PLT – Early Childhood – Flashcards
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cooperative learning
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method of instruction that has students working together with a common goal
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direct instruction
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teacher based/centered; scripted lesson plans; students know goals; assessment and feedback is frequent; teach content and review learning
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discovery learning
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inquiry based instruction; constructivist learning; Piaget, Bruner, Papert; problem-solving situations
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interdisciplinary instruction
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cross-curricular unit
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concept mapping
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graphic organizer; diagram showing relationships among concepts; arrows to each concept
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inquiry method
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student-centered learning method of education focuses on asking questions; teachers should not give a direct answer but rather encourage further questioning
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theorists
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Albert Bandura, Jerome Bruner, John Dewey, Jean Piaget, Lve Vygotsky, Howard Gardner, Abraham Maslow, B.F. Skinner
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Albert Bandura
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social development; social learning theory (children learn new behaviors from observing other people); intrinsic reinforcements (pride, satisfaction, accomplishment) could also lead to learning
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Lev Vygotsky
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children learn actively through hands-on experiences; sociocultural theory (parents, caregivers, peers, and the culture at large were responsible for the development of higher order functions)
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B.F. Skinner
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behaviorism; operant conditioning theory (children's behavior can be increased based on the presentation of reinforcers and decreased through punishment); imitation of observational learning increases the chances that children will learn new behaviors (continuation of Bandura's social learning theory)
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Jean Piaget
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cognitive-developmental theory (stages of development); reasoning deepens in children as they grow; engagement in the physical and social world enhances development; conceptual change occurs through assimilation and accommodation
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Jerome Bruner
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believed that discovery learning will help students think for themselves and discover how knowledge is constructed
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John Dewey
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American educator who believed in "learning by doing" that education for life should be a primary goal
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Howard Gardner
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theory of multiple intelligences
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Abraham Maslow
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humanistic theorist most famous for the development of the hierarchies of needs
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constructivism
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learning theory; construct understanding through reflection of experience
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Zone of Proximal Development
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the difference between what a child can do with help and what a child can do without any help or guidance
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Bloom's Taxonomy
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cognitive learning (intellectual skills), psychomotor learning skill, affective learning (attitude of learning)
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metacognition
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can explain his/her own learning processes and talk about strategies used to gain knowledge
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schemata
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association of new information with old information
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transfer
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applying an old lesson to a new lesson; transform lesson
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extrinsic motivation
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reward-type motivations for learning
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intrinsic motivation
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reward within; ex. pride, achievement, etc.
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readiness
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a context within which a student's more basic needs (sleep, safety, love, etc.) are met and the student is cognitively ready for developmentally appropriate problem-solving and learning
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scaffolding
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instructional supports provided to a student by an adult or more capable peer in learning situations; more capable becomes, the less scaffolding needed
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Erik Erikson
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"8 stages of human development" based on conflict in life
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8 Stages of Human Development
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infancy, toddler, early childhood, elementary/middle, adolescence, young adult, middle adult, late adult
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Carol Gilligan
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"stages of ethics of care"; feministic stages of women- pre-conventional (individual; survival), conventional (self-sacrifices; goodness), post conventional (principal or non-violence)
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Lawrence Kohlberg
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"Theory of Moral Development" 1. pre-conventional (obedience and punishment) 2. pre-conventional (individualism; not just one right view) 3. conventional (people should live up to moral standard) 4. conventional (law/order- rules of society) 5. post-conventional (social contract) 6. post-conventional (principled conscience- working toward concept of good society)
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domains
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cognitive, affective, psychomotor
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cognitive domain
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knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, syntheses, evaluation
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affective domain
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receiving, responding, valuing, organizations, characterization
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psychomotor domain
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perception, set, guided response, mechanism, complex overt response, adaptations, origination
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learning styles
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visual, auditory, tactile
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multiple intelligences
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1. verbal/linguistic 2. intrapersonal 3. interpersonal 4. naturalist 5. music rhythmic 6. bodily/kinesthetic 7. visual/spatial 8. logical/mathematical
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verbal/linguistic
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words and language; thinks in words; loves reading, writing, and telling stories; plays word games; learns with language
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intrapersonal
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relates to inner states of being, self-relfection, metacognition, and awareness of spiritual realities
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interpersonal
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operates primarily through person to person relationships and communication
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naturalist
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deals with the recognition appreciation, and understanding of the natural world
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music rhythmic
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based on the recognition of tonal patterns, including various environmental sounds, and on a sensitivity to rhythm and beats
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bodily/kinesthetic
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related to physical movement and the knowings and wisdom of the body
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visual/spatial
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relies on the sense of sight and being able to visualize an object; ability to create internal mental images and pictures
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logical mathematical
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"scientific thinking"; inductive reasoning/thinking; numbers and the recognition of abstract patterns
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Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
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a federal law that prohibits discrimination on the basis of a person's disability for all services, programs, and activities provided or made available by state and local governments; not dependent on the receipt of federal funds
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Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
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a federal statute made up of several grant programs to states in educating students with disabilities; specifically lists types to disabilities and conditions that render a child entitled to special education
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Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act
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civil rights law prohibiting discrimination against individuals with disabilities by federally assisted programs or activities; eligibility for protection under this act is not restricted to school-age children; covers individuals from birth to death
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differentiated instructed
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a flexible approach to teaching; a teacher plans and implements varied approaches to teaching content, process, and product in an effort to respond to student differences in readiness, interests, and learning needs
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alternative assessments
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assessment of student progress through non-traditional testing measures; ex. portfolios, checklists, conferences, etc.
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testing modifications
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desirable differentiation of assessment for students who qualify
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operant conditioning
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Skinner's theory based on the idea that learning is a function of change and observable behavior; behavior changes in reaction to a reward
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demonstrations
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showing a student what to do
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mnemonics
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a memory aid device often visual cues or rhyme/songs
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field trips
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an excursion that provides students with an opportunity to gain deeper meaning about a concept through a hands on experience
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independent study
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a chance for a student to direct his/her own learning without a teacher's guidance
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inquiry method
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students explore the world in an effort to help them discover meaning
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achievement tests
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a test designed to asses what a person has learned
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anecdotal notes/records
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a teacher's written notes on a student's progress
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aptitude tests
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a standardized test that measures a student's ability to acquire knowledge
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criterion-referenced test
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measures how well the student knew the test content
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norm referenced test
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AKA: standardized tests; test a student's performance in relation to another group
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analytical scoring
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scoring something based on your analysis of it; using a rubric
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grade equivalent score
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demonstrates the grade year and month that correlates to a student's score; ex. 5.1 = first month of 5th grade
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holistic scoring
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used a general description of the response to score items
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percentile rank
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shows the percentage of students who scored higher or lower than the student
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raw score
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the number of correct answers on a test
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formative assessment
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designed to provide feedback during instruction to allow the teacher to adjust instruction to address a need
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summative assessment
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an assessment given at the end of a lesson to determine or judge effectiveness and student skills
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diagnostic assessment
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a test given before instruction to detect instruction to detect the presence or absence of prerequisites skills
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simulation
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a method where a teacher creates an immersion setting for the content being studied
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project-based learning
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an in-depth look at a topic or problem
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discussion
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an instructional technique where students talk about content
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cooperative learning
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students working together to solve problems or achieve goals; think-pair-share, jigsaw, etc.
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mastery learning
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teacher uses a group-based teacher-centered instructional approach to provide learning conditions for all students to achieve mastery of assigned information
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questioning
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1. knowledge (who, what, where) 2. comprehension (interpret, retell, organize) 3. application (subdividing information and putting it back together) 4. synthesis (infer an idea) 5. evaluation (making a value decision) **Bloom's Taxonomy
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discovery learning
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foster inquiry rather than didactic (lecture) methods for learning (asking questions and hypothesize)
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play
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child's work -stimulates, rewards, observes, explores, models, hypothesizes, discover
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behavioral objectives (affective, cognitive, and psychomotor)
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focus observable behaviors and focus on cognitive objectives
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state and local curriculum frameworks
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list the broad goals of a school district, state, or school and provide subject-specific outlines of course content, standards, and performance expectations
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emergent curriculum
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interests of the children
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whole-group discussion
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students work as a class to read, discuss, or solve problems - not to be used all the time
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journals
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like authentic assessments; understanding of key concepts or his/her ability to communicate ideas in writing
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performance assessments
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student must perform a task or generate his/her own response during assessment
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portfolios
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collection of products that reflect progress in a content area
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self-evaluations
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what the student feels is her/his area of weakness or strength
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mean, median, and mode
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mean = average median = midpoint mode = most common
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reliability
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extent to which an assessment is consistent with its measures
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rubrics
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scoring guide used in objective assignments
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scaled score
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based on mathematical transformation of a raw score
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standard deviation
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helpful for teachers to see that over all student motivation is very high or very low
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stanines
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derived from STANdard NINEs; based on 9-point standard scale with a mean of five
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validity
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test is found to be valid if it measures what it was designed to measure
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effective verbal and non verbal communication techniques
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- setting clear expectations - providing clear directions - break down complex tasks - signal transitions - explicit teaching - highlight key information - gestures and eye contact - with-it-ness - persona space - noise level
