question

1. How might personality psychology best be defined? A) scientific study of the way persons interact in social situations B) scientific study of ways in which people are similar to animals C) scientific study of the theories of Sigmund Freud D) scientific study of what makes a person popular E) scientific study of what makes each of us unique

answer

A) scientific study of what makes each of us unique

question

personality psychology asks? 1. how are we unique as individuals 2. how and why do individuals behave the way we do 3.what psychological forces make people who they are 4. what is the nature of the self 5. All of the above

answer

5. All of the above

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3.Which of the following are accurate ways of assessing personality? A) palm reading B) physiognomy C) astrology D) face reading

answer

none of the above

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4. An early supporter of psychological testing (and where much testing is still conducted) was A) preschools. B) the U.S. Armed Forces. C) large corporations. D) existential flower power movement. E) nurseries.

answer

The US armed forces

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5. Which of the following most emphasized the importance of life-span, longitudinal study of personality? A) Lewin B) Allport C) Freud D) Murray E) Kohler

answer

Murray

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6. Gestalt psychologists hold a fundamental belief that A) personality is static after the age of six. B) mental illness is rooted in childhood trauma. C) everyone is inherently good. D) people are more than the sum of their parts. E) life is what you make it.

answer

D. people are more that the sum of their parts

question

7. Nomothetic and idiographic approaches to the study of personality are different in that A) nomothetic approaches rely on experimental methods, while idiographic rely on correlational methods. B) nomothetic approaches rely on correlational methods, while idiographic rely on experimental methods. C) nomothetic approaches are seldom used in research, while idiographic approaches are always used. D) nomothetic approaches tend to be more general, while idiographic focus on the unique aspects of the individual. E) nomothetic approaches focus on unique aspects of the individual, while idiographic approaches are more general.

answer

D. nomothetic approaches tend to be more general, while idiographic focus on the unique aspects of the individual

question

8. The roots of modern personality psychology can be traced to developments in the 19th century biological sciences based on the work of A) R. Descartes. B) M. Mead. C) C. Darwin. D) T. Roosevelt. E) I. Newton.

answer

C) C. Darwin

question

The notion that there are personality "types," clusters of characteristics that tend to occur together, A) can be traced back to the ancient Greeks, at least. B) cannot, in principle, be empirically tested. C) is central to a learning-theory perspective. D) is a very recent idea that first arose in the 20th century. E) none of the above

answer

A

question

Darwin's evolutionary theory influenced the development of the field of personality psychology through A) its focus on how a species on an isolated island may differ from its mainland counterpart. B) its focus on divine intervention as a mechanism of population change. C) the idea that people are subject to the laws of nature, like other animals. D) the introduction of fossil evidence as a source of data. E) the idea that extinct populations can provide important data.

answer

C

question

Margaret Mead's view on the role of culture in personality was influenced by her findings from several different cultures that A) in none of the cultures did the females have the characteristics that our culture identifies as "masculine." B) in every culture, strong maternal characteristics were seen in all women. C) sexual aggressiveness is a dominant feature of behavior across cultures. D) in some cultures, both the males and the females had the characteristics that our culture identifies as "masculine." E) in every culture, the males had the characteristics that our culture identifies as "masculine."

answer

D

question

With respect to unconscious forces, personality psychology as a field A) ignores unconscious forces, focusing only on the conscious forces that people can describe and report. B) focuses on unconscious forces, because conscious forces are subject to bias in self-report. C) has developed a clear understanding of the ways in which unconscious forces influence people. D) struggles to understand how and to what extent unconscious forces play a role in human behavior. E) none of the above

answer

D

question

According to Allport, what is the method by which personality should be studied? A) Nomothetic B) Idiographic C) Inductive D) Deductive E) Allport argued against the study of personality

answer

B

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In personality psychology, why are males and females studied as separate groups? A) To find and understand differences in personality between males and females B) To understand the biological differences between males and females C) To determine whether males or females have more desirable characteristics D) All of the above E) None of the above

answer

A??

question

Which term applies to the tendency to believe that vague generalities are a good description of one's personality? A) The gullibility effect B) The passive effect C) The believability effect D) The active effect E) The Barnum effect

answer

E

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An early representation of personality psychology can be traced back to what? A) Early eastern rock paintings B) Theater C) Wihelm Wundt D) The American Indians E) The British colonists

answer

B

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When personality psychology uses the term "ego forces," this refers to A) the need to maintain an inflated sense of self-worth. B) the sense of identity or self. C) the desire to dominate others. D) the need to focus on infantile needs. E) none of the above

answer

B

question

If you read of a new "finding" in the newspaper one morning but noticed that only Caucasian subjects from Seattle were used in the experiment you might not give a lot of credibility to the study. This would be because of possible __________ limitations. A) sexual B) generalizability C) computer nerd D) gender-related E) paranormal

answer

B

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A nomothetic approach to personality A) studies pathetic aesthetics. B) is the study of what makes each of us unique. C) seeks to formulate general laws. D) involves the study of the "no mother" theories of S. Freud. E) studies ways in which people are similar to animals.

answer

C

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Biases in testing may include A) ethnic bias. B) gender bias. C) cultural bias. D) all of the above E) none of the above

answer

D

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The most common type of personality test is A) self-report. B) peer-rating. C) projective test. D) structured interview. E) behavioral observation.

answer

A

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If you were told that a child was taking a personality test and saw the child drawing a picture, the most likely conclusion would be that A) the child is distracted from his/her task, and so is unreliable. B) the child is completing a peer assessment. C) the child is taking an expressiveness test. D) the child is taking a projective test. E) the child is being "warmed up" for the personality test ("pre-test").

answer

D

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Projective tests are different from other measures of personality in that they tend to be A) more objective. B) less subjective. C) more accurate. D) more subjective. E) none of the above

answer

D

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Demographics include variables such as __________ and are useful in helping us to understand people's behaviors and personalities. A) the ability to concentrate B) motivation to succeed C) level of extroversion D) age and religion E) talkativeness

answer

D

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An important difference between projective techniques and self-report measures is their reliance on A) the willingness of the examinee to disclose personal information overtly. B) a standardized set of testing materials. C) the interpretation skills of the examiner. D) all of the above E) A and C only

answer

E

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The use of multiple methods to assess an individual's personality A) is considered to be a confound in research. B) represents a conflict of interest for the researcher. C) shows that the researcher does not understand good research methodology. D) generates unusable data. E) allows limitations of any single method to be minimized.

answer

E

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Which of the following could NOT be completed by a participant's mother as an other-report assessment? A) a demographic assessment B) a questionnaire C) a Q-sort D) an interview E) a projective test

answer

E

question

According to Freudian theory, how might dreams be similar to icebergs? 5) _______ A) We underestimate our need to defend against them B) They are cold and impersonal C) They are rare but beautiful. D) Examining them too closely is dangerous. E) A small part shows and much is hidden.

answer

E

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Freud referred to __________ as the "royal road to the unconscious." 6) _______ A) sexual experiences B) free association C) dreams D) the ego E) the id

answer

C

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The job of the superego is to A) make the id more realistic. B) internalize the norms of society. C) put us in touch with our dreams. D) seek pleasure. E) all of the above

answer

B

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In psychoanalytic theory, the id has __________ as a main goal A) accommodating social demands B) obtaining pleasure C) service to other people D) development of a strong marriage E) keeping the ego under control

answer

B

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The ego A) is a Freudian synonym for "stuck-up." B) operates on the "morality principle." C) seeks pleasure at any cost. D) looks for realistic ways to satisfy the id. E) none of the above

answer

D

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The __________ operates under the "pleasure principle," while the __________ operates under the "reality principle." A) id; ego B) ego; id C) id; superego D) ego; superego E) superego; ego

answer

A

question

A phobia is A) an oedipal complex where snake envy is king. B) an irrational fear. C) the third stage of psychosexual development. D) theory based on dream imagery. E) none of the above

answer

B

question

The period between the phallic and genital stages is called the __________ stage. A) oedipal B) phallo intermediary C) latency D) parietal E) electra

answer

C

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The ego-protective defense mechanism in which traumatic events are forgotten is called A) depression. B) reaction formation. C) repression. D) projection. E) none of the above

answer

C

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Rudy has unconscious urges to take things that are not his. He has never actually stolen anything, however. He works as a security guard at the mall and is very good at his job because he is very suspicious of others_he sees evidence of thieves all around him. In fact, almost every time he sees an unfamiliar face, he believes the individual to be dishonest and looking for something to snatch. Rudy's ego-defense mechanism is A) displacement. B) denial. C) repression. D) regression. E) projection.

answer

E

question

Jewel does not get along with her employer, and today she found out that she is going to be demoted next week. She didn't confront her boss; instead, when she got home, she yelled at her children and spanked her youngest child for a minor wrongdoing. Jewel's behavior is a classic example of A) regression. B) displacement. C) sublimation. D) denial. E) projection.

answer

B

question

Sublimation occurs when A) anal urges are turned into oral ones. B) dangerous memories are repressed. C) unhealthy urges are transformed into socially acceptable behaviors. D) personal impulses are projected onto others. E) none of the above

answer

C

question

If Kathleen moves to another state (where her ex-boyfriend also happens to reside) but she states that he had nothing to do with her decision, and that her only reason for moving is that she prefers the climate in the new state, she is most likely to be using __________ as an egodefense mechanism. A) regression B) relational termination C) rationalization D) reaction formation E) sublimation

answer

C

question

One successful way of uncovering memories in psychoanalysis is A) free association. B) sleep deprivation. C) sublimation. D) All of the above are successful. E) None of the above are successful.

answer

A

question

Which is not one of the five Freudian stages of psychosexual development? A) oral B) vaginal C) phallic D) anal E) latency

answer

B

question

The fact that there are lots of jokes about and euphemisms for the male penis defends A) Freud's idea that repressed sexual drives underpin much of what humans think and do. B) Skinner's notions of the ubiquitous peckering of pigeons. C) the notion of exaptation and adaptation as crucial tools of evolution. D) Jung's notion of the phallus as the center of the collective unconscious. E) Daly's theories of the sexual abuse of children.

answer

A

question

In Freud's usage, a "defense mechanism" has the effect of 46) ______ A) protecting the person's consciousness from threatening material. B) helping an individual improve his or her self-awareness C) improving people's ability to remember traumatic events in their lives D) recreating the infantile state of simple needs E) motivating a person to take a strong stance in support of his or her beliefs.

answer

A

question

When a televangelist like Jim Bakker passionately preaches religious morality in public while secretly engaging in immoral sex in private, this may be an example of which defense mechanism? A) displacement B) sublimation C) denial D) reaction formation E) repression

answer

D

question

Explaining great creativity like da Vinci's in terms of a re-direction of tremendous sexual energy describes a process of A) reaction formation. B) displacement. C) repression. D) denial. E) sublimation.

answer

E

question

A stressed woman who hides from her problems by climbing into her (older) husband's lap for comfort may be showing which defense mechanism? A) repression B) sublimation C) displacement D) regression E) denial

answer

D

question

Freud believed that dreams had two aspects, their A) manifest and latent content. B) individual meaning and the collective unconscious. C) social and sexual meaning. D) sexual and psychosexual content. E) male and female interpretations.

answer

A

question

Freud's theory focused on sexuality because A) Freud was interested in finding a scientific understanding of sexual energy. B) Freud was ashamed of his own sexual desires. C) Freud thought only neurotic people experienced sexual tensions. D) Freud was very religious and wanted to purge people of their sexual compulsions. E) all of the above

answer

A

question

Freud's view on free will is that: a. Humans are born with free will b. Humans gain free will after the phallic stage of development c. Humans do not have free will, but are driven by unconscious motivations d. Humans only have free will if they want to have free will e. Free will isn't important or worth discussing, according to Freud

answer

C

question

What best describes behaviors that would result from a fixation in the oral stage of development? a. Becoming an uptight, anal-retentive person b. Obsessing over the small things in life c. Smoking, biting, chewing and sucking hard candy d. Being frightened of the dark easily e. The "Oedipus Complex"

answer

C

question

What best described the "Oedipus Complex?" a. A little boy's fear of being castrated b. A little girl's fear of having a penis c. A boy's sexual feelings for his mother and rivalry with his father d. A boy's rivalry with his mother and sexual feelings for his father e. A boy's sexual feelings for his mother and rivalry with his other siblings for his mother's full attention

answer

C

question

"Explicit memory" refers to what? a. Unconscious motivations b. The phenomenon of infantile amnesia c. Memory of past sexual acts d. Motivations to help people remember e. Memories that can be directly recalled or recognized

answer

E

question

What is the "latent content" of a dream, according to Freud? a. Its underlying hidden meaning b. The information about the dream that is recalled upon awakening c. Amnesia d. Our conscious memories of the emotions of the dream e. Reaction formation

answer

A

question

Neo-analytic approaches to personality psychology build on A) Freud's personality theory. B) Allport's personality theory. C) Darwin's evolutionary theory. D) James' philosophy. E) Murray's "personology."

answer

A

question

Which of the following is NOT a division of the psyche according to Jung? A) the paraconscious B) the personal unconscious C) the collective unconscious D) the conscious ego E) All of the above are divisions of the psyche.

answer

A

question

Jung believed the "mind" is comprised of __________ parts. A) five B) four C) two D) three E) six

answer

D

question

Archetypes are A) valuable archaeological artifacts. B) powerful emotional symbols rooted in our human history. C) our beliefs about "god" as dictated by religion. D) worthless copies of artifacts. E) patterns of emotion or temperament.

answer

B

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According to Jung, the socially acceptable front that we present to others is called the A) visage. B) facade. C) shadow. D) hero. E) persona.

answer

E

question

A complex is A) a phenomenon in which sexual problems may be reversed through catharsis. B) a specific, strongly-held, belief about male-female differences. C) a group of emotionally-charged thoughts & feelings about a topic. D) a specific, strongly-held, religious belief. E) a characteristic typically found in women but not men.

answer

C

question

Brian is struggling with himself. He's always been a good student, but lately his grades have been slipping a little bit. He feels like he has nothing in common with those who were once close friends, and yet he doesn't seem to "fit in" with any other crowd. He will be finishing his degree in history next year, but lately he's been wondering whether he really wants to be an historian (and he feels silly that he's wasted so much valuable time on something that he might not even want to do for the rest of his life). His girlfriend wants to get married after graduation, and he had planned to give her a ring over the Christmas break; but lately he's been feeling like marriage should wait _ he wants to have time to explore the world and "discover" himself before settling down. Brian seems to have A) a superiority complex. B) a generativity complex. C) an identity crisis. D) a defeatist attitude (d-crisis.) E) an ecological crisis.

answer

C

question

Which of the following is NOT one of Jung's proposed functions of the mind? A) feeling B) wishing C) intuiting D) thinking E) sensing

answer

B

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Jung described two major "attitudes," which were A) stability and warmth. B) warmth and control. C) extroversion and introversion. D) neuroticism and stability. E) extroversion and neuroticism.

answer

C

question

Jung believed there were __________ basic personality types. A) four B) sixteen C) eight D) twelve E) twenty

answer

C

question

The importance of birth order was discussed by A) Horney. B) Erikson. C) Adler. D) Jung. E) Freud.

answer

C

question

Patrice thinks she is a failure _ according to her assessment, her grades are bad, she is overweight, and she is unattractive. She also says she doesn't have any friends. In reality, Patrice does have friends, her grades are fine, and she is an attractive, albeit a slightly plump, young woman. Horney would say that Patrice is over-identifying with her A) real self B)Ideal self C) Actual self D) Negative self E) Despised self

answer

E

question

"Basic anxiety" refers to A) a child's fear of experiencing pain. B) an adult's fear of dying alone. C) a child's fear of being alone. D) the fear of death. E) any fear that causes an individual's heart to beat faster.

answer

C

question

Erikson believed that the first crisis an individual must struggle with is A) industry vs. inferiority. B) trust vs. mistrust. C) initiative vs. guilt. D) identity vs. role confusion. E) autonomy vs. shame and doubt.

answer

B

question

Eunice is a retired book-keeper who, although she experienced no particular hardships in her life, is now miserable. As she looks back on her life she sees many things that she wishes she had done differently. For instance, she feels that her work was not a meaningful contribution to society, thinks her adult children don't have good moral values, and she regrets that she did not pursue higher education (she often thought about it, but somehow things never worked out). Erikson would say that Eunice is experiencing the crisis of __________. A) identity vs. role confusion B) trust vs. mistrust C) ego integrity vs. despair D) intimacy vs. isolation E) initiative vs. guilt

answer

C

question

Erikson's theory of development focuses on the idea that A) one must recognize his or her own feelings. B) increasing inner unity involves ego repression. C) growth involves stages in which we resolve conflicts or psycho-social crises throughout life. D) trust vs. mistrust develops in adolescence and strongly affects adulthood. E) libidinal transformation is inferior to reinforcement.

answer

C

question

The theorist who expanded psychoanalytic theory to include the life-span was A) Horney. B) Erikson. C) Jung. D) Adler. E) Cantor

answer

B

question

The stage at which an individual encounters the crisis of trust versus mistrust is A) old age. B) middle childhood. C) early adulthood. D) middle adulthood. E) infancy.

answer

E

question

In neo-analytic theory, a child's fear of being alone, helpless, and insecure, which arises from problems in relations with one's parents (such a lack of warmth), is termed A) basic anxiety. B) anal mistrust. C) learned helplessness. D) temperamental sensitivity (reticular system.) E) inflexible locus of control.

answer

A

question

An individual who is high in self-monitoring is likely to A) focus on being consistent in behavior at all times. B) believe that fate determines life circumstances. C) be a poor actor. D) maintain a situational orientation. E) maintain a dispositional orientation.

answer

D

question

Jung's concept of the collective unconscious differs from Freud's concept of the unconscious in that a. Jung believed that the unconscious was personal to each individual b. Jung's theory of the unconscious was proved wrong by Freud c. Jung's theory includes archetypes that are common to all people and were formed in the beginning of time d. Jung's theory of the unconscious included separate sections for different aspects of life such as family, work, etc. e. Jung was more modern than Freud

answer

C

question

The shadow archetype is best described as a. The open, socially acceptable part of the personality b. The broken, unfixed part of personality c. The personality that comes out at night d. The dark, socially unacceptable part of personality e. The part of personality that is undefined

answer

D

question

Adler coined the term _______________to encompass his theory of psychology. a. Personal Psychology b. Individual Psychology c. Great Psychology d. Adler's Psychology e. Collective Psychology

answer

B

question

A woman who grew up being constantly ridiculed for her fashion choices now tells all her friends what to wear, what the latest fashion styles are and how they should present themselves. Every opinion she has on fashion is right and she is quick to defend herself and her arguments. According to Adler what has this woman developed? a. Inferiority complex b. Superiority complex c. Ego complex d. Narcissism complex e. Superiority attitude

answer

B

question

Erikson's theory differed from Freud's theory in that a. Erikson's theory extended development through adulthood b. Erikson's theory ignored the childhood development process c. Erikson's theory concentrated on how females developed d. Erikson's theory only applied to adults e. Erikson's theory came long before Freud's theory

answer

A

question

Erikson's stage of Trust vs. Mistrust is best described as... a. The first stage, in which a baby learns to either trust or mistrust that his/her needs will be taken care of b. The first stage, in which a baby trusts the mother and mistrusts the father c. The second stage, in which a child learns to trust themselves and mistrust the world d. The second stage, in which a child learns to either trust or mistrust his/her abilities e. The last stage, in which a person either forms a trustful or mistrustful bond with a partner

answer

A

question

According to Darwin, individual differences A) have a function in survival. B) can be adaptive. C) can aid in passing on one's genes to offspring. D) all of the above E) none of the above

answer

D

question

"Temperament" refers to A) stable individual differences in emotional reactivity. B) individuals' widely varying fluctuations in mood. C) the trait of being irritable and temperamental. D) physical characteristics which correlate with behaviors. E) none of the above

answer

A

question

All of the following EXCEPT __________ is considered one of the four basic aspects of temperament. A) emotionality B) sociability C) impulsivity D) activity E) energy

answer

E

question

In what way does Eysenck link his dimension of introversion to biology? A) Introverts are superior to extroverts in their ability to cope with arousal. B) Introverts are innately at a higher level of central nervous system arousal. C) Introverts are either very high or very low in terms of central nervous system arousal. D) Introverts are innately at a lower level of central nervous system arousal. E) He doesn't specify a link.

answer

B

question

According to Eysenck's theory, an extrovert, if exposed to annoying external stimuli, would A) would start out by being more bothered, and then become equal with, an introvert. B) be less bothered by it than would an introvert. C) trigger an oedipal reaction. D) enjoy the external stimulation. E) be more bothered by it than would an introvert.

answer

B

question

Individuals with defects or weaknesses in their dopamine systems may be susceptible to A) impulsivity. B) negative emotions. C) addiction. D) introversion. E) all of the above

answer

C

question

Biology might affect personality in which of the following ways? A) Biological predispositions might cause some people to place themselves in stressful situations, and the experience of much stress may mold personality. B) Physical characteristics affect the way others treat us, thus shaping our personalities. C) A child with a difficult temperament might be treated harshly by parents, thus shaping his or her personality. D) all of the above E) none of the above

answer

D

question

The Cinderella phenomenon describes A) the tendency for girls to be more affected, in terms of personality, by their looks. B) the tendency for biological children to be treated better than stepchildren. C) the assertion that a dream is wish your heart makes. D) the tendency for stepchildren to be more physically attractive than biological children. E) None of the above describe the Cinderella phenomenon

answer

B

question

Locke suggested that at birth, we are A) "blank slates." B) bundles of energy. C) full of innate skills. D) predisposed to have certain abilities. E) "cleared tables."

answer

A

question

Which of the following can affect observable personality? A) major surgeries, such as coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) B) use of legal drugs (e.g. Halcion) or illegal drugs (e.g. LSD) C) Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and strokes D) poisoning by metals, including mercury, manganese, and lead E) all of the above

answer

E

question

Research has shown that, in general, physically attractive people are assumed to be A) more musically inclined than their less attractive peers. B) less emotionally stable than their less attractive peers. C) kinder and more successful than their less attractive peers. D) less athletic than their less attractive peers. E) none of the above

answer

C

question

Tropisms are A) health-promoting environments. B) motivational forces influencing individuals' health behaviors. C) unhealthy temperaments. D) health-threatening environments. E) genetically caused chromosome abnormalities.

answer

B

question

An individual who is interested in experimenting with drugs, going sky diving, and traveling to exotic places is probably A) high in sensation-seeking. B) neurotic. C) extraverted. D) high in self-monitoring. E) mentally unstable.

answer

A

question

Activity, Emotionality, Sociability and Impulsivity refer to what? a. Four basic aspects of temperament b. Four basic categories in which all people fall c. Genetic structures that make up temperament d. All of the Above e. None of the Above

answer

A

question

Which of the following best describes why sensation seekers are drawn to certain activities, according to the biological model: a. Sensation seekers may have a low level of a certain neurotransmitter, therefore seek activities that stimulate the production of that specific neurotransmitter b. Sensation seekers may have a high level of a certain neurotransmitter, and this higher level drives them to participate in certain activities c. Sensation seekers are unable to produce any neurotransmitters, therefore are driven towards activities that would cause their bodies to feel the same way as someone who does produce neurotransmitters d. Sensation seekers had early experiences in life that were traumatic, and they seek out extreme sensations to block those memories e. Sensation seekers have a structural abnormality of the brain that makes them insensitive to danger

answer

A

question

What biological factors can affect a person's personality and behavior? a. genetic disorders (such as Angelman Syndrome) b. organic diseases (such as Alzheimer's) c. environmental toxins (such as mercury poisoning) d. all of the above e. none of the above

answer

D

question

Sally is outgoing and responsible. She has worked at the same job since graduating college and still socializes with the same people she met in college. She has been married for 15 years to an outgoing and kind man. Jane, on the other hand, is unpredictable and has a hot temper. She has been fired from four jobs and has never stayed in a job for more than a year without getting bored and quitting. She has been divorced once, after being married for only 18 months to a violent and volatile man. These two women live extremely different lives, and their personalities lead them to experience different types of environments and situations. Which term best describes the phenomenon in which these two women consistently experience different environments and situations? a. Tropisms b. Environmental control c. External drives d. Internal drives e. Psychological drives

answer

A

question

In Pavlov's early classical conditioning experiments, food was the __________, and a bell which was originally a neutral stimulus became a __________ when paired with the food. A) unconditioned stimulus; conditioned response B) conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus C) unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response D) conditioned stimulus; unconditioned response E) unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus

answer

E

question

From the behaviorist perspective, the term "extinction" refers to A) a species of animal dying out. B) a "dying out" of a conditioned response when it is no longer paired with an unconditioned stimulus. C) someone holding back from doing a behavior that s/he really wants to do. D) all of the above E) none of the above

answer

B

question

After little Albert was conditioned to fear the rat, he A) demonstrated an emotional reaction to a formerly neutral/positive stimulus (the rat.) B) showed fear of other furry objects like a rabbit and a fur coat. C) cried at the sight of a rat. D) all of the above E) none of the above

answer

D

question

The researcher credited with applying behaviorist principles to elicit fear in a young child, "Little Albert," was A) Jones. B) Pavlov. C) Watson. D) Bandura. E) Skinner.

answer

C

question

When Jones extinguished Peter's fear of the rabbit by gradually bringing it closer and closer while keeping Peter happy and relaxed, he demonstrated A) flooding. B) generalization. C) systematic desensitization. D) discrimination. E) classical conditioning.

answer

C

question

Who developed the concept of "classical conditioning"? A) Pavlov B) Jones C) Skinner D) Freud E) Bandura

answer

A

question

Who developed the concept of "operant conditioning"? A) Skinner B) Horney C) Miller D) Pavlov E) Thorndike

answer

A

question

In his studies with Rhesus monkeys, Harlow found that A) infant monkeys became attached to the mothers that gave them food. B) infant monkeys became attached to the wire mothers, regardless of whether these mothers provided food. C) infant monkeys became attached to the cloth mothers, regardless of whether these mothers provided food. D) infant monkeys became attached to whatever mother they were given. E) infant monkeys became attached to all objects in their cages.

answer

C

question

Harlow's studies of Rhesus monkeys suggested that attachment between mothers and infants is due to A) mothers' tendency to feed infants. B) the reinforcing nature of physical contact. C) negative reinforcement offered by mothers. D) mothers' biological relatedness to infants. E) fathers' tendency to reinforce responsiveness less than mothers

answer

B

question

A client comes to a therapist complaining of a great fear (phobia) of heights. The therapist first has the individual describe and think about increasingly high places. Next he goes with the client to the first floor of a building, all the while encouraging and reassuring. They spend time looking out the window until the client is comfortable, then they go up one floor. Gradually they work their way up to the top floor of a very high skyscraper. The treatment method the therapist is employing is called A) flooding. B) deconditioning. C) reconditioning. D) systematic desensitization. E) unconditioning.

answer

D

question

The first time Jeannie went to Las Vegas she won $1,000 playing slot machines. She has not won any money since that first trip, yet she still takes regular trips to Las Vegas. Her experience winning on that one occasion is an example of A) extinction. B) continuous reinforcement. C) partial reinforcement. D) generalization. E) a habit hierarchy.

answer

C

question

According to Skinner, personality is result of what? a. Ongoing internal struggles of the person which result in everyday behavior b. A set of conditioned responses to the environment c. A mix of conditioned responses and unconscious needs d. Genetics and the environment e. Spirituality

answer

B

question

Julie is a successful interior decorator. She says that her success is due to her ability to envision the "big picture" and to create beautiful rooms without becoming too focused on small particulars within the room. For instance, she can accurately place shelving above the fireplace, despite the fact that the fireplace bricks are crooked and sloping. She is most likely A) field dispositional. B) field dependent. C) field independent D) positional dependent. E) field positional.

answer

C

question

In the rod-and-frame task, people that align the bar with the frame rather than making it vertical are __________ and would probably __________ in the body-positioning task. A) field independent; tilt to align with the room B) field dependent; tilt to align with the room C) field independent; remain upright despite tilted room D) field dependent; remain upright despite tilted room E) field independent; be unable to position self in tilted room

answer

B

question

A field dependent person is more sensitive to __________ than a field independent person. A) context of a problem B) social and interpersonal cues C) his or her own intuitions D) all of the above E) none of the above

answer

A

question

In general (at the group level), A) females are more field dependent than males only in childhood. B) males are somewhat more field dependent than females. C) males are more field dependent than females only in childhood. D) females are somewhat more field dependent than males. E) none of the above

answer

D

question

Schemas A) are bundles of information that guide us and help us understand the world. B) are independent of cultural environments. C) are things that some people never develop. D) are never changed or modified after being formed. E) are the specific situations we find ourselves in.

answer

A

question

Stereotypes and prejudice are examples of the useful process of __________ becoming harmful. A) optimization B) sublimation C) perception D) contemporaneous judgment E) categorization

answer

E

question

Kelly's personal construct theory posits that A) a specific set of traits are necessary to explain an individual's personality. B) people work hard to create other "persons" that they can interact with. C) individuals are largely immune to influences of their environments. D) people work hard to actively create their own personalities. E) people are "scientists" who try to make sense of their worlds.

answer

E

question

The personality assessment which requires individuals to describe how two people in his/her life differ from a third, thus identifying an important personality construct is the A) California Psychological Inventory. B) Rorschach Inkblot Test. C) Q-sort Test. D) Role Construct Repertory Test. E) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.

answer

D

question

Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences states that everyone has at least __________ different intelligences. A) 7 B) 2 C) 4 D) 16 E) 5

answer

A

question

Which of the following is NOT one of Gardner's multiple intelligences? A) logical-mathematical intelligence B) bodily-kinesthetic intelligence C) conscientious intelligence D) emotional intelligence E) language intelligence

answer

D

question

Individuals with an optimistic explanatory style A) often see neutral events as positive, and find the "silver lining" in bad situations. B) tend to focus on the negative side so that they will be pleasantly surprised. C) always perceive everything as positive. D) look at things very objectively and don't allow personal feelings to influence them. E) explain things optimistically to others even though they don't believe it themselves.

answer

A

question

Individuals with a pessimistic explanatory style A) tend to have lower expectations for the future, based on pessimistic explanations of the present. B) are likely to be depressed. C) tend to focus on the negative aspects of situations. D) all of the above E) none of the above

answer

D

question

Joyce recently lost her young son, and the experience was devastating. She was comforted, however, by the fact that her son's organs helped four other children to live longer. She now volunteers with children at a local day-care center, which reminds her of her son, and she is thankful that she had six years of happiness with him. Joyce's explanatory style is A) dual. B) optimistic. C) social-constructivist. D) pessimistic. E) none of the above

answer

B

question

Observational learning is the same as A) modeling. B) learning by watching others. C) vicarious learning. D) all of the above E) none of the above

answer

D

question

Which of the following is true of Bandura's "Bobo doll" studies? A) Children who saw aggressive behavior that was punished were more aggressive. B) Children who saw aggressive behavior by adults were more aggressive themselves. C) Children who saw neutral behavior by adults were more aggressive themselves. D) Children who saw neutral behavior that was punished were less aggressive. E) Children who saw aggressive behavior by adults were less aggressive themselves.

answer

B

question

The cognitive components that Bandura describes as necessary for the performance of modeled behavior are A) attention, retention, motor reproduction, and motivation. B) attention, desire, focus, and reproduction. C) attention, suspension, retention, and motor reproduction. D) attention, desire, retention, motor reproduction. E) attention, retention, detention, and motivation.

answer

A

question

Self-efficacy is A) self-esteem. B) explanatory style. C) a belief about how competent one is to perform a behavior. D) all of the above E) none of the above

answer

C

question

Which of the following is NOT one of Rotter's six psychological needs? A) independence B) love and affection C) openness D) recognition-status E) physical comfort

answer

C

question

Individuals with an internal locus of control are more likely to be A) high achievers. B) low achievers. C) achievement oriented and low achievers. D) achievement oriented and high achievers. E) achievement oriented.

answer

D

question

Individuals with an external locus of control are likely to A) focus on working toward their goals. B) believe that they have control over their success or failure. C) not regard "luck" as an important part of what happens to them. D) believe in fate. E) all of the above

answer

D

question

A term used to describe schema for a familiar event is A) habit. B) script. C) screenplay. D) routine. E) "rule of thumb."

answer

B

question

Which of the following is NOT part of psychologist Daniel Goleman's construct of emotional intelligence? A) being self-aware B) controlling anger and anxieties C) being empathic D) being conscientious E) being persistent and optimistic in the face of setbacks

answer

D

question

John is very good about setting goals for himself. He successfully completes tasks that he sets forth for himself, and he rewards himself for his accomplishments. He often says that he is the "master of his fate," and he expects to be successful. John is likely A) high in self-efficacy. B) exhibiting an internal locus of control. C) optimistic. D) able to self-regulate. E) all of the above

answer

B

question

Gestalt Psychology is best described as claiming that a. Complex stimuli cannot be reduced to the sum of their parts b. Humans seek meaning in their environments c. Sensations are organized into meaningful perceptions d. All of the above e. None of the above

answer

D

question

In a situation where a person is asked to draw a vertical line within a slightly tilted rectangle frame, a fielddependent person would most likely draw a line that can be described as a. Objectively vertical, not tilted to align with the tilted frame b. Objectively tilted, aligned with the tilted frame c. Field dependence would make this task impossible for the person d. Horizontal e. Straight

answer

B

question

A script is best described as what? a. The social context in which a problem is being solved b. The type of personality a child is born with c. A schema that describes how a person might interact with his/her surroundings within a certain context (such as a schema for going to a restaurant). d. A set of rules and guidelines that dictate how a person should interact with the world. e. Like a play, what a person says to other people regardless of the social situation

answer

C

question

Explanatory style is best described as what? a. The habitual way a person tries to explain their individual differences to the people they meet b. A person's habitual way of interpreting the events in his or her life. c. A personality variable that stems from a strictly biological approach. d. A version of personality theory that deals only with traits that are acquired later in life. e. An explanation of all the different psychological approaches to personality.

answer

B

question

The two traits that Jung discussed were A) extraversion and neuroticism. B) neuroticism and psychoticism. C) neuroticism and stability. D) conscientiousness and optimism. E) extraversion and introversion.

answer

E

question

A personality measure based on Jung's introversion and extraversion is the A) California Psychological Inventory. B) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. C) NEO Personality Inventory. D) California Critical Thinking Inventory. E) Myers Briggs Type Indicator.

answer

E

question

The Big Five refers to A) five broadly defined personality traits. B) the most-used questionnaires in personality assessment. C) the five indicators of Neuroticism. D) the founders of modern personality theory. E) none of the above

answer

A

question

Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five? A) pessimism B) agreeableness C) neuroticism D) openness E) extraversion

answer

A

question

Individuals who are Neurotic tend to be A) mentally ill. B) impulsive and creative. C) successful. D) unemotional. E) high-strung and tense.

answer

E

question

The founder of a motive-based study of personality was A) Cattell. B) Allport. C) Shipley. D) Murray. E) Eysenck.

answer

D

question

According to Murray, a person's "Basic Needs" include A) Need for Exhibition. B) Need for Affiliation. C) Need for Achievement. D) all of the above E) none of the above

answer

D

question

The idea of "social" or "emotional" intelligence combines A) nonverbal social skills and nontraditional intelligence. B) emotional or social propensity and IQ. C) nonverbal social skills and mathematical skills. D) all of the above E) none of the above

answer

A

question

Becky is an excellent figure-skater -- in fact she may be eligible for the next Olympic Games. Becky is certainly high in __________ intelligence. A) athletic-sports B) linguistic gliding C) spatio-orbital D) bodily-kinesthetic E) logical-mathematical

answer

D

question

Which of the following criticisms of the trait approach to personality is(are) addressed by Allport's work? A) The genetic basis of specific traits is not known. B) Only behavioral manifestations of personality are worthy of study. C) People's behavior varies from situation to situation, so speaking of consistent traits that cause behavior is groundless. D) Trait psychology ignores unconscious forces, which is where the action in personality really is. E) all of the above

answer

E

question

According to R. McCrae and O. John, the Big 5 factors of personality are A) extraversion, neuroticism, openness, conscientiousness, and agreeableness. B) extraversion, neuroticism, openness, self-actualization, and eclecticism. C) self-actualization, valuing, congruence, ability to love, and assertiveness. D) constructedness, cognition, situational variability, neuroticism, and extroversion. E) none of the above

answer

A

question

A significant criticism of the Five Factor Model is that A) the Big 5 are not real personality traits, but merely reflect people's social reputations. B) the Big 5 are simply a function of observer's cognitive biases. C) five is more factors than is needed to describe personality. D) five is too few factors to describe personality. E) All of these are significant criticisms.

answer

D

question

Jung helped launch trait approaches beginning with the study of what? a. Introspection and empirical observation b. Introversion and extroversion c. Shadow and Persona d. Optimism and pessimism e. Freud and Pavlov

answer

B

question

Which of the following best describes how Cattell contributed to the trait approach. a. Cattell took previously collected adjectives that describe personality and participants were rated on each trait. Factor analysis was used to cluster and make connections between the traits. b. Cattell created a list of all adjectives that can be used to describe personality. Similar adjectives were removed from the list. c. Cattell launched the trait approach by putting all people into opposite categories of the same trait. That is a person is either extroverted or introverted and also either optimistic or pessimistic. d. All of the above. e. None of the above.

answer

A

question

Need for power (n Power) is best described as what? a. The need to dominate. b. The need to be in charge. c. The need for others to follow your lead. d. All of the Above. e. None of the Above.

answer

D

question

Humanism emphasizes A) the creative, active, spontaneous nature of humanity. B) the personal worth of the individual. C) the importance of human values. D) that we strive to achieve fulfillment and to create our futures. E) all of the above

answer

E

question

The purpose of many of the encounter groups, hippie communes, and meditation seminars in the 1960s and 1970s was to A) help people recover from the traumatic experiences of war. B) serve as a cover for the illegal drug-culture. C) create new and uniform identities for people so that they could function like robots. D) discourage people from being independent. E) help people realize their inner potentials.

answer

E

question

Fromm would argue that A) love requires knowledge, effort, and experience. B) love is something that is difficult to understand and probably has little meaning. C) the capacity to love is not something we develop, but something we are born with. D) love is something that most of us simply stumble into. E) none of the above

answer

A

question

Rogers believed that people have an inherent tendency A) toward violence. B) toward growth. C) toward isolation. D) toward substance-abuse. E) toward stagnation.

answer

B

question

Many humanistic psychologists have deep roots in A) art. B) history. C) religion. D) biology. E) mathematics.

answer

C???

question

According to Maslow, self-actualized people A) have a love of humankind. B) are independent. C) have strong ethical principles. D) all of the above E) none of the above

answer

B

question

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of a peak experience? A) Focus on the experience, activity, or event is intense. B) Other things in the environment recede into the background. C) Time seems to stand still. D) There is a sense of well-being. E) There is a heightened sense of anxiety.

answer

E

question

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which must be satisfied first? A) esteem needs B) safety needs C) belonging and love needs D) physiological needs E) Maslow only argues that all needs must be met, not that they must be met in a particular order.

answer

D

question

Philosopher Martin Buber called the dialogue in which each human confirms the other person as being of unique value: A) I-Thou. B) I'm OK you're OK. C) You're It. D) action-reaction formation. E) We=we.

answer

A

question

According Erich Fromm, love is A) a prerequisite for mutual orgasm. B) an epiphenomenon derived from the sublime pleasure of orgasm. C) an art that enables us to overcome our isolation from others but still maintain our individual integrity. D) the natural outcome of a truly free and uninhibited society. E) a pseudo-state invented by Hippies.

answer

C

question

The process by which one tends to grow spiritually and realize one's potential is called A) selflessness. B) self-indulgence. C) self-actualization D) liberating the inner homunculus. E) self-stimulation.

answer

C

question

The American Paradox refers to the discrepancy between A) Americans' material wealth and moral decline. B) Americans' desire to travel abroad, and non-Americans' desire to come to the U.S.. C) America's value of "freedom for all," and persistent discrimination against individuals of different ethnic and religious backgrounds. D) the size of houses and the number of family members living in each house in 21st century America. E) none of the above

answer

A

question

A new subdiscipline in psychology that focuses on creativity, hope, wisdom, and spirituality is called __________. A) logotherapy B) existential psychology C) reductionistic psychology D) positive psychology E) humanistic psychology

answer

D

question

All of the following are suggestions discussed in the text for finding happiness EXCEPT A) avoid situations that may lead to failure. B) set goals. C) avoid television. D) keep lists of accomplishments. E) help others.

answer

A

question

Which of the follow statements best describes the Humanistic perspective on personality? a. Human behavior is largely driven by the desire for sexual gratification. b. People are individual, creative, spontaneous, and active beings. c. People are unable to fully appreciate other humans for their individuality and differing personalities. d. People are simply the product of neurological processes that happen in the brain. e. People are superior beings who have the right to dominate any other species on earth.

answer

B??

question

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, what must happen so that higher needs (such as the need for self- actualization) can be met? a. The lower needs must be emotionally accepted as a natural part of life b. The lower needs must be satisfied, so that the higher needs can become important c. The lower needs must become apparent, driving the person to strive for a better way of life d. The higher needs must be accepted as a natural part of life e. The higher needs must be satisfied while the lower needs are being ignored

answer

B

question

Which of the following statements best describes 'positive psychology?' a. It is a movement in psychology that only focuses on objective research b. It is a movement in psychology to study the eradication of negative emotions (such as anger and hate) so that only positive emotions (such as love) remain c. It is a movement in psychology that deals heavily with the use of positive therapy to help people become self-actualized. d. It is a movement in psychology that stresses the importance of being a positive role model to the people around you e. It is a movement that is primarily concerned with positive aspects of humans (such as creativity and hope) and less oriented toward negative aspects (such as hate and aggression)

answer

E

question

What does it mean when two behaviors are functionally equivalent? A) They both involve interactions with the same group of people. B) They both take the same amount of energy. C) They are the exact same behavior occurring in different geographic locations. D) They are different behaviors, but derive from the same underlying motivation. E) none of the above

answer

B

question

Which of the following does NOT influence an individual's ability to delay gratification? A) modeling B) visibility of the desired object C) distraction D) generation E) None of the above _ all influence delay of gratification.

answer

D

question

In general, people tend to __________ the consistency of their own behaviors. A) underestimate B) purposely lie about C) be accurate about D) overestimate E) none of the above

answer

A

question

People are better at judging the personalities of others when they A) like them. B) know them well. C) have seen them in only a few situations. D) dislike them. E) don't know them at all.

answer

C

question

People who are more field independent are likely to be __________ in their behaviors across situations, as compared with those that are field dependent. A) more insincere B) more consistent C) less consistent D) less happy E) less depressed

answer

B

question

What is a longitudinal study? A) a study in which people do not know they are being studied B) a study in which people are constantly presented with questions that have counterintuitive answers C) a study in which people are observed and studied over significant portions of their life spans D) a study in which people are moved from place to place by researchers so that they can be observed in a variety of situations E) a study in which people are given lengthy forms to fill out for assessment purposes

answer

C

question

Lorenz found that during a critical period, ducklings will __________ on their mother (or whoever is available). A) implant B) imprint C) reprint D) impose E) none of the above

answer

B

question

The primary idea behind an interactionist perspective is that A) an extrovert will always behave in an identifiably extroverted manner. B) certain situations lead to identical behavior in introverts and extroverts. C) personality can only be appropriately judged in the context of interpersonal interaction. D) observed behavior results from a mix of situational and dispositional causes. E) people's relationships with one another are a consequence of childhood behavior patterns.

answer

C

question

Which of the following statements best describes the main idea behind Harry Stack Sullivan's approach to personality? a. A person's personality develops over an entire lifespan b. People need interaction with other people to develop fully c. Personality is inextricably tied to social situations d. All of the Above e. None of the Above

answer

D

question

According to Harry Stack Sullivan, the idea that a person has a fixed personality that does not vary with changes in situation is called a. The Illusion of Personality b. The Illusion of Change c. The Illusion of Individuality d. The Illusion of Altruism e. The Illusion of Mankind

answer

C

question

What was the name that Murray gave to his theory of personality? a. Personality System b. Personological System c. Person-Situation System d. Person-Personality System e. Multiple Personalities Systems

answer

B

question

What is the main role of mirror neurons? a. To help us distinguish right from left b. To help us understand that our reflection in a mirror is how the world sees us c. To help us feel the same emotions and experience the same states as other people, at the same time d. To regulate our breathing and heart rate to maintain stability e. To repress traumatic images in our memories

answer

C

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