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Three metalinguistic abilities in early reading

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1. Word consciousness 2. language and conventions in print 2. functions of print

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Word consciousness

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First children understand through pictures, then understands the connection between the spoken words and the printed words.

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Language and conventions in print

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An early state of reading, children learn to hold a book, where to begin reading, left-to-right tracking, how to continue from one line to another

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Functions of print

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Children discover that print can be used for a variety of purposes and functions

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Schemata

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generic information and ideas stored in a person's mind

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Four sources of background information to comprehend meaning in reading

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1. Word knowledge 2. Syntax and contextual information 3. Semantic knowledge 4. Text organization

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lexical knowledge

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One's knowledge of word meanings- part of the word knowledge stage

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Orthographic knowledge

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Knowledge of spelling patterns and pronunciations- part of the word knowledge stage

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Characteristics of good readers

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1. Think about what they are reading and formulate questions and answer them 2. Attempt to pronounce unknown words using analogies to familiar words 3. Establish a purpose for reading and make predictions 4. Confirm, make new predictions, and go back when things don't make sense during reading

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Phonemic awareness

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the acknowledgement of sounds and words with their eyes closed- all about what they HEAR Ex: a child's realization that some words rhyme.....the first letter b in bad can be changed with the sound d to make dad.

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phonemes

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*The smallest unit of language capable of conveying distinction in meaning *A prerequisite to associate sounds with letters and manipulating sounds to blend wordss

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Phonics

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* method of teaching reading and spelling based on a phonetic interpretation of ordinary spelling Ex: students SEE the word bad and sound each letter out slowly until they recognize what they read

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Phonological awareness

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the ability of the reader to recognize the sounds of spoken language to help lead to phonics.....helps them "sound out" words *Includes how these sounds can be blended together, segmented (divided up), and manipulated (switched around).

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Effective spelling strategies

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1. knowledge of patterns, sounds, letter-sound association, syllables 2. sight word memorization 3. writing words correctly many times 4. writing the words in personal writing

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Fluent reading

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Depends on automatic word identification, which helps the student achieve comprehension of the material

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Automaticity

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automatic reading involves the development of strong orthographic representations, which allows fast and accurate identification of whole words made up of specific letter patterns

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prosody

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concerns versification of text and involves such matters as which syllable of a word is accented * In terms of fluency, it is the aspect which translates reading into the same experience as listening in the reader's mind

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Four basic word types to be effective readers

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1. Regular, for reading and spelling (e.g. cat, print) 2. Regular, for reading but not for spelling ( e.g. float, brain--- could be spelled flote or brane) 3. Rule based (e.g. canning- doubling rule, faking- drop e rule) 4. Irregular (e.g. beauty)

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3 cueing methods for reading fluency and comprehension

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1. orthographic awareness 2. syntactic cueing 3. semantic cueing

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orthographic awareness

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the ability to perceive and recall letter strings and word forms as well as the retrieval or letters and words *sight-word vocab depends on this skill *weakness in ortho. aware. results in slow reading and spelling problems

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syntactic cueing

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evaluating a word for its part of speech and its place in the sentence. Ex: reader determines whether the word is a noun, verb, adjective, or other part of speech **Affects reading comprehension

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Semantic cueing

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Determining the meaning of the word, phrase, or sentence and determining what the passage is about

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Early stages of orthographic development

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drawing pictures, scribble, letter-sound correspondence in word writing

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Role-play writer

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Spelling- scribbles and uses writing behavior, no phonetic association Penmanship- develops pencil position and traces words and letters Print/Mechanics Concepts- develops awareness of environmental print Content- uses pictures and scribble writing

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Emergent writer

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Spelling- Writes initial consonants Penmanship- can write on the line, mixes upper and lowercase letters Print/Mechanics concepts- makes some letters and words, attempts to write name Content- copies words and uses pattern sentences

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Developing writer

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Spelling- Left/right correspondance Penmanship- correctly uses upper-and lowercase letters Print/Mechanics concepts- Writes word patterns Content- uses invented spelling and simple sentences

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Beginning writer

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Spelling- correct spelling for most words, uses decoding Penmanship- sentence structure, focus on one writing component Print/Mechanics concepts- chooses personally significant topics Content- organizes paragraphs using complete sentences

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Expanding writer

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Spelling- edits for mechanics Penmanship- varies writing components based on task Print/Mechanics concepts- uses organization and variety of word choices Content- writes in a variety of formats

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Comprehension strategies

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large amounts of reading, teacher-directed instruction, peer and collaborative learning, talk about responses to reading

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Bloom's Taxonomy in ascending order

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1. Knowledge 2. Comprehension 3. Application 4. Analysis 5. Synthesis 6. Evaluation

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Higher-order questions

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called open-ended, interpretive, evaluative, and inferential questions

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word analysis

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the process readers use to figure out unfamiliar words based on written patterns *also called phonics or decoding

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word recognition

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the process of automatically determining the pronunciation and some degree of the meaning of an unknown word

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decoding

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changing communication signals into messages while reading

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encoding

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changing a message into symbols Ex: encoding oral language into writing (spelling), encoding an idea into word

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Children's literature

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Emerged as a distinct and independent form in the second half of the seventeenth century

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John Amos Comenius

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Wrote The Visible Word in Pictures, the first picture book

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Traditional Literature

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Ideal for providing predictable and repetitive elements for younger elementary children Displays worthwhile values, such as right and wrong and hard work

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Folktale/ Fairy Tales

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Focuses on good and evil and reward and punishment There are usually animals, humans, or a hero on a quest

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Fables

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Animals act like humans: the animals usually reveal human foibles to teach a lesson

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Adolescent literature

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social changes post World War II affected this genre The civil right movement, feminism, the protests of the Vietnam War era, and issues surrounding homelessness, neglect, teen pregnancy, drugs, and violence bred a new vein of contemporary fiction to help adolescents understand and cope in their world

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Poetry Structure

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1. The pattern of the sound and rhythm 2. The visible shape it takes 3. Rhyme and free verse

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Verse form

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In poetry it is the rhythmic pattern of a single verse Ex: is any meter; blank verse, for instance, is iambic pentameter

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Stanza

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In poetry a group of a certain number of verses (lines) with a rhyme scheme

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Alliteration

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The initial sounds of a word, beginning with either a consonant or a vowel, are repeated in close succession. Adds beauty to the beauty of the poem EX: Athena and Apollo, Nate never knows, and people who pen poetry

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Free verse poetry

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came about in France in the 1880's Was in response to the French influence vers libre

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T.S. Eliot

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Influenced free verse English- language poet that wrote "The Wasteland" with an alarming but desolate message about the modern world

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Walt Whitma

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Free verse poet Wrote "Song of Myself"

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Robert Frost

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20th century poet who chose to use conventional rhyming verse to make his point Wrote "Stopping by Woods"

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slant rhyme

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rhyme is not exact: often the final consonant sounds are the same but the vowel are different. Occurs often in Irish, Welsh, and Icelandic verse Ex: green and gone, that and hit, and ill and shell

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assonance

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occurs in the middle of the word. The vowel sound in a word matches the sound in a nearby word, but the surrounding consonants are different Ex. tune and food

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onomatopoeia

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words used to evoke meaning by their sounds Ex. pow, zap, eek, whop, zonk

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Drama

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come from the Greek word dran, meaning "to do"

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Acts in a play

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3 to 5 traditionally

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Figures of speech

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Help sharpen the effect and meaning of a piece of work and help readers see things in ways they have never seen them before

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simile

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a direct comparison of two things, often use the term like or as to foster the comparison Ex: My love is like a red, red rose.

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metaphor

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an indirect comparison of two things. The use of a word or phrase denoting one kind of object or action in place of another. Used a lot in poetry Ex: Chairs are said to have "legs" and "arms"

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parallelism

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arrangement of ideas into phrases, sentences, and paragraphs that balance one element with another of equal importance and similar wording

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euphemism

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a substitution of words to make the term less offensive Ex: death could be passed away

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bathos

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to evoke pity, sympathy, or sorrow

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oxymoron

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a contradiction in terms for effect Ex. "jumbo shrimp"

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malapropism

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comes from Sheridan's Mrs. Malaprop in The Rivals (1775). It is a verbal blunder in which one word is replaced by another that is similar in sound but different in meaning

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syntax

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the rules or patterned relationships that correctly create phrases and sentences from words

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Punctuation and quotes

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Interrogatory or exclamatory (? & !) goes after the closing quotations if the statement is a command or cited title

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semicolons

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use to separate independent clauses when the second clause is introduced by a transitional adverb, or to separate items in a series that are long and complex or have internal punctuation

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colons

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place at the beginning of a list of items

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comparative adjectives

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end in -er

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superlatives

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end in -est

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simple sentence

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contains one independent clause (one subject and one predicate) Ex: The dancer bowed.

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compound sentence

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made up of two independent clauses that are joined by a conjunction, or correlative conjunction, or a semicolon. Both can stand on their own Ex: Samantha at the cookie, and she drank her milk.

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complex sentence

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made up of one independent clause and at least one dependent clause. Ex: Brian loves taking diving lessons, which he has done for years.

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Development stages of spelling

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1. Prephonemic spelling 2. Early phonemic spelling 3. Letter-name spelling 4. Transitional spelling 5. Derivational spelling

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Prephonemic spelling

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Children know that letters stand for a message but they don't know the relationship between spelling and pronunciation

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Early phonemic spelling

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Children are beginning to understand spelling. First letter usually correct, with the rest of the word comprising consonants or long vowels

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Letter-name spelling

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Children spell some words consistently and correctly

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Transitional spelling

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Late in elementary school. They master short vowel sounds and know some spelling rules

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Derivational Spelling

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Reached between high school and adulthood. Rules are mastered

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Prewriting

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Clustering, listing, brainstorming, mapping, free writing, and charting Keep an idea books, daily journal writing, free writing

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Writing process stages

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1. Prewriting 2. Drafting 3. Revision and Editing 4. Proofreading 5. Publishing

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Drafting

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Introduction done last and contains the thesis (the point or purpose of the paper), body done first, conclusion is easier to write after the introduction decisions are made

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Revise

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comes from the Latin word revidere, meaning " to see again" most important step in the writing process because it entails making substantial changes to the draft

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Proofreading

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checks for grammar and punctuation

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KWL chart

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used for reading comprehension, outlines what the children Know, what they Want to know, and what they've Learned after reading Great for science, social studies, and health textbooks

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Aspects of speaking

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voice, volume, pitch, posture, movement, gestures, eye contact

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rational numbers

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the ratio of two integers a/b where b cannot equal 0 Ex: 2/3, -4/5, 5/1= 5 Include integers, fractions, and mixed numbers, and terminating and repeating decimals

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integers

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positive and negative whole numbers and zero -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3,

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irrational numbers

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real numbers that cannot be written as the ratio of two integers. They are infinite, nonrepeating decimals

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cardinal numbers

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"counting" numbers because they indicate quanity

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ordinal numbers

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indicate the order of things in a set Ex. 1st, 2nd

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commutative property

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for addition and multiplication change the order of the terms or factors a + b= b + a ab=ba

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associative property

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for addition and multiplication regroups the terms a + (b+c) = (a + b) + c a(bc) = (ab) c

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inverse property

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finding a number that when added to the number it results in zero; or when multiplied by the number results in 1 a-a=0 a x (1/a)= 1

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linear relationship

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a relationship in which two quantities are proportional to each other straight line graph

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nonlinear relationship

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a relationship in which change in one quantity does not affect the other quantity to the same extent curved line graph

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voltage formula

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V=IR Voltage= current I(resistance R)

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solid

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a three-dimensional figure

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polyhedron

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simple closed surface formed from planar polygonal regions

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face

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each polygonal region of the polyhedron

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transformational geometry

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the study of manipulating objects by flipping, twisting, turning, and scaling them

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translation

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a transformation that "slides" an object a fixed distance in a given direction the original object keeps the same shape and size and they face the same direction Ex: stadium seating

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rotation

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a transformation that turns a figure about a fixed point called the center of rotation *can occur in either a clockwise or a counterclockwise direction Ex: Ferris wheel

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reflection

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objects have the same shape and size, but the figures face in opposite directions

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line of reflection

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the line where a mirror may be placed: the distance from a point to this line is the same as the distance from the point's image to this line

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glide reflection

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a combination of a reflection and a translation

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dilation

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a transformation that "shrinks" an object or makes it bigger Ex: use a center point in a triangle and the lengths of the sides increase the same to make a larger triangle

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tessellation

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an arrangement of closed shapes that completely covers the plane without overlapping or leaving gaps M.C. Escher is the father of modern tesselations *used for tiling, mosaics, quilts, and art and there are 17 ways to tile a flat surface

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Euler's formula

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V + F = E+ 2 for creating a 3-dimensional figure, if we know two values of vertices, faces, and edges to find the remaining value

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polyhedra

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the five regular solids, including the cube (6 squares), tetrahedron (4 triangles), octahedron (8 triangles), icosahedron (20 triangles), and dodecahedron (12 pentagons)

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Length

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* to change from a larger unit to a smaller unit, multiply *to change from a smaller unit to a larger unit, divide

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Feet in a mile

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5280

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Yards in a mile

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1760

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Capacity

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2 c. = 1 pint 2 c. = 1 quart 2 pt. = 1 qt. 4 qt. = 1 gallon

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square units

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1 sq. ft = 144 sq. in. 1 sq. yd. = 9 sq. ft. 1 sq. yd. = 1296 sq. in.

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Prefixes for conversion in measurement

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K H D U D C M Kilo, hecto, deca, unit, deci, centi, milli

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Area of a Triangle

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(1/2)bh

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Area of a trapezoid

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(1/2)h(b1+b2)

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circumference

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C= 2ℵr or C=ℵd

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Area of a circle

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A = ℵr^2

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Volume of a box

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V = area of the base( height)

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Surface area of a rectangle

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S = 2 (lw + hw + lh)

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Volume of a rectangle

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V= lwh

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Volume of a pyramid

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V= (1/3)bh

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Volume of a cylinder

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V= ℵ(r^2)h

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Surface area of a cylinder

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S= 2ℵr (r+h)

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Volume of a cone

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V = (1/3)bh

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Distance

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rate x tim

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Time

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distance/ rate

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adjacent angles

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have a common vertex and one common side but no interior points in common

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complementary angle

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add up to 90°

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supplementary angle

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add up to 180°

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vertical angle

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have sides that form two pairs of opposite rays

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corresponding angle

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same corresponding position on two parallel lines but by a transversal

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alternate interior angle

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diagonal angles on the inside of two parallel lines cut by a transversal

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circle graph

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information/total information x 360°

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Probability of two independent events

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P (A and B) = P(A) + P(B)

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Probability with replacement

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P = P(red) x P(red)

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Probability without replacement

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P= P(red) x P(red)

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fundamental counting principle

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states that if there are "m" possible outcomes for one task and "n" possible outcomes for another, there are (m x n) possible outcomes of the two tasks together

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permutation

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number of possible arrangements of items, without repetition, where order of selection is important

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combination

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the number of possible arrangements, without repetition, where order of selection is not important nCr= n!/ r!(n-r)!

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sample space

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a list of all possible outcomes of an experiment

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mean

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average of all numbers

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median

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the middle number in a set

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mode

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the most frequent number in a set

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range

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a measure of variability last #- first #

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sum of squares

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the difference between each item and the mean Sx^2= Sum of (x-median)^2

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variance

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sum of the squares quantity divided by the number of items

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standard deviation

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the square root of the variance

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French colonists

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*settled in the extreme north and in the middle of North America *most willing to work with the Native Americans *pursed animals for the fur trade, but still was able to remain peaceful with the Native Americans *worked with the Native Americans to fight England

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Swedish colonists

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*settled in the northeast and along the Atlantic coast of North America *got along with the Native Americans with different degrees of sucess *mostly interested in surviving in their new homes *didn't last long against England

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Spanish colonists

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*settled in the south of North America * had the worst relations with the Native Americans

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English colonists

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*settled in the northeast and along the Atlantic coast of North America *worst relations with the Native Americans because they took land, signed and broke treaties, massacred their people

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New England Colonies

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*consisted of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Hampshire *settlers were from the same origin, mostly coming from England and Scotland *life was centered on towns where each family farmed their own land. The towns were carefully planned and laid out in the same structure *short summers brought on manufacturing, fishing, shipbuilding, and trade *government was a town meeting where all adult males made the laws and the legislative body, the General Court, consisted of an upper and lower house

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Middle Atlantic Colonies

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*New York (seaports), New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland *considered the "melting pots" because settlers were from different origins and nations *settlers lived on large farms and the Native Americans weren't a threat to them, so they didn't have to live in small villages *relied on farming because of fertile soil and longer growing season. Became the "breadbasket" because they had a large surplus of food *economic activities were also shipbuilding, iron mining, production of paper, glass, and textiles *legislative body in Pennsylvania was unicameral( one house). Other colonies had two houses. Local governments were in counties and towns

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Southern Colonies

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Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Georgia *Savannah and Charleston were important seaports and trading centers *Virginia was the first permanent successful English colony and Georgia was last *economics was focused on farming- fertile soil, mild climate, long growing season. Grew rice, tobacco, indigo, cotton, some corn, and wheat. Some lumber and naval stores occured * wealthy settlers lived on large plantations on the coast which required large numbers of slaves, most settlers lived inland with small farms and few, if any, owned slaves

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1619

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Three important events: 1. 60 women were sent to Virginia to get married and start families 2. 20 Africans, the first of thousands, arrived 3. Virginia colonists were granted the right to self-government (most important event)

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Self-government in 1619

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*colonist elected own representatives to the House of Burgesses- their own legislative body

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French and Indian War

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the Seven Years' War 1756-1763

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Causes of the War of Independence

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1.The end of the French and Indian War, England took control over the colonies and imposed a new tax to pay for the war costs 2. The Stamp Act 3. The Townshend Act 4. The Boston Tea Party

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Proclamation Act

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prohibited English settlement beyond the Appalachian Mountains to appease the Native Americans

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Sugar Act

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imposed a tax on foreign molasses, sugar, and other good imported into the colonies

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Currency Act

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prohibited colonial governments from issuing paper money

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The Stamp Act

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placed a tax on newspapers, legal documents, licenses, almanacs, and playing cards. The first "internal" tax on the colonies. The colonists responded with secret groups called the "Sons of Liberty" and staged riots against the agents who implemented the taxes and marked the items with a special stamp In October 1765, representatives from 9 colonies met in the Stamp Act Congress to state their reasons for opposing the act and drafted resolutions to send to England. Repealed in 3 months

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The Townshend Act

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placed taxes on lead, glass, paint, paper, and tea. Which colonists boycotted English goods. England responded by only taxing tea. Boycotts ended except for tea. Relationships were strained and tensions went on for the next few years

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The Boston Tea Party

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The Tea Act of 1773 gave the British East India Company a monopoly on sales of tea, colonists responded with the Boston Tea Party. England responded with the Coercive Acts in 1774. This closed the port of Boston, changed the charter of the Mass. colony, and suppressed town meetings.

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Continental Congress

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First Continental Congress in 1774 issued the Declaration of Rights and Grievances, which vowed allegiance to the king but protested the Parliament to tax the colonies. The colonies and the British troops fought at Lexington and Concord. Second Continental Congress met a month later. They recommended a declaration of independence and formed an army with George Washington as its commander. British forces attacked at Breed's Hill and Bunker Hill. On July 3, 1776 Britain came with 10,000 troops to attack on New York, the next day the Second Continental Congress accepted the final draft of the Declaration of Independence

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Constitutional Convention of 1787

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devised a new form of government and outline the Constitution of the United States. The Constitution took effect in 1789. Concerns with civil liberties and states' rights led to the twelve amendments to the Constitution: the first ten are the Bill of Rights * The U.S. Constitution never mentioned political parties

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Boston Massacre

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in 1770

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American Political System

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*George Washington warned against the creation of "factions" or parties. Thomas Jefferson echoed this thought, but he ends up leading a party himself Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton (Washington's chief advisors) spurred the first political parties because of disagreements

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Two-party System

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developed in early 1790's by Jefferson as secretary of state and Hamilton as secretary of treasury.

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Alexander Hamilton

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Hamilton: -wanted the federal government to have more power than state governments -supported the first bank of the U.S. -pointed out that the Constitution gave Congress the power to make laws and collect taxes so they should have the right to create the bank -wanted the government to encourage economic growth through trade, manufacturing, and the rise of cities if necessary -favored business leaders and mistrusted the common people

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Thomas Jefferson

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Jefferson: -believed that state governments should be strong than federal governments -opposed the first bank because he thought it gave to much power to wealthy investors -argued that the Constitution didn't give the federal government the power to create a national bank -believed common people, were the backbone of the nation -manufacturing and big cities would corrupt America

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Democratic-Republicans

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Jefferson's supporters-small farmers, craftspeople, and some wealthier landowners

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Federalists

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Hamilton's supporters-merchants, shipowners in the Northeast, and some planters in the South

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First election

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in 1796

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Andrew Jackson

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First Democratic president

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Manifest Destiny

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territorial expansion to the west *Jefferson appointed Captains Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore it

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Corps of Discovery

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Lewis and Clark's expedition, which eventually included a slave named York, a dog, 40 young men, a female Shoshone Indian named Sacagawea, and her infant son.

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Causes of the Civil War

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1. economic and social differences between the North and South 2. States versus federal rights 3. slavery 4. growth of the abolition movement 5. election of Abraham Lincoln

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Battle of Gettysburg

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South was winning the Civil War until this battle from July 1-3, 1863

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Civil War

answer

took more American lives than any other American war in history. The South lost 1/3 of its soldiers compared to 1/6 for the North. More than half of the total deaths was to disease and conditions of field hospitals

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Effects of the Civil War

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1.changed war methods, weapons, and tactics 2.slavery ended, although prejudice and racism remained 3.states united and the Union was preserved 4. Sectionalism, especially in politics, remained for 100 years 5. opened westward migration through cheap land and the expectation of great opportunities

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Dawes Act of 1887

answer

The recognition that confinement of the Native Americans to reservations wasn't working. Continued until 1934 Armed resistance came to an end by 1890 with the surrender of Geronimo and the massacre at Wounded Knee

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Industrialization

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After the Civil War, not much of an industry. Major changes occurred: 1. machines replaced hand labor 2. railroads 3. products made in large quantities 4. large amounts of money from bakers and investors were available for expansion

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Division of Labor

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workers performed specific jobs in the production process to increase rate of production.

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Products of Industrialization

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typewriter, telephone, barbed wire, electric light, phonograph, and the automobile

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Results of Industrialization

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Labor Movements: -boycotts and strikes that were often violent -labor and farmer organizations were created and became a political force -immigrants from Asia and Europe -overwhelming growth of cities

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Great Depression Dates

answer

Sept. 1929- stock prices slip somewhat, people still optimistic Monday, October 21- prices began to fall quickly, volume traded high tickers not able to keep up, investor are scared so they sell quickly Black Thursday, October 24, 1929, prices plummet again, no confidence in investors. Friday and Saturday bankers tired to stop the crash Monday, the 28th, prices began to fall again, declining by 13% in one day Black Tuesday, October 29, 16.4 million shares traded. Stock prices so low no one was willing to buy at any price

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Great Depression Aftermath

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-25% unemployment nationwide -more than 100,000 businesses failed between 1929 and 1932 -hundreds of thousands jobless, then they became homeless -President Hoover didn't provide relief until 1932 which was to late. He didn't get reelected in 1932. -President Roosevelt was elected to get the nation back on track

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The New Deal

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President Roosevelt's plan to relief, recover, and reform the nation Relief- job-creation projects Recovery- stimulate the economy Reform- create social and economic change through innovative legislation

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Glass-Steagall Act

answer

to provide economic stability and prevent another crash, by separating banking and investing

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Social Security Act of 1935

answer

established pensions for the aged and infirm as well as a system of unemployment insurance

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Marshall Plan

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aimed at preventing the spread of communism, involved the economic aid that was sent to Europe in the aftermath of the Second World War

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Truman Doctrine

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offered military aid to countries in danger of communist upheaval-led to the era known as the cold war

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North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

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formed in 1949 for the purposes of opposing communist aggression

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United Nation

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formed in 1945 to replace the defunct League of Nations for the purpose of ensuring world peace

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populism

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philosophy concerned with the common-sense needs of average people flourished in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in the U.S.

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20th Century political changes

answer

1. ratification of the 17th Amendment, which required that all U.S. Senators be chosen by popular election 2. ratification of the 19th Amendment, which granted women the right to vote

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20th Century economic reforms

answer

1. The Sherman Act 2. Elkins Act 3. Hepburn Act 4. Pure Food and Drug Act 5. Meat Inspection Act 6. child labor prohibited 7. workmen's compensation mandated 8. The Department of Commerce and Labor was created

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Federal Reserve Act

answer

created a national banking system, providing a more stable money supply in the 20th century

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Early 1800's

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manufacturing went from small shops and homes to factories with modern machines

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Erie Canal

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connects the interior and Great Lakes with the Hudson River and the coastal port of New York.

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Robert Fulton

answer

first commercially successful steamboat, Clermont, led the pack for shipping goods

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Work force in the 1830's

answer

More industries and factories, women, children, and men worked long hours. Had to resort to hiring immigrants who were coming to America

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World War I

answer

the U.S. entered in 1917 and played a decisive roles in ending the war and in the creation of the League of Nations *required mass production of weapons, ammunition, radios, and other equipment

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World War II

answer

fight between Japan and Germany and their allied Axis powers that started on September 1, 1939 and ended on Sept. 2, 1945. The U.S. got involved in 1941. 59 nations became involved

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Aircraft development in World War II

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flight-based weapon delivery systems, long-range bomber, first jet fighter, first cruise missile, and first ballistic missile *Glider planes widely used in WWII because they were silent

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Weapon development in WWII

answer

bazooka, rocket-propelled grenade, anti-tank weapons, assault rifles, tank destroyer, mine-clearing Flail tanks, Flame tanks, submersible tanks, cruise missiles, rocket artillery and air-launched rockets, guided weapons, torpedoes, self-guiding weapons, and napalm. The atomic bomb was developed and used for the first time in WWII

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anarchism

answer

elimination of all government and replaced by a community of individuals

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communism

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characterized by a classless, stateless social organization. Calls for the common ownership of national goods

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dictatorship

answer

also called oligarchy, rule by an individual or small group of individuals

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fascism

answer

one-party state and centralized political control that tolerates private ownership of the means of production, with tight control Ex: German Nazism

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Legislative Branch

answer

contains the House of Representatives and the Senate *makes laws

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House of Representatives

answer

*435 members *serves a 2 year term *primarily responsible for initiating spending bills *Head person is the Speaker of the House (3rd successor to be President)

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Senate

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*100 members (2 per state) *6 year term *responsible for ratifying treaties that the president might sign with other countries

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Executive Branch

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*President and Vice-President *enforces laws and policies

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President

answer

*Commander-in-chief *elected every 4 years by the electoral college

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Judicial branch

answer

Supreme Court *decides if laws are fair and constitutional *the highest court in the country *Supreme Court justices are appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate- they serve for life

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Declaration of Independence

answer

written in 1776 by Thomas Jefferson. It was a call to the colonies to unite against the king, articulating the philosophical framework upon which the U.S. is founded *based on Greek ideas of democracy, European Enlightenment, and the Renaissance *the founding document of the U.S.A. and was written like a poetic document stating reasons for their freedom from Great Britain. "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness."

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John Locke

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one of the most influential political writers of the 17th century, who focused on human rights and the belief that when governments violate those the people should rebel *wrote the book Two Treatises of Government, which influenced the U.S. Constitution and the Declaration of Independence

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U.S. Constitution

answer

the written document that describes and defines the system and structure of the U.S. government completed on June 21, 1788 by nine of the original 13 states

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U.S. Constitution conflicts

answer

1. president powers 2. large and small state power 3. slavery 4. How the president is chosen

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checks and balances

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no branch of government should have enough power to override the others

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Federalist papers

answer

the most effective marketing and public relations campaign in human history **win support for the constitution

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quorum

answer

simple majority

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Bill of Rights

answer

the first 10 amendments on the Constitution, approved at the same time, shortly after the Constitution was ratified written by James Madison

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16th Amendment

answer

income tax

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19th Amendment

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women voting rights

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25th Amendment

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what to do if the president is incapacitated or killed

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26th

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lowered the legal voting age from 21-18

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Gettysburg Address

answer

given by President Lincoln after the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863. In this short speech he gave voice to a spirit that inspired a time known as " new birth of freedom."

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5 themes of Geography

answer

1. Location 2. Place:human and physical characteristics (mountains, rivers, canals, roads) 3. Human- environmental interaction: humans adapt to the environment, humans modify environment, humans depend on environment 4. Movement- how human interact with each other through trade, communications, emigration 5. Regions- area has a unifying characteristic

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relative location

answer

refers to the surrounding geography (e.g. on the banks of the Mississippi River)

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absolute location

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refers to a specific point such as latitude 41° north, longitude 90° west, or 123 Main Street

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formal region

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areas defined by actual political boundaries, such as a city, county, or state

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functional region

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a common function, such as the area covered by a telephone service

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vernacular region

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less formally defined areas that are formed by people's perception ("the Middle East or "the South")

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Earth's surface

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70% water, 30% land

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Mountains

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North America- Appalachian and Rocky South America- Andes Asia- Himalayas Australia- The Great Dividing Range Europe- the Alps Africa- Atlas, Ahaggar, Drakensburg

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Rivers

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Africa- Nile, Niger, Zaire Europe- Rhine, Danube, Thames Asia- Yangtze, Ganges, Mekong, Hwang He, Irrawaddy Australia- Murray- Darling South America- Orinoco, Amazon U.S.- Mississippi

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western hemisphere

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between the North and South Poles, between prime meridian (0° longitude) west to the international date line (180° longitude) Consists of North and South America, and a tiny part of Europe

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Eastern hemisphere

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consists of most of Europe, all of Australia, most of Africa, and all of Asia

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Northern hemisphere

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north pole and equator---all of Europe and North America and part of South America, Africa, and most of Asia

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Southern hemisphere

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south pole and equator---- all of Australia, small part of Asia, 1/3 Africa, most of South America, and all of Antarctica

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anthropology

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the scientific study of human culture and humanity research is cross-cultural and comparative

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Mesopotamia

answer

Sumerians invented the wheel, used canals, dikes, and devices for raising water, divided time, built large boats for trade, system of cuneiform writing Babylonians-Code of Hammurabi- code of laws

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Egypt

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contributions- pyramids, hieroglyphics, preservation of bodies, creation of paper, arithmetic and geometry, method of county, solar calendar, foundation of science and astronomy

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China

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followed religions of Buddhism, Confucianism, an Taoism invented gunpowder, paper, printing, and the magnetic compass

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Greece

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reached the highest levels of human achievement based on the foundations already laid by the Egyptians, Phoenicians, Minoans, and Mycenaeans contributed to our present day alphabet

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Suez Canal

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in the Middle East between Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, connecting the Red and Mediterranean Seas

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Rome

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lasted approx. 1,000 years through the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire accomplishments- 1. language- Latin, spread into the romance languages of French and Spanish 2. engineering- 3. building- developed the dome and arch 4. law 5. government- Athenian concept of democracy and built it into a representative government with executive, legislative, and judicial functions 6 roads 7. trade 8. Pax Romana

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Pax Romana

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the long period of peace allowing free travel and trade, spreading people, cultures, goods, and ideas all over a vast area of the known world

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Gaius Julius Caesar

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first century BCE consuls for the Roman Republic, ultimately named dictator for life and was the transitional leader between the Roman Republic and what would become the Roman Empire

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World powers after WWII

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United States and the Soviet Union

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Cold War

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the U.S. engaged in stopping the spread of communism and the tension grew with the Soviet Union It ended when the threat of the spread of nuclear weapons diminished with the Soviet Union fell in the early 1990s

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cultural identity

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the identification of individuals or groups as they are influenced by their belonging to a particular group or culture *who one is, what values are important, and what racial or ethnic characteristics are important in one's self-understanding and manner of interacting with the world and others

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equilibrium price

answer

the overlap of the buying decisions of buyers with the selling decision of sellers

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clears the market

answer

there are no shortages or surpluses

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opportunity cost

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when one unit of good x "costs" three unites of good y -something has to give, every choice has an opportunity cost

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role of government in economics

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1. provide a framework for the economy 2. correct fr the misallocation of resources when the market doesn't function properly 3. Correct for unequal distribution of income 4. provide public goods, like national defense, and correct unemployment through monetary and fiscal policies

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market economy

answer

operates on supply and demand, answers the 3 questions Ex. U.S.

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3 Economic questions

answer

1. Who is the products for? 2. What products to produce? 3. How to produce the product?

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Plate Tectonics

answer

the theory that explains not only the movement of the continents but also the changes in the Earth's crust caused by internal forces

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Plates

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* rigid blocks of the Earth's crust and upper mantle that move * make up the lithosphere and broken into 9 large sections and several small ones * move and float on a hot, plastic-like rock in the upper mantle

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Divergence

answer

major area located in the Mid-Atlantic. Currents of hot mantle rock rise and separate at this point of divergence, creating new oceanic crust at the rate of 2 to 10 centimeters per year

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Convergence

answer

when the oceanic crust collides with either another oceanic plate or a continental plate. The oceanic crust sinks, forming a trench and generating volcanic activity *Also includes continent to continent plate collisions. This causes mountains, volcanoes, and earthquake zones on the Earth's crust. * These plates spread apart, press together, or slide past each other only a few centimeters a year

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rifting

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form between spreading plates and occurs at mid-ocean ridges or within a continent splitting the continent into smaller landmasses that drift away from each other creating an ocean basin between them ***The Red Sea is the result of rifting ***The Atlantic ocean is the result of the seafloor spreading making new material added to the inner edges and separating plates into larger pieces. Caused supercontinent Pangaea to split.

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subduction

answer

when ocean crust plates collide with a plate of continental crust it causes intense crustal activity where the dense oceanic plate slides under the lighter continental plate and plunges into the mantle

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Subduction zone

answer

where subduction occurs and can be seen on the sea floor as a deep depression called a trench

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Earthquakes

answer

when plates slide past each other that produce a plate boundary characterized by major faults that can release powerful earthquakes Ex: The San Andreas fault forms a boundary between the Pacific plate and the North American plate

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Atmosphere

answer

made up of dry air that has three basic components: dry gas, water vapor, and solid particles (dust from soil)

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Dry gases in the atmosphere

answer

Nitrogen 78.09% Oxygen 20.95% Argon 0.93% Carbon Dioxide 0.03%

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Four layers of the atmosphere based on temperature

answer

1. Troposphere 2. Stratosphere 3. Mesosphere 4. Thermosphere

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Troposphere

answer

*Closest to the Earth's surface. *All weather occurs here because it has the most water vapor and dust *Air temperature decreases with altitude. *The average thickness is 7 miles (11 kilometers)

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Stratosphere

answer

*Contains very little water * Clouds are extremely rare * The ozone layer is located in the upper portions here * The air temperature is fairly constant, but will increase with height due to solar energy and UV rays from the ozone layer

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Mesosphere

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*Air temp. decreases with height *The coldest layer with temps in the range of -1000C at the top

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Thermosphere

answer

*Extends into space *Oxygen molecules absorb energy from the Sun causing the temps to increase with height *lower section called ionosphere *upper section called exosphere

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Ionosphere

answer

*lower section of the Thermosphere *charged particles (ions) and free electrons are here

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Aurora borealis

answer

gases from the Ionosphere mixed with solar radiation give off light and glow in the Northern Hemisphere

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Aurora australis

answer

gases from the Ionosphere mixed with solar radiation give off light and glow in the Southern Hemisphere

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Exosphere

answer

*upper section of the Thermosphere *gas molecules are far apart *layers are known as the Van Allen belts and held together by the Earth's magnetic field

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orogeny

answer

natural mountain building caused by volcanic action, or some form of tectonic plate collisions

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Physical composition of mountains

answer

igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks

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Types of mountains

answer

1. High-angle faults 2. Folded 3. Fault-block 4. Dome 5. Upward mountains

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High-angle fault mountains

answer

Ex. the Adirondacks, the Southern Rockies

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Folded mountains

answer

Ex. the Alps, the Himalayas, the Appalachian are produced by the folding of rock layers during formation which cause horizontal layers of sedimentary rock pressed together into wavelike folds. *up-folded sections are anticline, down-folded sections are synclines

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Himalayas

answer

*Highest mountain the in the world *contain Mount Everest, which is almost 9 kilometers above sea level *formed with India collided with Asia, still in process at the rate of a few centimeters per year

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Fault-block mountains

answer

*in Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico *created when plate movement produces tension forces instead of compression forces. The area under tension produces normal faults, and rock along these faults is displaced upward. *movement can be horizontal (strike-slip), vertical (dip-slip), or horizontal and vertical (oblique- slip)

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Dome mountains

answer

*formed as magma tries to push up through the crust but fails to break the surface *looks like huge blisters on the Earth's surface

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Upwarped mountains

answer

Ex: the Black Hills of South Dakota *created in association with a broad arching of the crust

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Ring of Fire

answer

the curving belt of active faults and volcanoes

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Volcanoes

answer

*best known volcanic mountains: Mount Erna (Italy) and Mount Kilimanjaro (Africa) *best chain of volcanoes: Hawaii Islands from the ocean floor

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Types of volcanoes

answer

1.Shield-quiet eruptions- lava cools and hardens to form-Mauna Loa in Hawaii largest on Earth 2. Cinder-cone- explosive eruptions- lava droplets cool and harden into cinders and particles of ash before falling to the ground-small, but form quickly 3. Composite- built on lava and layers of ash and cinders- Mount Fuji (Japan), Mount St. Helens (U.S.-Washington), Mount Vesuvius (Italy)

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intrusive rock

answer

any igneous rock that was formed below Earth's surface Ex: Batholiths- composed near granite materials, core of the Sierra Nevada mountains

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extrusive rock

answer

any igneous rock that was formed at the Earth's surface

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dikes

answer

old lava tubes formed when magma entered a vertical fracture and hardened

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sill

answer

when magma squeezes between two rock layers and hardens into a thin horizontal sheet

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laccolith

answer

magma is very thick and does not flow easily creating pools and forces the overlying strata creating a surface dome

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caldera

answer

normally formed by the collapse of the top of a volanco

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Earth's history

answer

4 billion years ago went through Eons, eras, periods, epochs

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Cenozoic Era

answer

Period- Quaternary Time- 1.6 million years ago to present Characteristics- ice age occurred, humans evolved Period-Tertiary Time- 65- 1.64 million years ago Characteristics- mammals and birds evolved to replace great reptiles and dinosaurs. Forests gave to grasslands, and climate became cooler

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Mesozoic Era

answer

Period- Cretaceous Time- 135-65 million years ago Characteristics- reptiles and dinosaurs roamed, continents split from Pangaea Period- Jurassic and Triassic Time- 350-135 million years ago Characteristics- reptiles beginning to evolve, Pangaea started to break up

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Paleozoic Era

answer

Period- Permian and Carboniferous Time- 355-250 million years ago Characteristics- Pangaea formed, Forests grew deltas, deserts formed Period- Devonian Time- 410-355 million years ago Characteristics- Continents started to move, first land animals (insects and amphibians) existed. Fish in seas Period- Silurian and Ordovician Time- 510-410 million years ago Characteristics- Sea life flourished, first fish, earliest land plants grew around shorelines Period- Cambrian Time- 570-510 million years ago Characteristics- no life on land, but many kinds of sea animals

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Precambrian Era

answer

Period- Proterozoic and Archaean Time- Beginning of Earth to 570 million years ago (7/8ths of Earth's history) Characteristics- some sort of life, no life

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uniformitarianism

answer

states that the physical, chemical, and biological laws that operated in the geologic past operate in the same way today

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catastrophism

answer

the concept that the Earth was shaped by catastrophic events of a short-term nature

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absolute daring

answer

the use of radioactivity to make accurate determinations of Earth's age *radioactive atoms are continuously breaking down (parent element). The new elements from the decay of the parent element is called daughter element.

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Carbon dating

answer

what Geologists use to calculate the age of a fossil substance

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Earth

answer

1.3rd planet from the sun 2.orbits the sun in 365 days, during orbit average distance between the two is 93 million miles 3. circle orbit 4. closest to the Sun at perihelion around January 2- the northern winter is slightly warmer than the southern winter 5. farthest from the Sun at aphelion around July 2

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Ice Age

answer

a time period that began 2 to 3 million years ago in which glaciers advance over a large portion of a continent

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ores

answer

minerals or rock deposits that can be mined for profit

question

Types of glaciers

answer

1. valley glaciers have U-shaped erosion, produce sharp-peaked mountains such as the Matterhorn in Switzerland 2. Continental glaciers have movement over mountains, leaving smooth, rounded mountains and ridges in their path

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Fossils

answer

oldest fossils are the traces of 3.5 billion-year old bacteria found in sedimentary rocks Few are found in metamorphic rock, and none are found in igneous rock Tar pits preserve the animal more than ice

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Planets

answer

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars (inner planets), Jupiter, Saturn,Uranus, Neptune, Pluto (outer planets)

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Parts of the Sun

answer

1. Core-inner portion where fusion takes place 2. Photosphere- surface of the Sun, produces Sunspots (cool, dark areas) 3. Chromosphere- Hydrogen gas causes this to be red, solar flares (sudden brightness) and solar prominences (gases that shoot outward) happen here 4. Corona- transparent area of the Sun visible only during a total eclipse

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Magnitude stars

answer

21 of the brightest stars that can be seen first from Earth have lower magnitude so they are brighter than other stars

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Constellations

answer

patterns or groups of stars Ursa Major-Great or Big Bear, within is the Big Dipper Ursa Minor- Little Bear, within is the Little Dipper different constellations appear as the Earth continues its revolution around the Sun with different seasons

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galaxies

answer

collections of stars in an irregular (no structure, early stages of life), elliptical (smooth ellipses with little dust and gas but has millions or trillions of stars), or spiral shape (disk shaped with extending arms that rotate) Earth's galaxy is the Milky Way, it is a spiral galaxy

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pulsar

answer

a variable radio source that emits signals in very short, regular bursts, believed to be a rotating neutron star

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quasar

answer

an object that photographs like a star but has an extremely large redshift and a variable energy output, believed to be at the active core of a very distant galaxy

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asteroids

answer

found between Mars and Jupiter

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Comets

answer

masses of frozen gases, and cosmic dust, and small rocky particles. Astronomers think that most comets originate in a dense comet cloud beyond Pluto Has a nucleus, a coma, and a tail (always points away from the Sun)

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Halley's comet

answer

discovered in 240 BCE. Returns to the skies near Earth every 75 to 76 years

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tides

answer

gravitational interaction between the Earth and the moon Spring tides- the Earth, Sun, and moon are in line causing strong tides, occur during the full and new moon Neap tides- occur during quarter moons, weak tides, Sun and moon are perpendicular

question

Phases of the moon

answer

New Moon- the moon is invisible Waxing crescent- the right crescent is visible First quarter- the right half is visible waxing gibbous- one the left crescent is not illuminated Full moon- the entire moon is visible waning gibbous- only the right crescent is not illuminated Last Quarter- left half is visible waning crescent- left crescent is visible

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Life

answer

organelles--cells cells--tissues tissues--organs

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prokaryotic cell

answer

consists of bacteria and blue-green algae

question

eukaryotic cell

answer

found in protists, fungi, plants, and animals

question

Nucleus

answer

* the brain of an eukaryotic cell *Contains: Chromosomes- DNA, RNA, and proteins tightly coiled Chromatin- loose structure chromosomes- cell is not dividing Nucleoli- where ribosomes are made. Dark spots of a nucleus Nuclear membrane- contains pores in which the RNA escapes

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Ribosomes

answer

*part of an eukaryotic cell * the site of protein synthesis. *Free floating in the cytoplasm, attached to the endoplasmic reticulum * Could be a half million in a cell depending on how much protein is made

question

Endoplasmic reticulum

answer

*part of an eukaryotic cell * The roadway of a cell and allow for transport of materials and the lumen keeps the materials moving in the right direction * Can build new membrane material: 1. smooth endo. reti.- no ribosomes on surface 2. rough endo. reti.- ribosomes on surface, makes proteins in the pacrease with produces digestive enzymes

question

Golgi complex or Golgi apparatus

answer

*part of the eukaryotic cell *structure is stacked *it sorts, modifies, and packages molecules that are from other cells

question

Lysosomes

answer

*part of an eukaryotic cell *found in animal cells *breaks down food, substances not needed, viruses, damaged cell components, and eventually the cell itself *believed to be part of the aging process

question

mitochondria

answer

*part of an eukaryotic cell *supply energy *found in muscles because they use a lot of energy *found only in animal cells

question

Plastids

answer

*in photosynthetic organisms 3 types: 1: Chloroplasts- green in color, function in photosynthesis because they trap sunlight 2. Chromoplasts- make and store yellow and orange pigments. Give color to plants 3. Amyloplasts- store starch and used as a food reserve

question

cell wall

answer

*in plants only! *contains cellulose and fibers *thick for protection and support, walls are cemented together

question

vacuoles

answer

*in large plants *hold stored food and pigments *fill with water to provide pressure, lack of this pressure causes the plant to wilt

question

cytoskeleton

answer

*the framework for the cell and aid in cell movement *constantly changing and moving *made up of protein filaments

question

gametogenesis

answer

the production of the sperm and egg cells

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spermatogenesis

answer

begins at puberty in males. *1 spermatogenesis produces 4 sperm

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oogenesis

answer

the production of egg cells, usually complete by the birth of a female

question

2 forms of cell division

answer

1. mitosis- division of somatic cells 2. meiosis- division of sex cells (eggs and sperm)

question

steps in mitosis

answer

1. interphase 2. prophase 3. metaphase 4. anaphase 5. telophase

question

steps in meiosis

answer

same steps as mitosis only done twice

question

mutations

answer

inheritable changes in DNA

question

Types of mutations

answer

1. Duplication (1 gene repeated) 2. Inversion ( a segment is flipped around) 3. Deletion (a gene is left out) 4. Insertion, or translocation (a segment from another place on the DNA is in the wrong place) 5. breakage (a piece is lost)

question

nondisjunction

answer

when a chromosome fails to separate correctly Ex. down syndrome, three of chromosome 21 is present

question

Gregor Mendel

answer

father of genetics from late 1800's

question

Mendel's 3 Laws

answer

1. Law of dominance- one trait covers another (brown are dominant over blue eyes) 2. Law of segregation- one of two possible traits is passed to the offspring 3. Law of independent assortment- traits sort independently of each other

question

punnet squares

answer

show the possible ways that genes combine and indicate probability of the occurrence of a certain genotype or phenotype

question

Charles Darwin

answer

defined the theory of natural selection in the mid-1800's

question

Principles of Natural Selection

answer

1. Individuals in a certain species vary from generation to generation 2. Some of the variations are determined by the genetic makeup of the species 3. More individuals are produced than will survive 4. Some genes allow for better survival of an animal

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Carolus Linnaeus

answer

father of taxonomy, based his system on morphology, the study of structure

question

Levels of Taxonomy

answer

Kingdom, Phylum, Subphylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

question

Five Kingdoms of Living Organisms

answer

1. Monera- bacteria and blue-green algae 2. Protista- eukaryotic, unicellular organisms 3. Fungi- eukaryotic, multicellular, absorptive consumers 4. Plantae- nonvascular plants and vascular plants 5. Animalia - Annelida- segmented worms with special tissue - Mollusca- clams, octopi, soft-bodied animals - Arthropoda- insects, spiders, crustaceans (largest group) -Echinodermata- sea urchins and starfish - Chordata- retiles, birds, mammals (all have a backbone)

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Biological sciences

answer

the study of living organisms and their life cycles, medicinal properties, and the like Ex. Botanist, Microbiologist

question

physical science

answer

the study of matter and energy Ex. biochemist, chemist, physicist

question

earth science

answer

the study of the Earth, its changes over the years, and natural disasters such as earthquakes and hurricanes Ex. Geologist, meteorologist, oceanographer

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Control

answer

something that is compared with the results at the end of the experiment

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Constants

answer

the factors that are kept the same in an experiment *there should be more controls than variables

question

Independent variables

answer

the factors that change in an experiment

question

Dependent variables

answer

the changes that arise from the experiment

question

Scientific method

answer

1. Posing a question- the more limited the easier it is to experiment 2. Forming a hypothesis- make an educated guess to answer the problem or question 3. Doing the test 4. Observing and recording the data- include the specifics of how measurements were calculated 5. Draw a conclusion

question

mass

answer

a measure of the amount of matter in an object- equal mass with balance

question

weight

answer

the measure of the Earth's pull of gravity on an object used in pound (English) or Kilogram (metric)

question

density

answer

the mass of a substance contained per unit of volume to find the density of an object D=m/V

question

element

answer

a substance that cannot be broken down into other substances *109 elements: 89 in nature and 20 are synthetic

question

atom

answer

the smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of that element

question

molecule

answer

the smallest particle of a substance that can exist independently and still have all of the properties of that substance *a molecule of most elements is made up of one atom

question

compound

answer

two or more elements that have been chemically combined Ex. acids, bases, salts, oxides

question

mixture

answer

any combination of two or more substances in which the substances keep their own properties

question

nucleus

answer

the center of an atom

question

protons

answer

the positive particles in an atom

question

atomic number

answer

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

question

neutron

answer

no charge in the nucleus

question

isotopes

answer

in an element have the same number of protons in the nucleus, but have different masses. Neutrons explain the difference in mass

question

mass number

answer

number of protons + number of neutrons

question

atomic mass

answer

average mass of the atoms of the element, usually not a whole number

question

electrical force

answer

the force between two charged objects described by Coulomb's law: that like charges repel each other, unlike charges attract each other, and the size of the force varies inversely as a square of the distance between the two charged objects

question

Force of gravity

answer

the force at which the Earth, moon, or other massively large object attracts another object toward itself Fgrav= m x g g= 9.8 m/s^2 m= mass

question

Newtons first law

answer

law of inertia. An object at rest will remain at rest, and an object in motion will remain in motion at a constant velocity unless acted upon by an outside force

question

Newtons second law

answer

if a net force acts on an object, it will cause the acceleration of the object F=ma

question

Newtons third law

answer

for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

question

celsius

answer

freezing point= 0 boiling point= 100 Celsius - Fahrenheit F= (9/5)C + 32

question

Fahrenheit

answer

freezing point= 32 boiling point= 180 Fahrenheit - Celsius C= 5/9 (F-32)

question

calorie

answer

the amount of energy it takes to raise one gram of water one degree Celsius 1 calorie = 4.184 joules

question

Kilocalorie

answer

the amount of energy it takes to raise one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius Food calories are kilocalories

question

colloid

answer

a mixture

question

matter

answer

it takes up space and has a mass

question

Gerund

answer

a noun formed from a verb (such as the '-ing' form of an English verb when used as a noun)

question

Infinitive

answer

a verb that functions as a noun or adjective; the word TO precedes the verb in an infinitive; example: Someday, I would like TO WRITE beautiful poetry.

question

conjunction

answer

word that joins together words or groups of words (when, and, but, so, or, because)... there are 3 types

question

adverb

answer

words that describes verbs, adjectives, or other -----; answers when, where, how, to what extent; modifies a verb, adjective, or -----; tells how, when, where, or to what extent; example: Our skates move EFFORTLESSLY. (how) or The ice is glistening NOW. (when) **most ----- are formed by adding -ly to an adjective**

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adjective

answer

describes a noun or pronoun, a word that modifies, or describes, a noun or pronoun; example: We saw LAZY lions beneath a SHADY tree.

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Simple Predicate

answer

is the main word or words in a predicate; example: Everyone in my house IS KEEPING a secret.

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Superlative Degree

answer

Used to compare three or more people, places, or things. Use -est, most, or least to form the superlative degree for adjectives and adverbs. example: Fastest, tallest...ect

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Comparitive Degree

answer

USE to compare two things FORM add -er or more EXAMPLE faster, prettier, younger, Taller

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Schemata

answer

Uses Prior Knowledge Mental networks of related facts and concepts that influence the acquisition and understanding of new information.

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inference

answer

logical interpretation based on prior knowledge and experience

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Semantics

answer

refers to the meaning expressed when words are arragned in a specific way

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Orthographic Phase

answer

Students are able to sound out familiar and unfamiliar words. Know letter sounds and read most common words automatically. At this point students are most able to enjoy and obtain knowledge from reading.

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Assonance

answer

The repeated use of vowel sounds, as in, "Old king Cole was a merry old soul."

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Alliteration

answer

The inital sound of a word beginiing with either a consonant or a vowel repeated in succession: People who Pen Poetry

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Euphenism

answer

the substitution of a relatively inoffensive term for one that is considered too harsh, unpleasant, or blunt

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Simple Sentence

answer

a statement containing a subject and predicate; and one independent clause

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Complex Sentence

answer

a sentence containing one or more dependent clauses in addition to the main clause

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Compund/complex Sentence

answer

Because this midterm is a lot of work, I've had to study a lot, but I scheduled in some time for a break.

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Bathos

answer

insincere or overly sentimental quality of writing/speech intended to evoke pity

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Pathos

answer

a quality that arouses emotions (especially pity or sorrow)

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Vocabulary Instruction

answer

Requires direct instruction and vocab items needed for specific Text, Computer Technology can be used to effectively teach vocabulary. It can be learned through incedental learning

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Spelling Instruction

answer

Developing a sence of correct and incorrect spellings

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Expository Writing

answer

writing that explains, informs, or presents information

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Narrative Writing

answer

writing that tells a story

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Persuasive Writing

answer

Writing that attempts to convince your readers to share your point of view, and to take action.

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Technical Writing

answer

Passes along precise information, usually about a specific topic, and usually in a formal or semiformal style; Often uses lists, text boxes, varying font sizes and colors

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Revising

answer

Is the most important step in the writing process

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Thesis

answer

Is the point of the paper, The main position of an argument. The central contention that will be supported.

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Topic Sentence

answer

a sentence, most often appearing at the beginning of a paragraph, that announces the paragraph's idea and often unites it with the work's thesis, usually very general and covers more than one idea.

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What will help students learn good listening skills

answer

have students practice following complex directions. writing down questions, having students participate in discussion or even critiquing a speaker will only distract them from listening

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.3626262626262

answer

is a irrational number, irrational numbers can not be made into a fraction

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PEMDAS

answer

order of Mathematical operatoins: Simply inside characters of PARANTHESES or Brackets, Multiply out expressions with EXPONENTS Do MULTIPLICATION and DIVISION Finally apply ADDITION or SUBTRACTION from left to right

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mean

answer

the sum of the data divided by the number of items in the data set.

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median

answer

A value found by ordering a group of data from least to greatest and choosing the middle value of the group.

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range

answer

the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

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mode

answer

The number that occurs most often in a set of data

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1 gram

answer

1 paperclip

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1 kilogram

answer

1 liter of water

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item sells for $375 is put on sale for $120 what is the percentage decrease?

answer

375-120=255 255/375= 68%

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Communicative property

answer

When adding/multiplying if the variable order is changed it doesn't change the sum/product (Comm +/X) a+b=b+a / ab=ba

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Associative Property

answer

grouping property; (a+b)+c=a+(b+c) or (ab)c=a(bc)

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Distributive Property

answer

a(b+c)=ab+ac

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multiplicative inverse

answer

(mathematics) one of a pair of numbers whose product is 1: the reciprocal of 2/3 is 3/2 a x 1/a = 1

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Fractions and the quotients of two integers is always

answer

a rational number

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3 dimmensional figures in Geometry are called?

answer

Solids

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Which pologon will not tessellate a plane

answer

Regular octagon

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Suppose you have a bag of marbles, 2 red, 3 green, 5 blue marbles. if you REPLACE the fist marble chosen what is the probablitity of drawing 2 green marbles in a row?

answer

10 marbles total, 3/10 chance I will draw one green marble when I REPLACE I multiply the chances together (3/10) x (3/10) =9/100 chance of drawing 2 green in a row

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Bag of marbles: 4 red, 6 blue. if 3 selections are made WITHOUT replacement what is the probablility of chooseing 3 red marbles

answer

In first selection we have a 4/10 chance of drawing red. Next selection we have a probability of 3/9 chance of drawing red because we are not replacing. this leaves final draw a 2/8 chance of drawing a red simply fractions and muliply (2/5) x (1/3) x (1/4) = 2/60 = ((1/30))

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What is the sample space for the sum of the outcome of 2 rolls of a six sided die?

answer

the smallest sum from 2 rolls of a die would be 2. The maximum from two rolls would be 12. thus {2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12}

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How many 5 letter words (not dictionary words) can be forme from first ten letters of the alphabet?

answer

10 x 9 x 8 x 7 x 6 = 30,240 Start with 10 and stop with 5 choices...

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How many differnt 3 card hands can be drawn from a standard 52 deck?

answer

52 x 51 x 50 = 22,100

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Music store owner wants to display only 4 out of 6 insturments in the window at the same time, how many weeks before he must repeat a display?

answer

6 x 5 x 4 x 3 = 360 weeks

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25,18,16,45,10,27 Find the mean, median, mode and range

answer

Median- arrange numbers from least to greatest and find middle # 10,16,18,25,27,45 ~ (18+25) =43 ~ 43/2= **21.5 Mean-10+16+18+25+27+45=141 ~ 141/6= 23.5 mode: There is no Mode,( no #s repeat) Range: 45-10 = **35

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Economic Activities in Middle Alantic Colonies included

answer

Iron Mining

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manufactoring and fishing Occured in

answer

New England

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Causes of the American Revolution

answer

The Tea Act of 1773, The Stamp Act, Coloninsts were forced to house English troops

question

The Stamp Act

answer

The first instance of an internal tax on American Colonies. it placed a tax on newspapers, legal documents, almanacs...etc

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How did the labor force change in the 1830s

answer

Employers began hiring Immigrants

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United Nations

answer

Formed after WWII

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The house of represenatives

answer

has 435 members, every 2 years 100% of the house is up election

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Declaration of independence

answer

written in 1776 by thomas jefferson, it was a call to unite against the king. the Ideology of John locke greatly influenced the writing.

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Bill of rights

answer

the first 10 ammendments made to the constitution

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25th Amendments

answer

Presidential Succession

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19th Ammendment

answer

Womens right to vote

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20th ammendment

answer

Changes the begining terms date for the president and congress

question

22 ammendment

answer

limits a president to serving a max of 2 terms

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5th ammendment

answer

a citizen has the privilege to prevent self incrimination. (right to remain silent)

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Suez Canal connects what 2 bodies of water

answer

Red and Mediterranean Sea

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Panama Canal connects what 2 bodies of Water

answer

Pacific and Atlantic Sea

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Pacific Ocean

answer

the largest ocean in the world

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Continents

answer

One of the principal land masses of the earth, usually regarded as including Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America.

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Political map

answer

A map showing units such as countries, states, provinces, districts, etc. Each is normally a different color

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Topography map

answer

A map showing the differing elevations of an area, and sometimes including data on watersheds.

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Nationalism

answer

love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it Was a major force in the 18th Century led to revolution, war and failure of dipolomacy

question

lithosphere

answer

the solid, outer layer of the earth that consists of the crust and the rigid upper part of the mantle

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asthenosphere

answer

The soft layer of the mantle on which the lithosphere floats.

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Troposphere

answer

Where all weather occurs first layer of Atmosphere

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layers of Atmosphere

answer

Troposhpere, stratoshpere, mesmosphere,thermosphere possibly exosphere

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Theory of Plate tetonics

answer

there are 8 major plates and many small plates that move at a rate of 10 - 50 mm per year. this movement explains earthquakes, creation of volcanos, and also mountain builiding

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The following astronomical entities are all part of the suns galaxy

answer

Nebula: Milky way Pulsars: Neutron Stars

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Quasars

answer

is a distant Galaxy that emits large amounts of visible lights

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perihelion

answer

The point at which the earth is closest to the sun. the result is that winter in the nothern Hemisphere is warmer than in the southern Hemisphere

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aphelion

answer

The place in the Earth's orbit where Earth is farthest away from the sun.

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What causes Seasons

answer

The tilt of the earth's axis

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Gettysburg Address

answer

a 3-minute address by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War (November 19, 1863) at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg

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Great Depression

answer

a severe, world wide economic crisis which lasted from the end of 1929 to the outbreak of World War II

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Plessy Vs Ferguson

answer

a case that was brought to supreme court by black lawsuits to challenge the legality of segregation. The court ruled that segregation was legal as long as it was "equal"

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Brown Vs Board of Education

answer

1954- court decision that declared state laws segregating schools to be unconstitutional and against the 14th ammendment. Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

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14th ammendment

answer

Rights of CItizens- granted citizenship to all people born in the US.

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Miranda Vs Arizona

answer

Required officers to inform persons of their constitutional rights when conducting an interrogation, The accused must be notified of their rights before being questioned by the police.

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Mapp Vs Ohio

answer

Established exclusionary rule; illegally obtained evidence can not be used in court

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hydrosphere

answer

All the water at and near the surface of the earth, 97% of which is in oceans

question

cause of tides

answer

The force of Gravity follows the inverse square law

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Ribosomes

answer

site of protein synthesis, Eukaryotes have these, prokaryotes do not.

question

Nucleus

answer

control center of the cell

question

Mitrochondria

answer

transfors energy for the cell

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Chromosones

answer

threadlike strands of DNA molecules that carry genetic info 46 choromsones in cells

question

Vacuoles

answer

spaces in the cytoplasm that store food and water

question

Golgi apparatus

answer

A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell

question

Lysosome

answer

cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell

question

Cytoplasm

answer

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

question

Cytosol

answer

fluid portion of the cytoplasm

question

Rough endoplasmic Reticulum

answer

System of internal membranes within the cytoplasm. Membranes are rough due to the presence of ribosomes. functions in transport of substances such as proteins within the cytoplasm

question

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulim

answer

doesn't have ribosomes; contains enzymes important in lipid synthesis

question

Mitosis

answer

cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes, cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes

question

Telophase

answer

the final stage of mitosis

question

Anaphase

answer

Chromosones are pulled apart

question

prophase

answer

chromatin condenses to become visible

question

metaphase

answer

second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

question

Taxonomy

answer

practice of classifying plants and animals according to their presumed natural relationships

question

Meosis starts with a single cell and ends with

answer

4 haploid cells

question

Kingdoms

answer

The major groups into which living thing are classified. Animal, Plant, Fungi, Protists, Bacteria, Archaea.

question

Most Broad to most specific list of Taxonomy

answer

Kingdom>Phlyum>class>order>family>Genus>specie

question

Parasitism

answer

the relation between two different kinds of organisms in which one receives benefits from the other by causing damage to it (usually not fatal damage)

question

Predation

answer

an interaction in which one organism (predator) kills another (prey) for food.

question

Commensalism

answer

symbiotic relationship in which one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed

question

Mutualism

answer

symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit from the relationship

question

controlled Variable

answer

factor in an experiment that a scientist purposely keeps the same

question

independent Variable

answer

the variable you change to see how it will affect the dependent variable , The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied

question

Scientific Methodology

answer

a set of standards and procedures a scientist uses when studying a scientific problem: 1: Hypothesize a result 2: Plan a controlled experiment 3: Collect Data 4: Draw a conclusion 5: Revisit hypothesis to answer question

question

variable

answer

a factor that can change in an experiment

question

Organization of living things from higher to lower order:

answer

Organelle> cell> tissue> organ> system> organism

question

Heterogeneous

answer

consisting of elements that are not of the same kind or nature

question

colloid

answer

A mixture

question

solution

answer

A type of mixture where one substance is suspended in another.

question

homogeneous

answer

the same throughout; consistent; uniform

question

why is a balance scale used to meause both weight and mass?

answer

inertial mass and gravitational mass are identical

question

Newtons second law

answer

F=ma

question

Radiation

answer

transher of heat by electromagnetic waves

question

Conduction

answer

the direct transfer of heat from one substance to another substance that it is touching

question

Convection

answer

heat transfer in liquids and gases ; As you heat gases or liquids, they expand, become less dense and rise. Cooler air will come in to replace it. exp how a steam radiator transfers heat.

question

first law of thermodynamics

answer

energy cannot be created or destroyed

question

metaphor

answer

a figure of speech in which an expression is used to refer to something that it does not literally denote in order to suggest a similarity

question

similie

answer

compares two different things using "like" or "as"

question

hyperbole

answer

extreme exaggeration

question

semantics

answer

the study of language meaning

question

13th ammendment

answer

abolished slavery

question

theocracy

answer

government run by religious leaders

question

oligarchy

answer

form of government in which a few people have the power

question

earths core

answer

The extremely hot and dense center of the earth, which is believed to be composed of iron and nickel

question

Gas Giants

answer

A large, massive planet that is composed of mainly hydrogen and helium. , The name given to the first four outer planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune

question

karyotype

answer

display of a person's 46 chromosomes, we only have 44 if you dont include x & y

question

phenotype

answer

an organism's physical appearance, or visible traits

question

kinetic energy

answer

energy of motion

question

volume equals

answer

length x width x height

question

density equals

answer

Density = mass / volume

question

electron

answer

an elementary particle with negative charge

question

neutron

answer

a subatomic particle that has no charge and that is located in the nucleus of an atom

question

proton

answer

a stable particle with positive charge equal to the negative charge of an electron

question

calorie

answer

unit of heat defined as the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree centigrade at atmospheric pressure

question

mount rushmore

answer

huge monument in black hills south dakota with the carvings of the faces of the Presidents Washington, Jefferson, Roosevelt, and Lincoln.

question

famous inventors

answer

Edison made motion picture and light bulb, Bell made telephone, Wright brothers made airplane, Pasteur discovered germs, Lister kept places clean, Darwin discovered evolution, Marconi made radio, Ford made assembly line

question

types of clouds

answer

stratus, cumulus, stratocumulus, altostratus, cirrocumulus, cirrus, cumulonimbus

question

stratus

answer

a large dark low cloud

question

cumulus

answer

clouds that look like fluffy, rounded piles of cotton

question

stratocumulus

answer

close together puffy clouds may produce light precipitation low cloud

question

cumulonimbus

answer

A type of cumulus cloud that is tall and gray, and associated with thunderstorms.

question

atomic number

answer

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

question

Newtons first law of inertia

answer

an object in motion will stay in motion, an object @ rest will stay at rest unless a force is exerted

question

velocity equals

answer

distance divided by time with direction

question

newtons third law

answer

for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction

question

townshend acts

answer

laws passed in 1767 that taxed goods such as glass, paper, paint, lead, and tea

question

three branches of government

answer

legislative, executive, judicial

question

articles of confederation

answer

this document, the nations first constitution, was adopted by the second continental congress in 1781during the revolution. the document was limited because states held most of the power, and congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage

question

Louisiana purchase

answer

The U.S., under Jefferson, bought the Louisiana territory from France, under the rule of Napoleon, in 1803. The U.S. paid $15 million for the Louisiana Purchase, and Napoleon gave up his empire in North America. The U.S. gained control of Mississippi trade route and doubled its size.

question

war of 1812

answer

War between the U.S. and Great Britain which lasted until 1814, ending with the Treaty of Ghent and a renewed sense of American nationalism

question

Kansas Nebraska act

answer

This Act set up Kansas and Nebraska as states. Each state would use popular sovereignty to decide what to do about slavery. People who were proslavery and antislavery moved to Kansas, but some antislavery settlers were against the Act. This began guerrilla warfare.

question

emancipation declaration

answer

Lincoln's 1863 declaration freeing slaves in the confederacy.

question

15 amendment

answer

All US born citizen has voting rights. Banned racial restrictions on voting. United States may not prevent a citizen from voting based on that citizen's race, color.

question

dred scott

answer

American slave who sued his master for keeping him enslaved in a territory where slavery was banned under the missouri Compromise

question

homesteading

answer

When land was given away for a small fee and it had to be farmed for 5 years.

question

railroads

answer

Networks of iron (later steel) rails on which steam (later electric or diesel) locomotives pulled long trains at high speeds. First railroads were built in England in the 1830s. Success caused a railroad building boom lasting into the 20th Century (704)

question

Teddy roosevelt

answer

president 1901-1909 a natrualist, was sickly as a child and stayed inside and focused on school. he loved to be outside and challange himself.Roosevelt supposrted pure food and drug law, created the Burea of Corporations to inspect business earnings, prohibited discrimination by the rairoads, and enforced the Sherman Anti-trust Act. He changed the nation's foreign policy by making it more imperialistic and adding new lands like Hawaii.

question

autobiography

answer

writing presented in first person

question

stanza

answer

an arrangement of a certain number of lines, usually four or more, sometimes having a fixed length, meter, or rhyme scheme, forming a division of a poem.

question

synonym

answer

A word that means the same as another word

question

prokaryotic

answer

cells that do not have a nucleus

question

eukaryotic

answer

cells that have a nucleus

question

condensation

answer

the process of changing from a gaseous to a liquid or solid state

question

evaporation

answer

the process by which water changes from liquid form to an atmospheric gas

question

precipitation

answer

g

question

transpiration

answer

the emission of water vapor from the leaves of plants

question

molecule

answer

(physics and chemistry) the simplest structural unit of an element or compound

question

nucleus

answer

is made up of protons and neutrons

question

tropism

answer

the growth response of a plant toward or away from a stimulus

question

adaption

answer

an inherited characteristic that improves an organisms ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment. ( chameleon)

question

skeletal system

answer

supports and protects the body

question

air we breathe

answer

78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% inert gas

question

digestive system

answer

body system the breaks down food and absorbs nutrients

question

circulatory system

answer

The human body system that contians the heart, blood, and all of the blood vessels. It delivers all the nutrients to the cells

question

respiratory system

answer

system responsible for taking in oxygen and releasing carbon dioxide using the lungs

question

Juan ponce de Leon

answer

Spanish Explorer who discovered and named Florida while searching for the "Fountian of Youth"

question

French and Indian war

answer

Was a war fought by French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley-- English defeated French in1763. Historical Significance: established England as number one world power and began to gradually change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse.

question

civil war

answer

War between the Union and Confederacy from 1861-1865

question

great compromise

answer

Compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house

question

enforcement act

answer

In 1870, this Act was passed to protect black voters but witnesses of violations were afraid to testify.

question

compromise of 1877

answer

Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river

question

Samuel gompers

answer

He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers.

question

Francis Cabot lowell

answer

Boston merchant who had an idea to combine spinning and weaving under one roof. He formed the Boston Associates. They built a textile mill in Massachusetts. Had all machines needed to turn raw cotton into cloth

question

Andrew carnegie

answer

United States industrialist and philanthropist who endowed education and public libraries and research trusts (1835-1919)

question

Paul reveres ride

answer

signaled that the british were out of boston and marching toward the countryside

question

Jane addams

answer

the founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes

question

guilded age

answer

Golden on the outside, but corruption and political problems on the inside

question

Robert fulton

answer

Invented the steamboat

question

Samuel morse

answer

invented the telegraph

question

eli Whitney

answer

United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825)

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