Personality Study Guide – Flashcards
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An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting in his or her
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personality
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The concept of personality most clearly embodies the notion of
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behavioral consistency
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By professional training, Freud was a
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physician
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Freud became interested in unconscious personality dynamics when he noticed that certain patients' symptoms
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made to no neurological sense
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Freud believed that certain troubling symptoms could be traced to painful unconscious memories. This led him to suspect that these symptoms resulted from
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psychological processes
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A psychotherapist instructs Dane to relax, close his eyes, and stated aloud whatever thoughts come to mind no matter how trivial or absurd. The therapist is using a technique known as
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free association
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According to Freud, the unconscious is
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the thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories, of which we are largely unaware
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Freud believed that ____________ are the "royal to the unconscious"
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dreams
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According to psychoanalytic theory, the part of the personality that strives for immediate gratification of basic drives is the
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id
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Freud emphasized that the id operates on the ______________ principle
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pleasure
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According to Freud, the part of personality that represents our sense of right and wrong and our ideal standards is the
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superego
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No matter how long and hard Lerae studies, she always feel she hasn't studied as much as she should have. A Freudian psychologists would suggest that Lerae shows sings of
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strong superego
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Freud suggested that the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct pleasure-sensitive areas of the body known as
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erogenous zones
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Which theory would most likely predict that boys raised without a father figure will have difficulty developing a strongly masculine gender identity
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Freud's psychoanalytic theory
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Freud referred to a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage as
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fixation
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According to Freud, defense mechanisms are used by the
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ego to prevent threatening impulses from being consciously recognized
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When she was 8 years old, Inge was sexually abused by her uncle. At 14, Inge felt uncomfortable whenever she saw this uncle but was unable to understand why she felt this way. A psychoanalyst would be most likely to suggest that Unge is using the defense mechanism of
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Repression
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Freud suggested that slips of the tongue illustrates an incomplete
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repression
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Repression refers to the defense mechanism by which people
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banish anxiety-arousing thoughts from consciousness
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Four year old Timmy had not wet his bed for over a year. However, he started bed-wetting again soon after his sister was born. Timmy's behavior best illustrates
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regression
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Parents who disguise hostility toward their children by becoming overly protective of them are very likely using the defense mechanism of
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reaction formation
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The defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others is called
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projection
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A refusal to believe direct and highly credible evidence that your spouse is suffering a terminal illness best illustrates
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denial
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Alfred Adler was a neo-Freudian who coined the term
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inferiority complex
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Karen Horney a prominent neo-Freudian, disputed Freud's assumption that women
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have weak superegos
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Carl Jung referred to a shared reservoir of memory traces from our species history as the
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collective unconscious
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A test in which people are asked describe or tell a story about a series of ambiguous stimuli is called a
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projective test
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The famous test introduced by Hermann Rorschach asks test-takers to respond to
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meaningless inkblots
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The major reason for criticism of the Rorschach test is that
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only a few of the many Rorschach-derived scores have demonstrated validity
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Survivors' vivid memories of Nazi death camp experiences most clearly challenge Freud's concept of
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repression
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Research participants came to anticipate the movements of a character on a computer screen even though they were unable to identify the rule governing its movements. This best illustrates
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unconscious implicit learning
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People who break speed limits tend to think that many others do the same. This best illustrates
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the false consensus effect
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Freud's concept of projection is most similar to what today's researchers call the
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false consensus effeect
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Freud's theory of personality has been criticized because it
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offers few testable hypotheses that allow one to determine its validity
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The humanistic perspective emphasized the importance of
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self-determination
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Abraham Maslow suggested that those who fulfill their potential have satisfied the need for
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self-acualization
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Self-actualized people, as described by Maslow, are LEAST likely to be highly
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conforming
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Which theorist emphasized that an individual's personal growth is promoted by interactions with others who are genuine, accepting, and empathetic?
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Rogers
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Carl Rogers referred to an attitude of total acceptance toward another person as
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unconditional positive regard
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Carl Rogers suggest that he _________________ is a central feature of personality
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self- concept
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Maslow's description of self-actualized individuals was said to reflect his own personal values because he
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selectively studied people with qualities he admired
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Trait theorists are more concerned with ____________ personality than with __________________ it
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describing; explaining
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Factor analysis has been used to identify the most basie
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personality traits
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Psychologists assess a wide range of emotional and behavioral traits by means of
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personality inventories
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The MMPI is an example of a
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personality inventory
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The tendency to accept favorable descriptions of one's personality that could really be applied to almost anyone is known as
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the Barnum effect
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Assessing an individual's standing on the Big Five today has the advantage of providing a _______________ personality description
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comprehensive
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A person who is careless and disorganized most clearly ranks low on the Big Five trait dimension of
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conscientiousness
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Emotional instability is most clearly related to the Big Five dimension of
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neuroticism
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Being highly imaginative is most clearly related to the Big Five trait dimension of
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openness
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People are especially likely to demonstrate an increase in __________ during their twenties
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conscientiousness
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The person-situation controversy involves a debate regarding the influence of _____________ and _____________ on behavior
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environments; traits
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Arguments as to whether people's behavior is more strongly influenced by temporary external influences or by enduring inner influences best characterize the
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person-situation controversy
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Unlike country, pop, and religious music lovers, those who prefer classical, jazz, blues, and folk music tend to score high on the Big Five trait dimension known as
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openess
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The social-cognitive perspective emphasizes the interactive influences of our traits and our
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situations
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The perception that your fate is determined by luck reflects
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an external locus of control
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Emma believes that she will succeed in business if she works hard and carefully manages her time. Her belief most clearly illustrates
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an internal locus of control
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Compared with those who perceive and external locus of control, people who perceive an internal locus of control are more likely to
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effectively delay gratification of their impulses
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Resisting the temptation to eat chocolate chip cookies led research participants to subsequently give up sooner than normal on efforts to complete a tedious task. This illustrated that self-control weakens following
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an exertion of energy
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In the long run, people who practice self-regulation through physical exercise and time-managed programs experience an increase in
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self-control
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Learned helplessness is MOST likely to be associated with
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an external locus of control
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Dogs strapped into a harness and given repeated and unavoidable shocks developed
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learned helplessness
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Learned helplessness is most likely to promote
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pessimism
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Martin Seligman's positive psychology differs from the humanistic perspective in that it
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emphasizes the use of scientific methods
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Unrealistic optimism could best be described as an
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self serving bias
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The social-cognitive perspective suggests that the best way to predict a political candidate's performance effectiveness after election is to assess that individual's
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past performance
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Individuals with high self-esteem are more likely than those with low self-esteem to
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work persistently at difficult tasks
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Athletes often attribute their losses to bad officiating. This best illustrates
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self-serving bias
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Research on self- perception indicates that most people
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view themselves very favorably in comparison to most others
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Psychologist Jean Twenge refers to today's new generation as Generation Me because it expresses more
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narcissism
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Narcissism is associated with
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more gambling and more cheating
