question

When answering ⇒ multiple-choice questions, look for answers that are opposites.

answer

multiple-choice

question

When answering ⇒ true-false questions, be wary of items that use absolutes.

answer

true-false

question

When taking a test, only guess when the odds of gaining points ___ the odds of losing points.

answer

outweighs

question

The third step in cognitive restructuring is to

answer

visualize yourself in the test situation.

question

Overall learning ability is measured by

answer

aptitude tests.

question

Which personality test is designed to detect the "normal" personality traits?

answer

California Psychological Inventory

question

The typical gender stereotype of a woman is of being emotional and of a man as being patient.

answer

False

question

For most people, gender roles are a part of who they are and how they see themselves instead of a role played as in theater.

answer

True

question

Biologists believe that gender differences result from the role of ⇒ genes; hormones and ____________________.

answer

genes; hormones

question

Males and females differ in both ⇒ primary; secondary and ____________________ sex characteristics.

answer

primary; secondary

question

According to psychologists, women tend to select their mate based on

answer

dependability

question

Biological and psychological views of gender typing do little to help us understand why males and females behave because it is hard to identify where the differences originate.

answer

True

question

Sigmund Freud psychoanalytic theory argues that gender typing can be explained in terms of observation and imitation.

answer

False

question

Social-learning can occur without reinforcement through observation and imitation of others with whom people commonly interact.

answer

True

question

At a young age, children develop ideas about ___ they consider to be either male or female.

answer

traits and behaviors

question

Gender-schema theorists suggest that as soon as children learn their gender they begin to seek information about gender-typed traits.

answer

True

question

Cluster of traits associated with one sex or the other

answer

Gender Schema

question

A cluster of characteristics associated with one sex or the other.

answer

Gender Schema

question

The genetic view of gender typing states that genes resulting in gender traits are able to survive because they are _____.

answer

passed on to future generations

question

According to the lecture, which of the following could be a symptom of stress?

answer

all of the above

question

Self-confidence affects people's abilities to withstand stress.

answer

True

question

According to the lecture, there is a more conscious awareness when responding to stress versus reacting to stress.

answer

True

question

Biological factors have no effect on how a person responds to stress.

answer

False

question

In a study of business executives, those who were able to withstand stress the best most likely

answer

did all of the above.

question

The psychological view on mood disorders focuses on __________.

answer

a real or perceived loss

question

Rigid and critical family atmospheres have be linked to individuals suffering from schizophrenia.

answer

True

question

Schizophrenia typically does not develop until late adulthood.

answer

False

question

If one parent has schizophrenia, there is a 50% chance their child will inherit the disorder.

answer

False

question

According to biological theories, schizophrenia is explained by the id being overwhelmed by urges from the superego.

answer

False

question

Personality Disorders do not run in families.

answer

False

question

Is characterized by sudden memory loss

answer

dissocative amnesia

question

Physical symptoms can include rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, trembling and sweating

answer

anxiety

question

A change or loss of physical function in a major part of the body

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conversion disorder

question

Disorder characterized by forgetting personal information and past events and relocating and taking on a new identity.

answer

dissocative fatuge

question

Anxiety disorder involving a persistent excessive or irrational fear of a particular situation or object

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simple fatuge

question

Intense, persistent feelings of anxiety caused by traumatic experience

answer

ptsd

question

A therapist using ____________________ techniques repeats, rephrases, and asks for clarification of the statements made by a patient.

answer

active listening

question

In person-centered therapy, the therapist acts as a _______________ of the patient.

answer

Mirror

question

Person-centered therapy is most helpful for

answer

motivated

question

Person-centered therapy is practiced widely by

answer

schools and collage consulers

question

In person-centered therapy the client works with the therapist in a ___ effort.

answer

collaberative

question

The primary goal of humanistic therapy is to help individuals

answer

Reach full potental

question

School and college counselors will use person-centered therapy to help students

answer

make desisions

question

In humanistic therapy, people can reach self-actualization by developing a positive

answer

self awareness and acceptance

question

Person-centered therapy was developed by

answer

Carl Rodgers

question

The humanistic approach to therapy requires the client to take the back seat in therapy and to allow the therapist to discover their problems for them.

answer

False

question

Like psychoanalysis, the humanistic approach to therapy works best for those with

answer

anxiety

question

The humanistic approach assumes that all people have a natural tendency to undermine their true potential.

answer

False

question

Therapy that replaces a positive response to a stimulus with a negative response

answer

aversive conditioning

question

Therapy that involves identifying and challenging false assumptions

answer

rational emotive therapy

question

Someone who has a fear of water may gradually lose that fear through the cognitive therapy technique of systematic desensitization.

answer

False

question

Series of behaviors that gradually become more similar to a target behavior

answer

successive approximations

question

When faulty assumptions about situations create emotional and behavioral problems.

answer

illogical thinking

question

When a person looks in the mirror and all they can see is a mole they have on their face, they are falling victim to

answer

selective abstraction

question

Aaron Beck's model of therapy falls into which category?

answer

cognitive

question

Operant conditioning helps a person

answer

learn disiverably behavors

question

Rational-emotive behavior therapy was developed by

answer

albert ellis

question

Systematic desensitization and modeling are techniques used in

answer

counter conditioning

question

The technique of successive approximations changes behavior by

answer

rewarding and workin up to target behavor

question

The three major biological treatments for psychological disorders are

answer

drug therapy, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychosurgery.

question

Antidepressants are also prescribes by physicians to treat

answer

EATING DISORDERS

question

One reason electroconvulsive therapy is a controversial form of biological therapy because it causes _________.

answer

memory impairment

question

Brain surgery used to treat people with severe psychological disorders

answer

prefrontal lobotmy

question

Psychosurgery involves cutting nerve pathways in the brain between the

answer

prefrontal lobes and the thalamus.

question

Antidepressant drugs are used to increase the levels of ___ being released.

answer

serotonin or noradrenaline

question

Prolonged use of antipsychotic drugs may cause problems in balance and coordination and produce __________.

answer

tremors

question

Which of the following is not something that would make a good therapist?

answer

sharing and personal feelings

question

The three techniques of psychoanalysis are

answer

free association, dream analysis, and transference.

question

Series of behaviors that gradually become more similar to a target behavior

answer

successive approximations

question

Friends who agree with and support us, thus making us feel better about ourselves, provide

answer

ego-support value.

question

The reward value we give to others when we send greeting cards is most likely

answer

ego-support value.

question

field of study that focuses on how we perceive, store, and retrieve information about social interactions

answer

social cognitionThe subfield of ⇒ social cognition studies how we perceive, store, and retrieve information about social interactions.

question

The subfield of studies how we perceive, store, and retrieve information about social interactions.

answer

social cognition

question

field of psychology that seeks to explain how our thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and behaviors are influenced by interactions with others

answer

social psychology

question

Your friend Ron is an excellent guitarist who often asks you to come hear him play. In terms of reward values for friendship, he has

answer

stimulation value.

question

People are more likely to be friends with someone who is physically attractive, because they are considered to be more

answer

alll of above

question

A friend who is able to give you his or her time and resources to help you acheive your goals has utility value

answer

True

question

The study of how one perceives, stores, and retrieves information about social interaction is

answer

social cognitionk

question

According to the lecture, nonverbal communication includes how a person says and does things as well as what they are NOT saying and doing.

answer

True

question

The ways in which we perceive other people are known as our ____________________.

answer

social perceptions

question

According to the lecture, the recency effect increases only positive feelings towards another person.

answer

False

question

The types of touch people use to communicate are similar across all cultures.

answer

False

question

Our posture and the distance we keep from others are examples of

answer

Nonverbal communications

question

You observe a stranger acting in an aggressive manner and assume the person is aggressive due to dispositional factors. This may not be a true reflection of the strangers personality and can be explained by the _____.

answer

Actor observer bias

question

The findings of psychologist suggest that love is something you seek and create.

answer

Rubin

question

The tendency to marry someone who is from one's own social group is referred to as

answer

endogamy.

question

The type of love that is sensual, all-consuming, and very intense is called ⇒

answer

passionate love.

question

The tendancy for members of different generations to think differently about things refers to the ________________.

answer

generational identity

question

Sternberg believed that a person going through divorce suffers from "separation shock".

answer

False

question

Explain the difference between endogamy and homogamy.

answer

Endogamy refers to the tendancy to marry someone from one's own social group. Homogamy refers to the tendancy to marry someone with similar attributes.

question

The three components of romantic love identified by Zick Rubin are need, caring, and

answer

intimacy.

question

Which of the following is NOT a component of love according to Rubin?

answer

Passion

question

Hatfield believed that when passionate love subsided, it could grow into romantic love.

answer

False

question

A common mistake in which people overestimate the influence of internal factors on a person's behavior and underestimate the influence of external factors

answer

Fundamental error

question

Psychological studies consistently support the popular notion that opposites attract.

answer

False

question

Refers to the tendency for members of different generations to think differently about things

answer

Generational identity

question

People like to be together to reduce uncertainties about themselves.

answer

True

question

Tendency to attribute the behavior of others to personality, or internal, factors

answer

Actor-observer Bias

question

Love that includes friendship, liking someone, mutual trusting, and wanting to be with them

answer

Compassionate love

question

The theory that group discussion reinforces the majority's point of view and shifts group members' opinions to a more extreme position.

answer

Group Polarization

question

Which of the following is NOT a feature that distinguishes a group from an aggregate (nongroup)?

answer

ideology

question

Personal sacrifice is a factor that increases group commitment.

answer

True

question

The study of considers the roles various members play in the group and how these roles are interrelated.

answer

group structure

question

One key to holding large groups together is direct communication among members of the group.

answer

False

question

A leader is charismatic, provides individualized attention to group members, and is able to enthuse and intellectually stimulate group members.

answer

transformational

question

Not performing well in front of a crowd may result from

answer

social inhibition

question

A good way for the group to avoid poor decision making is to insist that the group's leader make all the decisions.

answer

False

question

Giving a better performance in front of a crowd may result from

answer

social facilitation

question

The set of principles, attitudes, and defined objectives for which a group stands.

answer

Ideology

question

Responses directed toward satisfying the emotional needs of members.

answer

Social Functions

question

A diagram that represents relationships within a group, especially likes and dislikes of members for other members.

answer

sociogram

question

Your family would be an example of a(an)_____

answer

both a & c

question

In Harold Leavitt's experiment on communication patterns, the slowest at solving the problem but the happiest group was the

answer

Circle

question

When we give in to social pressure in our public behavior but do not change our private beliefs, occurs.

answer

compliance

question

Solomon Asch's experiment was designed to test to one's peers.

answer

conformity

question

Experiments that have the potential to cause harm to the participants must be screened by research committees before the American Psychological Association will allow its members to conduct the experiments.

answer

True

question

As a group grows in size, the less likely people are to conform.

answer

False

question

In the experiment, those acting as prison guards quickly became intoxicated with power.

answer

Zimbardo

question

Conducted an experiment that caused ordinary people to act in extraordinary ways.

answer

Zimbardo

question

Designed what has become a classic experiment to test conformity to pressure from one's peers

answer

Solomon Asch

question

Conducted the most famous investigation of obedience in 1963.

answer

Stanley Milgram

question

He developed an experiment in which participants administered shocks to individuals if they did not correctly recite a list of words

answer

Milgram

question

People obey authority because they _____.

answer

have learned to follow orders.

question

If someone is familiar with a task presented to them, they are more likely to conform.

answer

False

question

Social loafing occurs in groups when a person does not work as hard because the workload is shared with others and the individual contributions are less noticeable.

answer

social loafing

question

A person experiencing is releasing anger or aggression by expressing powerful negative emotions.

answer

catharsis

question

A person's aggressive behavior can be influenced by , such as serotonin.

answer

neurotransmitters

question

Critics of using catharsis to control aggression suggest that releasing aggression is a diffusion of responsibility.

answer

False

question

By the age of 18, the average American has witnessed an estimated 200,000 acts if violence on television.

answer

True

question

According to the, a failure to obtain something expected leads to aggression.

answer

frustration-aggression hypothosis

question

Unselfishly helping others, often at a cost or risk, for reasons other than rewards.

answer

altruism

question

When the presence of others lessens an individual's feelings of responsibility for his or her actions or failure to act.

answer

diffusion of responsibility

question

occurs when people lose their sense of self and follow group behaviors

answer

deindividualization

question

All of the following except __________ factors, are contributers to aggression.

answer

social

question

the tendancy to work less hard when sharing the workload with others

answer

social loafing

question

The hypothesis that the failure to obtain something leads to aggression is the

answer

frustration-aggression hypothesis.

question

Which of the following theories of aggression suggests that the media is responsible for teaching aggressive behavior to children?

answer

cognitive factors

question

He developed an experiment where participants took on the roles of prisoners and guards. The guards became intoxicated with power, and the experiment ended

answer

Zimbardo

question

behavior that you engage in because of direct or indirect group pressure

answer

conformity

question

performance declines in the presence of others

answer

social inhibition

question

occurs when we respond to the request of another person without necessarily changing our beliefs

answer

compliance

question

He developed an experiment in which participants administered shocks to individuals if they did not correctly recite a list of word

answer

Milgram

question

In the Robber's Cave experiment

answer

emergencies requiring cooperation led to the groups coming together.

question

The three main elements that make up are beliefs or opinions about something, feelings about that thing, and tendencies to act toward that thing in certain ways.

answer

attitudes

question

Attitudes may be formed through when a new stimulus is paired with an existing stimulus that already causes a certain reaction.

answer

classical conditioning

question

The three elements of attitude are (1) belief or opinion (2) feelings, and (3) a tendancy to act in certain ways.

answer

What are the three elements of an attitude?

question

We acquire attitudes through when we receive praise, approval, or acceptance for expressing certain attitudes.

answer

operant conditioning

question

The studies of suggest that people tend to adopt the likes and dislikes of groups whose approval and acceptance they seek.

answer

Theodore Newcomb

question

One of the best measures of attitude is

answer

behavior

question

When a student lists the pros and cons of a political reform measure on the ballot, he is using

answer

cognitive evaluation

question

a mental shortcut to form an attitude

answer

heuristic

question

Which of the following statements about attitudes is NOT true?

answer

a

question

According to __________, people tend to adopt the likes and dislikes of groups whose approval and acceptance they seek.

answer

Theodor Newcomb

question

Culture influences the formation of our attitudes.

answer

True

question

When a person describes himself or herself, rarely will attitudes be included in the description.

answer

False

question

Attitudes play a role in determining behavior.

answer

True

question

A person who acts one way but thinks another will likely experience

answer

cognitive dissonance

question

In a study in which participants were led to believe that they had injured or hurt other participants in some way, they tended to use to convince themselves that the victim deserved the injury.

answer

self-justification

question

When members of certain groups are treated unequally occurs.

answer

discrimination

question

The main processes involved in forming or changing attitudes are compliance, identification, and

answer

internalization.

question

accepting the attitudes of another person or group as one's own

answer

identification

question

People tend to subscribe to newspapers that uphold their own political attitudes out of a need for

answer

cognitive consistency.

question

Behavior that contradicts one's private attitude often used as a tool of persuasion.

answer

counterattitudinal behavior

question

The process of incorporating the values, ideas, and standards of others as a part of oneself.

answer

internalization

question

A belief, prediction, or expectation that operates to bring about its own fulfillment.

answer

self-fulfilling prophecy

question

process of taking a public position that contradicts one's private attitude

answer

counteradditudional behavior

question

Attitudes are formed or changed through the following ways except __________.

answer

Justification

question

deciding what someone will be like before you actually meet him or her

answer

prejudice

question

a change of behavior to avoid discomfort or rejection and to gain approva

answer

compliance

question

You believe all conservative people to be cold and aloof. When you meet a conservative you keep your distance, then the person

answer

self fulfiling profacy

question

The central route of persuasion focuses on feelings while the peripheral route of persuasion focuses on logic.

answer

False

question

The for persuasion relies on emotional appeals, emphasizing personal traits or positive feelings.

answer

peripheral route

question

Strategies such as the "foot-in-the-door" technique are aimed at influencing the

answer

audience

question

The t motivates people to defend their beliefs more strongly and thus learn to resist persuasion.

answer

inoculation effect

question

a change of behavior to avoid discomfort or rejection and to gain approval

answer

compliance

question

experience of conflicting thoughts, attitudes, beliefs, or feelings

answer

cognitive dissonance

question

Disharmony between two people's views that results in indifference

answer

imbalance

question

the concept that women and men should receive equal pay for jobs calling for comparable skill and responsibility

answer

comparable worth

question

The psychoanalytic approach to therapy and change are based on the theories of

answer

Sigmund

question

Overlearning helps a person cope with test anxiety by

answer

a

question

Which of the following is not a Nature of Emotions?

answer

Activity

question

Unconscious methods the ego uses to avoid things that may cause anxiety

answer

defence mechanisms

question

Trait descriptions must be

answer

quantifiable

question

People like to be together to reduce uncertainties about themselves.

answer

True

question

Explanation of other people's behavior based on dispositional or situational factor

answer

attrivution theory

question

In humanistic therapy, people can reach self-actualization by developing a positive

answer

a

question

One of the limitations of the learning approach is its

answer

A

question

Basic biological needs include everything EXCEPT

answer

social acceptance

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