question

The fundamental teachings of Christianity count no place more holy than a _______________.

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pilgrimage

question

"Where two or three are gathered together in my name, there am I in the midst of them". Who said this?

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Jesus

question

*Throughout the Middle Ages, Christians sought to close the distance between themselves and God by engaging in _______________ (actual) travel or journey toward a _______________ journey or goal.

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*physical, spiritual

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Pilgrimages are highly _______________ and intensely _______________.

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*individual, private

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*What are some reasons for participating in a pilgrimage?

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*1-to fulfill a vow 2-to expiate (or atone for) a crime or sin; forgiveness 3-to seek a miraculous cure 4-to deepen his or her faith

question

*What would the pilgrimage be like? Why would people leave on a pilgrimage?

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*intentionally simple, travel as a poor person; People would go on a pilgrimage leaving the city if someone's sick or if they are depressed.

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By the 4th century A.D., pilgrimage had become a recognized expression of Christian piety or _______________.

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devotion

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The essay you read concentrated on the impact of pilgrimage on _______________ and _______________ in Western Europe from late antiquity through the 15th century.

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art, architecture

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The earliest Christian pilgrims wished to see the places where _______________ and the _______________ had lived on earth; this meant journeying to the _______________ _______________.

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Jesus, apostles, Holy Land

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Major theologians of the period, including Saints Jerome and Augustine, endorsed spiritual travel as a _______________ from worldly concerns; they equated pilgrimage with the _______________ way of life, which pilgrims sometimes embraced after completing their journeys.

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retreat, monastic

question

The best-documented early travelers to the Holy Land worked to achieve individual spiritual enrichment by reading and living the _______________ on location.

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Bible

question

Paula, a disciple of Saint Jerome, experienced the inn and the scene of the manger in Bethlehem and the _______________ of Jesus as part of her pilgrimage. For her, the Biblical texts and the very spot where she stood helped her to witness sacred events and so to believe more deeply.

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birth

question

Sacred _______________ complemented the interior meditations of visitors to the sites of Christ's mission on earth.

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architecture

question

In the 320s and 330s, _______________, the first Roman emperor to embrace Christianity, constructed sumptuous buildings on several locations that had already become popular destinations for pilgrims.

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Constantine

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These churches often incorporated a _______________ or centrally planned element, a form associated with tombs and the shrines of martyrs.

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round

question

In Jerusalem, Constantine built a basilica at the place where Christ was __________ and a rotunda around the Holy Sepulcher, the site of Jesus' _______________ and _______________.

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crucified, burial, resurrection

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In Bethlehem, Constantine commissioned another church over the cave revered as Jesus' _______________ - when Paula visited, she glimpsed it through an opening in the floor of a richly decorated octagonal structure probably adorned with images of the Nativity.

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birthplace

question

The distinctive features of these buildings were widely _______________ in churches, tombs, and baptisteries throughout Europe, sometimes with specific references to the Holy Land.

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copied

question

Octagonal glass bottles made as _______________ for pilgrims also replicate the forms of Constantine's buildings in the Holy Land - and demonstrate the market for such things among religious tourists of Jewish as well as Christian faith.

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souvenirs

question

The city of _______________ became another major destination for pilgrims; easier of access for European pilgrims than the Holy Land, this city had also been the home of many saintly martyrs, including the apostles Peter and Paul, and the places where they were buried attracted pious travelers from a very early date.

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Rome

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Constantine erected great basilicas over the _______________ of Saints Peter and Paul, and pilgrims visited these as well as other churches associated with miraculous events.

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tombs

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A distinction of these sites was the presence of holy _______________, material objects like the bones or clothes of the saints, the sight or touch of which was supposed to draw the faithful nearer to saintliness.

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relics

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In the 11th and 12th centuries, huge numbers of pilgrims flocked to Santiago de Compostela in northern _______________, where the relics of the apostle Saint James the Greater were believed to have been discovered around 830.

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Spain

question

_______________ was a popular destination for English pilgrims, who traveled to witness the miracle-working relics of Thomas Becket, the sainted archbishop of Canterbury who was martyred at the hands of knights of King Henry II in 1170 and canonized shortly thereafter.

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Canterbury

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The relics of local _______________ drew visitors from closer range to sites like Saint Frideswide in Oxford, and San Nicola Peregrino in Trani.

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saints

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The veneration of relics also provided a springboard for the creation of works of _______________.

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art

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Sculptors and goldsmiths made the _______________ required to enshrine the holy objects; and jewelers produced small _______________ for sacred material suitable for the faithful to wear.

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reliquaries, containers

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The _______________ of relics from one place to another, either within a church or across a great distance, was cause for celebration and often depicted in art.

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translation

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Artists made objects that allowed pilgrims to _______________ their journey, ranging from simple badges to elaborate miniature reliquaries.

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commemorate

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It was customary for pilgrims to bring _______________ to the shrines they visited, and many of these, too, were works of art: costly liturgical vessels, elaborate priestly vestments, and other precious objects enriched the treasury of every pilgrimage church.

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offerings

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Before departing, the pilgrim normally received a _______________ from the local bishop and made a full confession if the pilgrimage was to serve as a _______________.

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blessing, penance

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To signal his special _______________, the pilgrim put on a long, coarse garment and carried a staff and a small purse - St. James was often depicted with this distinctive gear, as well as a broad-brimmed hat and the shell-shaped badge awarded to those who reached his shrine at Compostela.

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vocation

question

Serious-minded pilgrims engaged in constant _______________ while en route, and some carried prayer books or portable altars to assist them.

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devotions

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_______________ located along the pilgrimage roads provided food and lodging and also offered masses and prayers.

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Monasteries

question

Some monastic churches also housed relics of their own, and these often incorporated an interior passageway called an _______________, which allowed pilgrims to circulate and venerate the relics without interrupting the monks in their regular orders of prayer.

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ambulatory

question

The need to accommodate larger numbers of pilgrims caused many churches to undertake major _______________, for example, Saint-Denis, which was dramatically altered under Abbott Suger in the early 12th century.

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renovations

question

The concept and experience of pilgrimage was so strong in medieval Europe that it fired the ________________ of the age and set the tone for travel of all kinds.

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imagination

question

The _______________, armed campaigns mounted to win control of the Holy Land, were understood as a particular kind of pilgrimage, and so were many of the quests pursued by knights in life and legend.

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Crusades

question

In literature, the idea of pilgrimage lies at the heart of Chaucer's _______________ _______________, which features a diverse band of pilgrims telling lively popular stories.

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Canterbury Tales

question

The concept of the sacred journey also structures Dante's _______________ _______________, which recounts the author's own transformative course through the realms of hell and purgatory and the heights of heaven.

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Divine Comedy

question

The norms of medieval pilgrimage affected the _______________ arts as well. For example, an ivory carved around 1120 depicts the risen Christ with the two disciples who met him on the road to Emmaus; they are shown as contemporary pilgrims, with walking sticks, a vessel for water, and a purse marked with a cross.

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visual

question

The _______________ reflects the popularity of Santiago de Compostela, and it differs markedly from another depiction of the same subject in a 9th-century ivory.

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ivory

question

A fragment of a _______________ by Sassetta represents another biblical journey, that of the Maji on the way to adore the infant Jesus; the kings are fashionably dressed, mounted on horseback, and surrounded by a lively entourage, like aristocratic pilgrims traveling in state.

answer

painting

question

In the later Middle Ages, pilgrims often traveled in order to win _______________, that is, the Church's promise to intercede with God for the remission of the temporal punishment for sins confessed and forgiven, a prayer that will be heard because of the holiness of the Church.

answer

indulgences

question

Pope Boniface VIII declared 1300 a _______________ year, when pilgrims to Rome might gain a plenary indulgence, that is, a guarantee of the Church's prayer for dispensation from the temporal punishment due to sins forgiven over a whole lifetime.

answer

jubilee

question

To _______________ and reformers, such attractions seemed less laudable than the heartfelt goals of earlier pilgrims; preaching friars like the Franciscans and Dominicans urged a return to devotional exercises, whether in a place sanctified by a sacred event or in the quiet of one's own home.

answer

purists

question

In the quiet of one's own home, the individual was exhorted to imagine sacred events as though witnessing them in real life, in the most vivid manner possible.- this type of spiritual exercise may be linked to the increase of _______________ and naturalism in religious art.

answer

humanity

question

A work like Giotto's __________ _______________ __________ __________ _______________ seems to expose the reality of the event that it depicts, offering the viewer entrance into a sacred story.

answer

The Adoration of the Magi

question

In the Merode Altarpiece, the donor is actually depicted as a _________________ to the Annunciation, which he glimpses through an open door.

answer

witness

question

Even travels of _______________ character might share the spirit of pilgrimage or appear so in art.

answer

nonreligious

question

The final miniature of the Belles Heures of Jean de Berry, a lavishly illustrated _______________ _______________ for a nobleman's private use, depicts him setting out on a journey, as his responsibilities often obliged him to do.

answer

prayer book

question

*Where to go on a pilgrimage?

answer

* Jerusalem, Rome, Canterbury, Munich, Santiago de Compostela

Pilgrimage in Medieval Europe – Flashcards

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