Phil 201 Exam 2 – Flashcards

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Laws of Logic
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The foundation of all reasoning. If they are not accepted as true, then nothing we say or reason makes any sense. These laws are undeniable.
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Law of Non-Contradiction
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Something cannot both be and not be at the same time and in the same respect
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Law of Excluded Middle
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Something either is or is not
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The law of Identity
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Something is what it is.
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Undeniable
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These laws is what is undeniable
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Premises
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"Reasons" given in an argument to support their clame
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Conclusion
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The belief that one is trying to support
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Inference
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The relationship between the premises and the conclusion
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Validity
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Refers to the structure of an argument, an argument is considered valid if the conclusion follows from the premises, it is invalid if the conclusion does not follow the premises.
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Non-Sequiter
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no sequence, it does not follow
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Truth Value(Is it true or false)
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Refers to the quality of the propositions in the argument, arguments are valid or invalid but propositions are true or false.
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Sound
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An argument is sound if it is both valid and premises are true, an argument may be valid and unsound but can never be invalid and sound, an argument is unsound if it is either invalid or one or more of the premises are false.
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Deductive Logic
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Form of logic made up arguments where(if valid) the conclusion follows necessarily from, or is guaranteed by the premises.
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Syllogism
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The formal procedure for writing out a deductive argument.
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Categorical Propositions
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A proposition that affirms or denies something in terms of two categories: subject and predicate
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Disjunctive Propositions
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A proposition which affirms or denies something in terms of two alternatives(known as alternates) in the form of an "Either/or" statement
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Alternant
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A term stemmed from an alternative
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Hypothetical Propositions
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A conditional statement that affirms or denies something in terms of an antecedent(usually expressed by "if") and a consequent(Usually expressed as "then")
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Pure Hypothetical Syllogism
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uses only hypothetical propositions for the two premises and the conclusion
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Mixed Hypothetical Syllogism
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employs a hypothetical proposition for the first permise but then uses categorical propositions for the second premise and the conclusion
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Modus Ponens
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The second premise affirms that the antecedent of the hypothetical is true.
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Modus Tolens
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The second premise denies the consequent of the hypothetical proposition
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Denying the antecedent(Hypothetical fallacy)
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If you do the work, then you will pass the course You did not do the work Therefore, you did not pass the course
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Affirming the Consequent
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If you do the work, then you will pass the course You passed the course Therefore, you did the work.
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