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5 Poison Categories

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Alkoloids, Oxalates, Glycocides, Resins, Essenial Oils(terpenes) structure. Could be considered a Drug if you have the proper dosage.

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Terpenes

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They're a large and diverse class of organic compounds, produced by a variety of plants. They are often strong-smelling, and thus may protect the plants that produce them by deterring parasites. Eliminate/reduce free-radicals Sage brush- eucalyptus, pine, mink. Associated with volatile or essential oils.

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Lavender

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is a genus of 39 species of flowering plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae. It is native to the Old World and is found from Cape Verde and the Canary Islands, southern Europe across to northern and eastern Africa, the Mediterranean, southwest Asia to southeast India. Used for menstruation, Odor comes from Terpenes.

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Glycocyde

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A sugar attached to a drug. A little harsh, erodes the skin. doesn't necessarily mean it's a drug. Easy to move since sugar is soluble in Water.

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4 Plant Organs

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Leaves, stems, roots, flowers.

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Middle Ages herbalism

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Information went to Monostaries, Women used plants for food. Medicinal plants were in the dark. they saw the sickness as a punishment for being bad. most of these monastic scholars' efforts were focused on translating and copying ancient Greco-Roman and Arabic works, rather than creating substantial new information and practices.

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English Herbalists

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The 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries were the great age of herbals, many of them available for the first time in English and other languages rather than Latin or Greek. The first herbal to be published in English was the anonymous Grete Herball of 1526. The two best-known herbals in English were The Herball or General History of Plants (1597) by John Gerard and The English Physician Enlarged (1653) by Nicholas Culpeper. Gerard's text was basically a pirated translation of a book by the Belgian herbalist Dodoens and his illustrations came from a German botanical work. The original edition contained many errors due to faulty matching of the two parts. Culpepper's blend of traditional medicine with astrology, magic, and folklore was ridiculed by the physicians of his day, yet his book - like Gerard's and other herbals - enjoyed phenomenal popularity

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Pedanius Dioscorides 40-90 AD

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Took drawings of plants and drew took conclusions to what they might be helpful for. The work, De Materia Medica (first century AD), was the most influential herbal plant contribution to medicine in Europe during the middle ages for a period of 1600 years. This herbal was written by Disocorides

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Aelius Galenus, Galen (AD 129-c. 200)

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after Dioscoriddes, wanted to bring order to medicine observed surgery, physician to the emperor and gladiators, he developed a doctrine for tumors. Galen contributed greatly to the understanding of numerous scientific disciplines, including anatomy,physiology, pathology, pharmacology, and neurology, as well as philosophy and logic. he compounded each plant part for use in his prescriptions, stored them separately, and used them in single ingredient prescriptions.

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John Gerarde (1545 - 1611) Stole from Dodoens, Lobens

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was a botanist and herbalist. He maintained a large herbal garden in London. His chief notability is as the author of a big - 1480 pages - and heavily illustrated Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes. First published in 1597, it was the most widely circulated botany book in English in the 17th century. Except for the additions of a number of plants from his own garden and from North America, Gerard's Herbal is largely an English translation of Rembert Dodoens Herbal of 1554, itself also highly popular (in Dutch, Latin, French and other English translation). Gerard's Herball is profusely illustrated with high-quality drawings of plants, with the printer's woodcuts for the drawings largely coming from Dodoens' book and from other Continental European sources.[2] A couple of decades after Gerard's death, his Herbal was corrected and expanded (to about 1700 pages), which strengthened the book's position in the 17th century.

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Nicholas Culpeper (Stole from dedoens)

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English botanist, herbalist, physician, and astrologer. His published books include The English Physician (1652) and the Complete Herbal (1653), which contain a rich store of pharmaceutical and herbal knowledge, and Astrological Judgement of Diseases from the Decumbiture of the Sick (1655), which is one of the most detailed documents we have on the practice of medical astrology in Early Modern Europe.

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Pedanius Dioscorides (40—90 AD)

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was a Greek physician, pharmacologist and botanist, the author of De Materia Medica—a 5-volume encyclopedia about herbal medicine and related medicinal substances (a pharmacopeia), that was widely read for more than 1,500 years

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Theophrastus (371 - 287 BC)

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Father of Botany

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Rembert Dodoens (1517 -1585)

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was a Flemish physician and botanist, began his studies in medicine, cosmography and geography at the University of Leuven, where he graduated in 1535. He established himself as a physician in Mechelen in 1538.

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auxin

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plant growth hormone, all of plant would grow. Discovered in plants, before it people assumed plants grew thanks to Fertilizer. Indoleacetic acid (IAA) CH2-COOH---N-H. Regulates Plant Growth.

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Oxalic Acid

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is an organic compound with the formula H2C2O4. It is a colorless crystalline solid that dissolves in water to give colorless solutions. It is classified as a dicarboxylic acid. In terms of acid strength, it is much stronger than acetic acid. Oral consumption of oxalic acid or prolonged skin contact is dangerous.

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Plant Lectins

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Small protein binds to one or more sugars on animal cells.

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Herb

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Is a non-woody Plant that dies to the ground after flowering implies polinizition herbaceous.

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Pharmacognosy

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the study of medicine derived from natural sources. Demonstration of starch: starch is the most common carbohydrate reserve found in almost all plants.

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5 products that result from photosynthesis

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1. Alkaloids - nitrogen containing compound that has a distinct effect on the body. Always ends in "ine", aka caffeine, sphedrine. They are basic, not acidic. 2. Glycoside - sugar containing compound, has sugar and non-sugar component. i.e. white willow bark, salicylic acid. (gives herbs color) 3. oxalates: occurs in many plants, where it's synthesized via the incomplete oxidation of carbohydrates. 4. Resin -some are psychoactive. a viscous liquid, composed mainly of volatile fluid terpenes, with lesser components of dissolved non-volatile solids which make resin thick and sticky. The toxic resinous compounds may confound a wide range of herbivores, insects, and pathogens; while the volatile phenolic compounds may attract benefactors such as parasitoids or predators of the herbivores that attack the plant.[2] 5. Essential Oil: An oil is "essential" in the sense that it carries a distinctive scent, or essence, of the plant.

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Primary, Secondary Metabolism.

answer

Primary metabolism: directly involved in normal growth, development, and reproduction. It usually performs a physiological function in the organism (i.e. an intrinsic function). Secondary metabolism: Secondary metabolites often play an important role in plant defense against herbivory and other interspecies defenses. Conservation, Storage. Humans use secondary metabolites as medicines, flavorings, and recreational drugs. i.e. alkaloids, glycoside, resins

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Ancient Sumerians

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In the written record, the study of herbs dates back over 5,000 years to the Sumerians, who created clay tablets with lists of hundreds of medicinal plants.... Laurel: sweat: stimulant, antibiotic, cures gas. The leaves contain an essential oil used in perfumery. The fruits contain lipids that are made into laurel butter which is used in human and veterinary medicine as laurin ointment, and as a sweat-inducing ingredient in aromatic baths. Sulfur: antibiotic "Brim Stone" Thyme: indigestion, flavor Caraway: Fennel Seed, phytoestrogens (female hormones- stop development of eggs), gas cramps, cold, cough, sedative. "was as valuable as gold" Opium: pain reliever

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Ancient Egyptians

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wrote the Ebers Papyrus 1550 BCE, which contains information on over 850 plant medicinesgarlic, resin, opium, gums, aloe, moldy bread (antibiotics to cure topical infection), mint, healing astringent, onion, castor oil. Resin examples: frankinsens and myrrh.

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Indian Herbology

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Ayurveda medicine has used many herbs such as turmeric possibly as early as 1900 BC. Earliest Sanskrit writings such as the Rig Veda, and Atharva Veda are some of the earliest available documents detailing the medical knowledge that formed the basis of the Ayurveda system.[15] Many other herbs and minerals used in Ayurveda were later described by ancient Indian herbalists such as Charaka and Sushruta during the 1st millennium BC.

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Chinese Herboligy

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The mythological Chinese emperor Shennong is said to have written the first Chinese pharmacopoeia, the "Shennong Ben Cao Jing". The "Shennong Ben Cao Jing" lists 365 medicinal plants and their uses - including Ephedra (the shrub that introduced the drug ephedrine to modern medicine), hemp, and chaulmoogra (one of the first effective treatments for leprosy).[19] Succeeding generations augmented on the Shennong Bencao Jing, as in the Yaoxing Lun (Treatise on the Nature of Medicinal Herbs), a 7th-century Tang Dynasty treatise on herbal medicine.

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Ephedrine

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is a sympathomimetic amine commonly used as a stimulant, appetite suppressant, concentration aid, decongestant, and to treat hypotension(low blood pressure) associated with anaesthesia.

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A true herb sensu stricto (in the strictest sense as defined by John Lust in the Herb Book) is based on ________________ associated with cells and vessel elements in the plant and ___

answer

the absence of wood; the ability to form seeds

question

Why do plants produce Medicines?

answer

a. they are active metabolic products b. for protection against bacterial attack or animal ingestion c. in response to environmental conditions d. as a result of metabolic diversity for storage purpose

question

Select the compound below that contains one or more sugars (carbohydrate).?

answer

Glycoside, is a molecule in which a sugar is bound to another functional group via a glycosidic bond. Glycosides play numerous important roles in living organisms. Many plants store chemicals in the form of inactive Glycosides.

question

Detection of a medicinal plant by a bitter taste as practiced by shamans and medicine women and/or medicine men probably is based on the presence of??

answer

alkaloids, Glycosides.

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Plant Stem

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o Xylem- transport tissue in vascular plants(water +nutrients) Large tubes that move water UP the stem Through rootsàstemàleavesàevaporates 100cm/minute o Phloem- is the living tissue that carries organic nutrients (known as photosynthate), in particular, sucrose,[1] a sugar, to all parts of the plant where needed. In trees, the phloem is the innermost layer of the bark, Small tubes carries product/sugar down to leaves 100 cm/hour o Meristem- is the tissue in most plants containing undifferentiated cells (meristematic cells), found in zones of the plant where growth can take place. Area between the xylem and phloem, where growth takes place; Creates more xylem and phloem tissue

question

Vascular Plants

answer

known as tracheophytes, and also higher plants, form a large group of plants that are defined as those land plants that have lignified tissues (the xylem) for conducting water and minerals throughout the plant. They also have a specialized non-lignified tissue (the phloem) to conduct products of photosynthesis. Vascular plants include the clubmosses, horsetails, ferns, gymnosperms (including conifers) and angiosperms (flowering plants)

question

Vascular plants are distinguished by two primary characteristics:

answer

1) Vascular plants have vascular tissues which distribute resources through the plant. This feature allows vascular plants to evolve to a larger size than non-vascular plants, which lack these specialized conducting tissues and are therefore restricted to relatively small sizes. 2) In vascular plants, the principal generation phase is the sporophyte, which is usually diploid with two sets of chromosomes per cell. Only the germ cells and gametophytes are haploid. By contrast, the principal generation phase in non-vascular plants is the gametophyte, which is haploid with one set of chromosomes per cell. In these plants, only the spore stalk and capsule are diploid.

question

Lingin (Lingen)

answer

is a complex chemical compound most commonly derived from wood, and an integral part of the secondary cell walls of plants and some algae. one of the most abundant organic polymers on Earth. Lignin plays a crucial part in conducting water in plant stems.

question

Peaceful appearance vs. motility inside plant

answer

...

question

Multi-cellular Plants

answer

like plants, animals and brown algae— arise from a single cell and generate a multi-celled organism. Pluricellular organisms are the result of many-celled individuals joining together through colony formation. Conferring the competitive advantages of an increase in size. It also permits increasing complexity by allowing the differentiation of numerous cellular lineages within an organism

question

Single-celled Organism

answer

The main groups of unicellular organisms are bacteria, archaea, protozoa, unicellular algae and unicellular fungi. Unicellular organisms fall into two general categories: prokaryotic organisms and eukaryotic organisms.Unicellular organisms are believed to be the oldest form of life, possibly existing 3.8 billion years ago.

question

Spores

answer

is a unit of asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavorable conditions. By contrast, gametes are units of sexual reproduction. Spores form part of the life cycles of many plants, algae, fungi and protozoa. Spores are usually haploid and unicellular and are produced by meiosis.

question

Medicinal compounds in plants

answer

can often be determined by taste.

question

Hippocrates noted the effect of iris on nervous disorders. The medicinal effect of this plant is most likely based on.

answer

Alkaloids

question

Xylem, Phloem

answer

Xylem (for water transport) and Phloem (for sugar transport) in herbal plants do not have the same function because the conducting tubes of both systems are not 1identical; only Xylem provides support; excess water transport and loss of water (from the plant) results in a loss of the support function. True.

question

T/F aromatherapy

answer

In aromatherapy when essential oils from lavender and eucalyptus are applied to the skin, they both absorb through the skin in the same amount of time. FALSE!!

question

Odors may contain volatile compounds with medicinal properties - one example is

answer

a. rue used by English judges as a defense against unclean prisoners b. camphor used in diphtheria epidemics by children c. iris prescribed by Hippocrates for nervous disorders d. jasmine and lilac found to have a positive effect on children in hospital tests All

question

Which of the following is NOT a commonly used method for removal and concentration of active herbal medicines.

answer

Smoke and burning condensation. Yes! -- steam distillation,infusion or boiling in water, solvent treatment, cold pressing.

question

Matthias de L'obel (1538 - 1616)

answer

French Born. He was author of the landmark 1591 publication Icones stirpium, seu, Plantarum tam exoticarum, quam indigenarum :in gratiam rei herbariae studiosorum in duas partes digestae : cum septem linguarum indicibus, ad diuersarum nationum vsum ('Images of plants, both exotic and native, for students of botany, arranged in two parts: with indices in seven languages for the use of different nationalities'), and is credited with the first attempt to classify plants according to their natural affinities, rather than their medical uses.

question

The term herbaceous indicates

answer

Absence of Woody Material

question

Which of the following does NOT contribute to the personality of a plant?

answer

habitat Yes!!-- a. shape d. manner of growing b. color e. odor

question

The following example was listed in Chapter 1 of Lewis and Lewis Medical Botany as a medically effective plant used for curing several kinds of cancer or leukemia.

answer

Madagascar periwinkle (Cantharus)- is a species of Catharanthus native and endemic to Madagascar. It is an evergreen subshrub or herbaceous plant growing to 1M tall.

question

The products formed by plants are transported in a tubular system known as

answer

Phloem 100cm/hour

question

Which growing method will produce a plant with characteristics different from the parent plant?

answer

Seed Planting.

question

Which of the following is associated with volatile or essential oils.

answer

Terpenes

question

The main function of green leaves is:

answer

carry out Photosynthesis

question

Flowers are specialized for:

answer

Plant Reproduction

question

Lewis states in Chapter 1 that many Navajo consider that white doctors (of Western medicine) take care of certain physical — infection or surgery— needs, while Navajo medicine men minister to the major problems

answer

Mind and Spirit

question

plant cells

answer

have cell walls and chloroplasts. animal cells do not.

question

Carl Linnaeus 1701-1779

answer

was a Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist, who laid the foundations for the modern biological naming scheme of binomial nomenclature. He is known as the father of modern taxonomy, and is also considered one of the fathers of modern ecology.

question

Plants have two types of root systems

answer

Fibrous, tap

question

Which of the following is not a basic component of a soil mix such as super soil or the standard University of California soil mix No. 2 shown in class.

answer

Auxin

question

Plants containing medicinal components that inhibit biological (cellular) functions protect themselves by

answer

isolating them in a membrane-bound compartment

question

Pine contains significant amounts of _____

answer

Resin, Terpenes

question

Lavender or Artemesia contain significant amounts of

answer

Terpene

question

True statements

answer

the word generic refers to general. 80% of plant medicines have a generic equivalent drugs. generic drugs must meet the same FDA standars for strenght purity effectiveness and bioavailability as their patent medicine counterparts. generic drugs are less expensive than their patent medicine counterparts. Botany is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. herbal products often contain potent plant drugs. Doctos are not encouraged to prescribe herbal remedies.

question

False Statements

answer

The fungal toxin, aflatoxin, is organic and is therefore expected to be healthful and/or beneficial when ingested. 1994 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act defined Herbs as plant medicines.

question

The first medical aztec herbal was dated:

answer

1552

question

Doctrine of Signatures

answer

is a philosophy shared by herbalists from the time of Dioscurides and Galen. This doctrine states that herbs that resemble various parts of the body can be used to treat ailments of that part of the body. A theological justification was made for this philosophy: "It was reasoned that the Almighty must have set his sign upon the various means of curing disease which he provided."

question

Resin

answer

insoluble (won't dissolve) in water

question

Alkoloid

answer

bitter tasting, physiologically active, nitrogen containing compound

question

Lectin

answer

. binds to specific sugars, concentrated in seeds -

question

Glycoside

answer

bitter tasting physiologically active containing sugar and non-sugar components

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