which energy from the light reactions is used to reduce carbon to sugar.
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Gamete
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Sex Cell or Germ Cell; Eggs and Sperm.
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Chromosome
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Tightly coiled,visible, chromatin, this state is found when the cell is dividing.
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Homologue
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Chromosomes that contain the same info, are of equal length, and contain the same genes.
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Diploid
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2n Number, A pair of chromosomes ( in a somatic cell).
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Haploid
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1n Number; Half a pair ( in sex cells).
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Gene
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A unit of genetic information.
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DNA
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Controls the synthesis of proteins, thereby controlling total cell activity. DNA is capable of making copies itself.
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Protein Synthesis
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Process that allows the DNA code to be read and carried out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm in the form of RNA.
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Ribosomes
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Site of protein synthesis.
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Transcription
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First phase of protein synthesis that allows for the assembly of mRNA and occurs in nucleus where the DNA is found; the DNA splits open and the mRNA reads the code and "transcribes" the sequence onto a single strand of mRNA.
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Translation (in regards to protein synthesis)
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Second phase of protein synthesis in which the assembly of the amino acids to build the protein occurs in the cytoplasm; the nucleotide sequence is translated to choose the correct amino acid sequence.
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Messenger RNA (mRNA)
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Copies the code from DNA in the nucleus and takes it to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
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Transfer RNA (tRNA)
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Free floating in the cytoplasm, its job is to and position amino acids for assembly on the ribosome.
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Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
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Found in ribosomes; It makes a place for the proteins to be made and is believed to have many important functions.
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Mutations
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An inheritable change in DNA.
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Gregor Mendel
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The father of genetics, who realized that there were factors ( now known as genes) that were transferred from parents to their offsprings.
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Alleles
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Form of inheritable trait or characteristics.
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Law of Segregation
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Only one of the two possible alleles from each parent is passed on to the offspring.
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Law of Independent Assortment
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Alleles sort independently of each other.
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Complete Dominance
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One trait covers up the allele of the other trait.
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Incomplete Dominance
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When the F1, generation produces an appearance somewhere between the two parents. For example, when red flowers are crossed with white flowers result an F1 generation of pink flowers.
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Chromosome Theory
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Genes are located on chromosomes.
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Non-mendelian Inheritance
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Patterns of genetic inheritance that do not conform to Mendel's laws or do not rely on a single chromosomal gene.
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Transmission Bias
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A situation in which the alleles of the parent organisms are not equally represented in their offsprings.
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Epigenetic Inheritance
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Changes not involving the DNA sequence that can influence the expression of genes and override Mendelian patterns of inheritance.
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Genetic Linkage
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Predicting patterns of inheritance of linked traits.
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Restriction Enzyme
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A bacterial enzyme that cuts foreign DNA in specific locations.
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Host Cell
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The receptacle for a recombinant plasmid, which allows to replicate.
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Gel Electrophoresis
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Another method for analyzing DNA by separating DNA or protein by size or electrical charge.
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Polymerase Change Reaction (PCR)
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Technique in which a piece of DNA can be amplified into billions of copies within a few hours.
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Evolution (In regards to Reproduction)
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Change in genotype over time.
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Hardy-Weinberg Theory of Gene Equilibrium
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Mathematical prediction to show shifting gene patterns.
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Carrier
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Heterozygous parent that does not express a trait phenotypically but passes it on to its offspring.
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Fossil
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Preserved remnants left by an organism that lived in the past.
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Evolutionary Tree
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Arrangement of t he succession of organisms based on their fossil records.
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Recombination
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When the parents' genes cross over during meiosis and result in a unique offspring.
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Natural Selection
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The survival of certain traits in a population through the course of time.
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Fitness
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The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation.
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Theory of Gradualism
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Minor evolutionary changes that occur at a regular rate.
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Punctuated Equilibrium
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An alternate model of evolution that states that organismal form diverges and species form rapidly over relatively short periods of geological history, and then progress through long stages of stasis with little or no change.
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Homologous Structures
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Organs may have different functions, but are built from the same basic parts. Ex: Skeletally, flippers, hands, and wings appear to be made from the same basic parts.
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Vestigial Structures
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Many parts still exist in organisms but are no longer used. Ex: Whale pelvis bone and human appendix.
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Comparative Embryology
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Many organisms in the embryonic stage are virtually indistinguishable. Ex: Some amphibians show tails during this stage but do not have them when fully developed.
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Stabilizing Selection
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Favors more common phenotype.
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Diversifying Selection
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Occurs when individuals on both extremes of the phenotypic range are favored.
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Directional Selection
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Shifts the frequency of phenotypes in one direction.
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Biological Species Concept
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A species is a reproductive community of a populations that occupy a specific niche in nature.
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Prezygotic
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Any pre-mating factor that impedes two species from producing viable, fertile hybrids.
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Postzygotic
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Any post-mating factor that impedes two species from producing viable, fertile hybrids.
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Allopatric Speciation
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Speciation without geographic overlap; genetic differences accumulate through division of a species' range, either through a physical barrier separating the population or through expansion by dispersal.
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Sympatric Speciation
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New species arise within the range of parent populations, usually through the rapid accumulation of genetic differences.
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Carolus Linnaeus
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Father of Taxonomy.
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Taxonomy
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The science of classifications.
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Microbiology
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Study of monera (prokaryotes), protist, and viruses.
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Virus
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Composed of a protein coat and nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA, disrupt cell activity, are obligate parasites that rely on the host for their reproduction.
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Archaebacteria
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Evolved from the earliest cells, and most inhabit extreme environments.
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Eubacteria
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Most prokaryotes other than Archaebacteria.
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Bacterium
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Classified according to shape; reproduce by binary fission, an asexual process that simply divides the bacterium in half.
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Taxis
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Movement toward or away from a stimulus.
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Protist
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Earliest eukaryotic descendants of prokaryotes.
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Archaezoa
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Lack mitochondria, the Golgi apparatus, and have multiple nuclei.
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Chromista
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Include diatoms, brown algae, and "golden" brown algae with chlorophyll c and have a different photosynthetic plastid from those of the green algae and plants.
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Xylem & Phloem
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Tubular structures that enable the transport of water and minerals to the top of the plant and food manufactured in the leaves to the bottom of the plant.
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Gymnosperm
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Means "naked seed" ; the first plants to evolve the use of seeds for reproduction, which made them less independent on water to assist in reproduction.
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Angiosperm
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The largest group in the plant kingdom, they are the flowering plants and produce true seeds for reproduction.
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Development
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Change in form.
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Diploblastic Animals
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Have only two germ layers, the ectoderm and the endoderm, and lack true digestive system.
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Triploblastic Animals
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Have all 3 germ layers.
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Nonvascular Plants
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Characterized by several primitive features: lack of roots, conducting tissues, and leaves; rely on absorption of water that falls on the plant or live in a zone of high humidity.
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Vascular Plants
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Characterized by lignin, which gives strength for growing upright, tracheid cells for water transport and sieve cells for nutrient transport, ad underground root systems.
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Monocots
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Have one cotyledon (seed leaf) with parallel veins on their leaves and flower petals in multiples of threes.
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Dicots
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Have two cotyledons with branching leaf veins and flower petals in multiples of fours and five.
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Plant Hormones
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Chemicals secreted internally by plants that regulate growth and development.
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Hormonal Signaling
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Involves attachment go hormone molecules to protein receptors, transmission of the signal along a transduction pathway, and the activation of particular genes.
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Phototropism
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The tendency of plants to bend toward light.
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Photoperiod
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The duration of a plant's daily exposure to light.
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Alternation of Generations
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A haploid stage in the plant's life history alternates with diploid stage.
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Neurons
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Basic unit of the nervous system consist of an axon that carries impulses away from the cell body, the dendrite that carries impulses toward the cell body, and the cell body that contains the nucleus.
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Synapses
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Spaces between neurons.
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Myelin Sheath
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Composed of Schwann cells, covers the neuron and provides insulation.
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Neurotransmitter
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Chemical that either stimulates or inhibits action.
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Digestive System
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Breaks down food and absorbs it into the blood stream where it can be delivered to all the body's cells for use in cellular respiration.
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Peristalsis
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Wavelike contractions.
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Respiratory System
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Delivers oxygen to the bloodstream and picks up carbon dioxide for release out of the body.
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Circulatory System
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Carried oxygenated blood and nutrients to all cells of the body and returns carbon dioxide waste to be expelled from the lungs.
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Arteries
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Lead away from the heart. All arteries carry oxygenated blood except the pulmonary artery going to the lungs.
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Arterioles
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Smaller vessels that brach off from arteries.
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Capillaries
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Tiniest vessels that branch from arterioles and reach every cell. Due to the size only one blood cell at a time may pass to allow for diffusion of gases.
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Venules
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Larger vessels formed when capillaries combine; carry waste product from cells.
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Veins
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Larger vessels formed when venues combine and lead back to the heart. Veins contain valves to prevent backward flow of blood due to gravity.
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Plasma (blood)
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60% of blood is plasma which contains salts called electrolytes, nutrients, and waste.
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Erythrocytes
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AKA red blood cells, they contain hemoglobin which carries oxygen molecules.
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Leukocytes
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AKA white blood cells which are larger than red blood cells, the are phagocytic and can engulf invaders. Can enter the interstitial fluid between cells.
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Platelets
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Made in the bone marrow and assist in blood clotting.
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Immunity
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Body's ability to recognize and destroy an antigen before it causes harm.
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Nonspecific Defense Mechanisms
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Do not target specific pathogens but are a whole body response, seen as symptoms of an infection.
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Excretory System
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Rids the body of nitrogenous wastes in the form of urea.
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Nephron
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The functional unit of excretion that makes up the kidneys.
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Endocrine System
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manufactures proteins called hormones that are released into the bloodstream and carried to a target tissue where they stimulate an action.
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Gametogenesis
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The production of the sperm and egg cells.
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Homeostasis
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The control of differences between internal and external environments, is made possible by cell transport.
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Osmoregulation
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The maintenance of the appropriate level of water and salts in the body, fluids for optimum cellular functions.
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Excretions
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The elevation of metabolic waste products fro the body including excess water.
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Thermoregulation
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Maintains the internal or core body temperature of the organism within a tolerable range for metabolic and cellular processes.
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Responses to Stimuli
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Adaptations that allow organisms to survive.
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Biotic Factors
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Living things in an ecosystem, such as plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi.
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Abiotic Factors
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Nonliving aspects of an ecosystem such as soil quality, rainfall, and temperature.
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Population
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A group of individuals of one species that live in the same general area.
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Carrying Capacity
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The total amount of life that a habitat can support.
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Innate Behavior
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One that is inborn or instinctual.
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Learned Behavior
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One that is modified due to past experience.
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Altruism
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An organism that appears to act in a way that benefits others over itself.
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Infraspecific Competition
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Competition among members of the same species.
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Interspecific Competition
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Competition among individuals of different species.
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Predation
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Occurs when predator eats its prey.
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Parasitism
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Involves a predictor that lives on or in its host causing detrimental effects to the host.
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Symbiosis
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Occurs when two species lives together. Ex: Parasitism
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Commensalism
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Occurs when one species benefits from the other without harmful effects to the other.
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Mutualism
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Occurs when each species benefits from the other.
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Succession
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An orderly process of replacing a community that have been damaged or has begun where no life previously existed.
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Stewardship
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The responsible management of resources entrusted to one.
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Ecological Efficiency
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The amount of energy that is transferred between tropic levels.
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Biomass Pyramid
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Represents that total dry weight of organism in each tropic level.
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Food Chain
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A pathway of food transfer.
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Biomes
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Communities and ecosystems that are typical of broad geographic regions.
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Lithification
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The process of transforming fluid sediments into solid sedimentary rocks.
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Cementation
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The process of converting sediments to sedimentary rock through compaction.
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Magma
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Molten Rock.
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Lava
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Molten rock that pours onto the surface of Earth.
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Metamorphism
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The process by which rocks are formed at high temperatures under great pressure.
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Minerals (Rock)
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Natural, nonliving, naturally formed solids with a definite chemical composition and a crystalline structure.
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Ores
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Minerals or rock deposits that can be mined for a profit.
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Rocks
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Earth materials made of one more minerals.
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Rock Facies
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A rock group that differs from comparable rocks (as in composition, age, or fossil content).
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Soils
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Composed of particles of sand, clay, various minerals, tiny living organisms, and humus plus the decayed remains of plants and animals.
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Lithosphere
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The crust and upper most part of the mantle consisting of cool rigid and brittle materials.
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Asthenosphere
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The semi-plastic molten rock material located directly below lithosphere.
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Mesosphere
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The lower mantle is rigid, hard, and brittle and makes up 80% of the Earth's material.
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Rifting
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The process in which boundaries form between spreading plates where the crust is forced apart.
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Subduction
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The process when the plate of denser ocean crust collides with a plate of lighter continental crust slides under the continental plate and plunges into the mantle.
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Trench
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A deep depression in the sea floor.
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Orogeny
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The process of natural mountain building.
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Folded Mountains
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Mountains that are produced by folding of rock layers.
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Faults
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Fractures in the Earth's crust that have been created by either tension or compression forces transmitted through the crust.
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Volcanism
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The movement of magma through the crust and its emergence as lava onto the Earth's surface.
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Intrusive Rock
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Any igneous rock that was formed below the Earth's surface.
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Extrusive Rock
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Any igneous rock that was formed at the Earth's surface.
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Dike
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An old lava tube formed when magma entered a vertical fracture and hardened.
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Pangea
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According to the theory of continental drift, that comprised all the Earth's landmasses.
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Laurasia
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According to the continental drift, one of the main subdivisions of Pangea that contained the continents of North America and Eurasia.
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Gondwanaland
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According to the theory of continental drift one of the main subdivisions of Pangea that contains South America, India, Africa, Australia, and Antarctica.
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Precipitation
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Water that falls to Earth in the form of rain and snow.
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Water or Hydrologic Cycle
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The continuous process in which water at Earth's surface evaporates, condenses into clouds, and returns to Earth as precipitation.
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Transpiration
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Evaporated water that plants produce as they breathe.
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Erosion
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The inclusion and transportation of surface materials by another movable material, usually wind, water, or ice.
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Abrasion
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A process in which the grinding action of sand, pebbles, and other rock fragments causes erosion.
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Weathering
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The breaking down or rocks at or near to the Earth's surface by physical or chemical forces.
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Deposition or Sedimentation
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The process by which the material from one area is slowly deposited into another area, usually by the movement of wind, water, or ice containing particles of matter.
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Uniformitarianism
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States that the chemical, physical, and biological laws that operated in the geologic past operate in the same way today.
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Stratum
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One of many layers of Earth's materials-rocks, soils, and sediments.
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Geologic Column
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A method for arranging rock systems in their correct chronological order.
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Stratigraphy
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The study of regional land-forms to detail and understand the sequence of events and relative timeframe in whcih those events occurred within the regions.
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Indirect Fossilization
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Preservation of trace evidence of an organism's existence rather than preservation of the organism itself.
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Paleoecology
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The study of ancient ecosystems--the plants and animals of the past.
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Geological Timescale
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The calendar/clock of events in geology, based on appearance and disappearance of fossil assemblages.
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Oxygen Revolution
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The massive release of oxygen around 2.5 billion years ago by bacteria that had just developed the ability to photosynthesis and subsequently multiplied exponentially.
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Stromatolites
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Blue-green algae that produces oxygen by photosynthesis and that had vastly multiplied and diversified by around 1.9 billion years ago.
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Edicaran Fauna
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First evidence of multicellular organisms.
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Burgess Shale Formation
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A depository of very well preserved Cambrian Age fossils that provides a snapshot of life in the Cambrian Age.
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Zooid
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Individual bryozoan animal encased in calcium carbonate.
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Vertebrae (Chordate)
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An animal with an internal skeleton and a single nerve corridor vertical column.
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Crossopterygian
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The ancestor of the amphibians.
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Icthyostegides
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First land animal and earliest amphibian, which appeared in the late Devonian period.
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Coccolithophores
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Microscopic, shelled algae that flourished in such abundance at the end of the Cretaceous that they caused a "reverse greenhouse effect" by absorbing the carbon from the atmosphere and cooling the temperature.
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Thecodont
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First Dinosaur.
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Saurischia
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Lizard-hipped dinosaurs, typically with short forelimbs, light bone structure, and bipedal mobility.
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Ornithischia
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Herbivorous, bird hipped dinosaurs with grinding teething beaklike mouths, they evolved as both quadrupeds and bipeds.
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Pterosaurs
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Gliding reptiles, most had teeth, all were predators with hair and skin stretched between the body and limbs, and often impressive wingspan.
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Archeopteryx
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The first scientifically undisputed bird, about the size of a modern day crow or pigeon, with a reptile like skeleton, wings, claws, and long tail.
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Monotreme
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Lay eggs but still suckles the young with mammary glands.
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Marsupial
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Pouched animals, with young not viable when born, which develops in mothers pouch.
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Placental
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The most common type of mammal, whose young are gestated longer, but also born viable.
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Seismic Sea Wave
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Was formed by an earthquake.
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Currents
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Caused by changes in water density, salinity, and pressure.
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Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation
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The gravitational effect of two bodies is mutually constant and depends largely on the distance and mass between the objects.
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Surface Currents
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Currents in the upper layer of the ocean that continuously move along the ocean surface in specific directions and influence world weather patterns. Ex: Gulf Stream, California Current
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Subsurface Currents
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Oceans currents that flow deep below the surface.
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Density Currents
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Currents that flow because of a difference in the density or salinity of the ocean water.
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Equatorial Counter Currents
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The primary currents in both hemispheres.
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Abyssal Plain
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A flat, landscape, broken only by ridges, or trenches.
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Hydrosphere
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The seventy percent of the Earth's surface that is covered with salt water.
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Salinity
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The number of grams dissolved salts in 1000 grams of sea water.
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Greenhouse Gas
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A gas that absorbs heat energy.
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Insolation
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The distribution of solar energy.
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Milankovitch Cycle
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Theory proposing that the axial tilt and wobble of the Earth's orbit is responsible for warming or cooling.
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Wind Belts
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One of three convection cells that encircle Earth like belts.
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Geostrophic or Gradient Winds
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Winds at high altitudes that, with no friction present, form an undulating, surface-like topography and easily flow to low-pressure areas.
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Coriolis Effect
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Causes the winds to move in either a clockwise motion (high-pressure areas), or a counter-clockwise motion (low-pressure area).
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Zonal Winds
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Blow in a west-to-east pattern roughly parallel to the lines of latitude.
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Meridional Winds
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Blow north to south and cross the line of latitude.
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Surface Winds
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Winds found at a less than 1,000 meters altitude and that are no longer balanced because the terrain introduces friction, which in turn, reduces the Coriolis effect.
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Jet Streams
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Zones of strong, moving air that mark the zones where the cold polar air and warmer air meet.
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Intertropical Convergence Zone
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Moving north and south of the equator, controls the weather in the tropics.
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Doldrums
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Area of no wind.
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Horse Latitudes
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located between 0 degrees and 30 degrees north and south latitudes.
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Tradewinds
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Strong winds that blow all the time provide getting to the costal climate.
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Prevailing Westerlies
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Found between 30 degrees and 60 degrees north and south latitude and causes storms and winds to move un a west to east pattern.
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Monsoons
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Huge wind system that cover large geographic areas and that reverse direction seasonally.
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Polar Winds
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Product of the presence of absence of sunlight.
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Urban Heat Islands
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Result of concentrated masses of buildings and concrete and asphalt paving that absorb more heat than grass and fields in the countryside.
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Lake Effect Snow/Rain
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Caused by air moving over a large body of water, absorbing, large amounts of moisture, and then releasing it as snow or rain over urban heat islands.
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Absolute Humidity
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The ass of the water vapor divided by the volume of air.
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Relative Humidity
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Measures the total amount of water vapor a mass of area could hold (capacity), in relation to how much it actually holds.
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Dew Point
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The air temperature at which water vapor begins to condense.
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Frost Point
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The temperature, always below 0 degrees celsius or 32 degrees Fahrenheit, at which moisture in the air will condense as a layer of frost on any exposed surface.
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Air Mass (Parcel of Air)
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Large body of air that assumes a characteristic temperature, pressure, and humidity from sitting over a landmass.
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Low Pressure Zone
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An area where hot air masses are rising.
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High Pressure Zone
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An area where cold air masses are sinking.
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Atmospheric Stability
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Determined by comparing the temperature change of an ascending or descending air parcel with the temperature profile of the ambient air layer in which the parcel ascends or descends.
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Stable Air
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Air layer in which there is no vertical movement, which is the same temperature as the ambient air.
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Unstable Air
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Air layer in which there is much vertical movement as it seeks to encounter air of the same temperature or colder.
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Inversion
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Layer of stable air that is trapped between two laters of unstable air.
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Front
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A narrow zone of transition between air masses of different densities that is usually due to temperature differences.
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Meteorology
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The scientific study of the atmosphere and the atmospheric processes.
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Greenwich Mean Time (GMT or ZULU Time)
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The point located on the prime meridian, or 0 degrees, from which time is measured as either plus or minus the current GMT.
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Radiosonde
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Electronic device that measures temperature, pressure, and humidity.
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Geostationary Satellites
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Move with the Earth's rotation, always looking at the same point, which allows for a view showing changes over time.
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Polar Orbiting Satellites
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Orbit from pole to pole; the Earth rotates underneath the satellite and gives a view of different areas, in effect, producing slices of the Earth.
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Kopek Climate System
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Explains that the origin of climate is based on the average monthly and yearly temperatures, location of the landmass, precipitin rates, and seasonality of the precipitation.
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El Nino
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A reverse of the normal weather patterns in the Pacific that affects wind patterns (especially the jet stream and trade winds) and creates a wide variety of other impacts.
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La Nina
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The opposite of El Nino, with a lesser effect.
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Desert
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Any region low rainfall.
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Big Bang Theory
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A massive explosion that scattered mass, matter, and energy throughout the universe, which then formed galaxies as matter cooled during the next hair-billion years.
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Oscillating Universe Hypothesis
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As the universe oscillates galaxies will move away from one another and will in time slow down and stop; then a gradual moving toward each other will activate another Big Bang.
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Astronomical Unit
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Within our solar system, the standard unit of distance measurement, the mean distance between the Sun and the Earth or 1 AU= 1.495979 X 10^11m
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Planetary Nebulae
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Cold Clouds of dust and gas within a galaxy.
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Protostar
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The initial stage of star formation.
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Nuclear Fusion (Star Cycle)
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The process by which hydrogen atoms fuse together to form helium atoms, releasing massive amounts of energy.
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Giant Star
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10 to 100 times the diameter of the Sun, created when hydrogen-depleted stars been to consume the heavier elements produced by fusion.
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White Dwarf Star
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A small, slowly cooling,e extremely dense star, no larger than 10,000 km in diameter.
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Black Dwarfs
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A dead star.
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Binary Star
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One of two suns in the same solar system.
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Nova
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The sudden brightening of a lower main sequence star caused by explosion of the star.
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Supergiant Star
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An exceptionally bright star, 10 to 1,000 times the diameter of the Sun.
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Supernova
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The massive explosion of an upper main sequence supergiant star caused by the detonation of carbon within the star.
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Neutron Star
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The very small implied core of a collapsed supergiant star that rotates at a high speed and has a strong magnetic field.
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Pulsar
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A neutron start that has captured has from pace or other stars and emits a sweeping beam of ionized-gas radiation.
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Black Hole
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A volume of space created by an imploded supergiant from which no form of radiation can escape.
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Singularity
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The inner core of an imploded supergiant, compacted by a supernova into an object of zero radius and infinite density.
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Accretion
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The clumping together of small particles into larger masses.
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Sun
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The nearest star to Earth that produces solar energy by the process of nuclear fusion, converting hydrogen to helium.
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Solar Radiation
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Energy traveling from the Sun that radiates into space.
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Asteroids
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Rocky fragments that may be the remains of the birth of the solar system and that never formed into a planet.
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Comets
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Masses of frozen gases, cosmic dust, and small rocky particles.
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Meteoroids
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Particles of rock and metal of various sizes floating in space.
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Meteor
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A burning meteoroid falling through the Earth's atmosphere; also called a "shooting star."
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Meteorites
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Meteors that strike the Earth's surface.
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Giant Impact Hypothesis
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Explains the origin of Earth's moon as part of the residue of a collision with another body that Earth's gravitation pulled into orbit.
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Eclipse
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Occurs when a stellar body is shadowed by another and, as a result, is rendered invisible.
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Umbra
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The central region of the shadow caused by an eclipse, which receives no light from the Sun.
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Penumbra
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The lighter out edges of the shadow created during a partial eclipse where some light hits.
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Phases of the Moon
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The apparent change in the shape of the moon caused by the absence or presence of selected sunlight as the moon orbits around the Earth.
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Geosynchronous Orbit
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An orbit around the Earth that has an orbital period matching the Earth's sidereal rotation period.
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Nucleus
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The brain of the cell. Contains chromosomes, chromatin, nucleoli, and nuclear membrane.
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Chromosomes
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DNA, RNA, and proteins tightly coiled to conserve space while providing a large surface area.
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Chromatin
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Loose structures of chromosomes, when the cell is not dividing.
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Nucleoli
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The site where ribosomes are made.
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Nuclear membrane
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Contains pores which let RNA out of the nucleus.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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The roadway of the cell that allows for transport of materials throughout the cell.
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Golgi complex or Golgi apparatus
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A stacked structure that increases surface area and sorts, modifies, and packages molecules that are made in other parts of the cell.
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Lysosomes
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Found mainly in animal cells They contain digestive enzymes that break down food, waste, viruses, and damaged cell components, and eventually the cell itself. Responsible for the aging process.
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Mitochondria
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Large organelles that make ATP to supply energy to cell. Has its own DNA and capable of reproducing themselves if additional energy is needed. Found only in animal cells.
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Plastids
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Found only in photosynthetic organisms.
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Chromoplast
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Makes and store orange and yellow pigments, and provides color to leaves, flowers, and fruit.
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Amyloplasts
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Store starch and are used for food reserve, abundant in tubular like potatoes.
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Cell Wall
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Found only in plant cells, and composed of cellulose and fibers.
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Vacuoles
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Hold and store pigment and food. In large plants they provide tutor pressure to keep plant from wilting.
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Cytoskeleton
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Composed of protein filaments attached to plasma membrane and organelles and provide framework for the cell and aid in cell movement.
