Physiology Final CNI college
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the process of forming new blood vessels
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Angiogenesis
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Chronic kidney failure requiring dialysis or transplant GFR decreases to less than 5% of normal 40% of cases are a complication of DM
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end stage renal disease
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70-110 mg/dl
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normal fasting blood glucouse level
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Name the macrophages by location: • Liver
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Kupffer cells
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By which process do antibodies make microorganisms more easily ingested via phagocytosis?
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opsonization
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What type of cell can never leave the lymph node? produce antibodies
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plasma cell
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What is the term to describe basophils that have left the bloodstream and entered a tissue? Cells that release chemicals (such as histamine) that promote inflammation.
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mast cell
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Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell
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fertilization
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A thick fluid containing sperm and other secretions from the male reproductive system
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semen
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males 42-45; females 38-42
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normal hematocrit
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Amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs during a normal breath
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tidal volume
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The air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration.
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residual volume
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The volume of air remaining in the lungs after normal expiration
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functional residual capacity
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diaphragm 75% and external intercostals 25%
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primary inspiratory muscles
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extremely thin covered with an epithelial lining
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Type I aveolar cell
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process of gas exchange between the aveoli and blood
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role of Type I aveolar cell
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helps prevent the alveoli from collapsing
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surfactant
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A hormone produced and released by the kidney that stimulates the production of red blood cells by the bone marrow.
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erythropoietin
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Functional unit of the kidney
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nephron
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nephrons that are mostly located entirely within the cortex
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cortical nephron
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The _________________ is the attachment between the macula densa cells in the ascending loop
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juxtaglomerular apparatus
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Which cells of the kidney are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in solute content of the filtrate?
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macula densa cells
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glomerular filtration rate 90-120 mL/min
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GFR
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120-125 mL/min
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Normal GFR
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filters blood and forms filtrate glomerulus + Bowman's capsule
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renal corpuscle
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a capsule-shaped membranous structure surrounding the glomerulus of each nephron in the kidneys of mammals that extracts wastes, excess salts, and water from the blood.
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bowmen"s capsule
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A ball of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule in the nephron and serving as the site of filtration in the vertebrate kidney.
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glomerulus
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Partially digested, semiliquid food mixed with digestive enzymes and acids in the stomach.
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Chyme
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Folds in the stomach
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rugae
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A substance produced by the mucosa of the stomach and intestines that is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12.
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intrinsic factor
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glucose in the urine Stress, causing excessive amounts of epinephrine secretion which stimulates glycogen breakdown, indicates which condition? This condition can also indicate diabetes mellitus.
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glucosuria
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Insulin like growth factor, T3 on bone
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ILGF
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Dangerously low body temperature
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Hypothermia
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A mature, cartilage cell.
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Chondrocyte
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What is the disorder caused by secretion of insufficient amounts of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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1. Diabetes I
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lack of ADH leads to overproduction of urine ~10gallons
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1. Diabetes Insipidous
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Cold sensitivity, constipation, paleness, dry skin, puffy face, weight gain, muscle ache, muscle weakness, depression, heavy periods
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2. What are symptoms of hypoglycemia
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A protein hormone synthesized in the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into tissues
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2. insulin
