Plagues and Pestilence 1 – Flashcards
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| What is schistosomiasis? |
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| Bilharzia/Snail Fever/The Pharaoh's Plague |
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| What is the causative parasite of Bilharzia? |
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| Schistosoma |
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| Who discovered schistosomiasis? How? |
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| Theodor Bilharz discovered it in 1851 in blood vessels during an autopsy |
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| Cercariae |
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| A free swimming larva coming from the snail that carries Bilharzia |
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| Miracidium |
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| What hatches from the eggs that are laid by the adult schistosoma worm. Hatches in the human intestines |
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| Enlarged abdomen, bloody urine, fatigue |
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| symptoms of Bilharzia |
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| Three major historical bubonic plague pandemics |
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Justinian Plague: 542-543 Black Death or Great Dying: 1346-1352 China: 1860s |
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| Effects of the black death on public health |
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| Origin of the word quarantine, the sick is the enemy, more power to the boards of health |
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| Who discovered the black death, and how? |
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| Alexander Yersin, identified the germ in 1894 |
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| The scientific name for the Black Death |
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| Yersinia pestis |
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| Major scientists that developed the germ theory |
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| Louis Pasteur, Alexander Yersin, Robert Koch |
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| Causative agent of the black death |
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| Yersinia pestis (pathogenic bacteria) |
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| Rats and fleas |
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| Vectors of the black death |
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| Yersinia outer proteins |
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| prevent bacteria from being ingested by the host white blood cells |
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| Three plagues caused by Yersinia pestis; |
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| Bubonic, septicemic, pneumonic |
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| War fever, prison fever, ship fever |
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| Alternate names for Typhus |
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| Overcrowdings, low nutrition, poor hygiene practices |
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| Conditions associated with typhus |
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| headache, pink rash, chills, confusion, fever, muscle pain |
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| symptoms of typhus |
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| proved that typhus is carried/transmitted by lice |
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| Charles Nicolle |
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| Rickettsia prowasekki |
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| microbe that causes typhus |
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| What is the difference between typhus and typhoid fever? |
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| Typhoid fever is caused by salmonella |
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| light microscopy |
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| light passes through specimen, then through magnifying lenses |
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| Tetracycline/Doxycycline |
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| treatment for typhus today |
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| Anopheles |
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| species of mosquito that carries malaria |
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| What did Ronald Ross discover about malaria? |
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| It is transmitted by sparrows |
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| Causative agent of malaria |
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| Plasmodium species |
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| How can you catch malaria? |
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| Bitten by a mosquito |
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| How is malaria prevented? |
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| killing mosquitoes, killing larvae, education, treatment |
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| Anthony van Leeuwenhoek |
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| made the first microscope by grinding down a piece of glass |
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| spontaneous generation |
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| the belief that organisms can appear from nonliving material |
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| three scientists who disproved spontaneous generation |
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| Francisco Redi, John Tyndall and Louis Pasteur |
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| three domains of microbes |
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| bacteria, eucarya, archaea |
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| bacteria |
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| specific shapes, rigid cell walls, multiply by binary fission |
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| eucarya |
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| membrane-bound nucleus, internal organelles, single or multicellular |
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| archaea |
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| similar to bacteria in all but: cell wall makeup is different, and they are found in extreme environments |
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| algae |
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| found near surface waters, rigid cell wall, contain chlorophyll |
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| fungi |
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| gets energy from organic materials, found wherever organic materials are present, diversely single celled or multicellular |
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| protozoa |
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| single celled, larger than procaryotes, complex, nonrigid cell wall |
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| virus |
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| protein coat surrounding nucleic acid, must have host machinery to replicate, kill host cells |
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| viroid |
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| simpler and smaller than viruses, short piece of RNA |
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| prokaryote |
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| single celled organism consisting of a prokaryotic cell; members of the domain bacteria and archaea |
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| prokaryotic cell |
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| cell type characterized by the lack of a membrane-bound nucleus |
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| eukaryote |
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| organism composed of one or more eukaryotic cells |
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| eukaryotic cell |
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| cell type characterized by a membrane-bound nucleus |
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| capsule |
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| distinct thick gelatinous material that surrounds some microorganisms |
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| chemotaxis |
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| directed movement of an organism toward or away from a certain chemical |
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| peptidoglycan |
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| macromolecule that provides rigidity to the cell wall; found only in bacteria |
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| gram negative bacteria |
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| cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane |
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| gram positive bacteria |
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| cell wall composed of a thick layer of peptidoglycan |
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| pili |
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| cell surface structures that generally enable cells to adhere to certain surfaces |
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| resolution |
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| the ability of a microscope to clearly separate two objects that are very close together; |
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| phase-contrast microscope |
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Amplifies differences between refractive indexes of cells and surrounding medium –Uses set of rings and diaphragms to achieve resolution |
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| interference scope |
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| causes specimen to appear three dimensional |
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| dark-field microscope |
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| inverts image (appears bright on a dark background) |
