Physio Exam #2 [Neurochemistry] Part I – Flashcards
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3 effects of neurotransmitters
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1. the combination of neurotransmitter being released 2. the type of receptors (there can be several) 3. where in the brain the neurotransmitter is being released
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3 principles of identifying neurotransmitters
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1. associations-thoughts/feelings/behaviors associated with neurotransmitter can help distinguish one from another 2. categories-of chemical structure 3. excitatory or inhibitory- effect
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3 categories for neurotransmitters
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small molecule, peptides, and other
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3 small molecules
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acetylcholine, amines, and amino acids
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where are small molecules made and released?
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made in terminal button; released into synapse
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acetylcholine
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stimulates muscles in brain, less acetylcholine in dementia patients
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amines
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stimulating/arousing effect in body
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5 amine neurotransmitters
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dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, histamine, serotonin
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amino acid
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amine group + carboxyl group (simply bigger than amines)
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2 amino acids
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glutamate and GABA
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glutamate overview
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most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitters, prevalent in learning, too much glutamate means amnesia
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GABA
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shuts down nervous system, calming
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peptides
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chain of amino acids, play a role in feeling an emotion, helps to link CNS with immune system
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3 types of neurotransmitters in the "other" category
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lipids, nucleosides, gases
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lipids
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fats, endocannabinoids (they modulate other neurotransmitters)
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example of nucleoside
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adenosine
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2 examples of gases
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nitric oxide (dilates blood vessels) and carbon monoxide
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2 Small molecule neurotransmitters
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acetylcholine and [mono]amines
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synthesis of acetylecholine
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acetate and choline (acidic foods and dairy)
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breakdown of acetylcholine
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acetylcholinesterase
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4 actions of acetylcholine in the PNS
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1. activates muscles 2. nicotinic receptors (excitatory) 3. muscarinic receptors (ach inhibits the heart) 4. block ach=slow everything down
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what blocks the binding of ACHE?
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kurari
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what blocks muscarinic receptors?
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atropine
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4 actions of ACH in the CNS?
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1. memory and learning 2. sleep and arousal 3. higher ACH in the parasympathetic 4. higher ACH = depression
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what part of the CNS is acetylcholine the key NT?
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hippocampus (memory and learning) and RAS (sleep and arousal)
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3 types of [mono]amine?
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catecholamine, indolamine, histamine
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3 kinds of catecholamines?
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dopamine, norepinephrine. epinephrine
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2 kinds of indolamines?
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serotonin and melatonin
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what is amenergic transmission?
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amines moving through the body
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what is the synthesis of catecholamines?
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tyramine to DA to NE to E
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what breaks down catecholamines?
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MAO
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4 things about dopamine
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1. found in sympathetic ns 2. inhibits prolactine 3. high DA= impulsive decisions 4. low DA= no perseverance
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dopamine: affect
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pleasure
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dopamine: sleep
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dopamine decreases during sleep
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dopamine: learning and memory
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optimal level
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norepinephrine
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sympathetic ns, arousal and alertness
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norepinephrine: affect
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active emotions, aggression
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norepinephrine: disorders
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high NE = panic attacks & irritable, low NE= depression
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norepinephrine: learning & memory
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optimal level
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norepinephrine: eating
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decreases ability to digest, high NE = decreased eating
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epinephrine
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primary NT of the sympathetic ns
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epinephrine: affect
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general anxiety, passive emotions
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epinephrine: learning and memory
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optimal level, increased E=increased cortisol=interfere w/ memory
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what is serotonin synthesized from?
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tryptophan
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what interferes with tryptophan/serotonin?
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phenylalanine
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where is tryptophan made?
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small intestines
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serotonin: psych disorders
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1. decreased serotonin = depression/suicide 2. increased serotonin = OCD 3. receptors in medial pre-frontal cortex which regulates emotions
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serotonin: affect
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1. partly inhibits dopamine 2. increased serotonin = decreased pleasure 3. decreased serotonin = increased aggression, fear, anxiety 4. increased estrogen = increased fat = decreased serotonin
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serotonin: eating and drinking
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low serotonin = carb eating, high serotonin = low bone density and nassau
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serotonin: arousal
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calming/relaxing, deepens S sleep (physical), shortens D sleep (mental)
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serotonin: drugs
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hallucinogenic drugs bind on serotonin receptors
