Personality Psychology Test 4 – Flashcards
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Gaining knowledge via science involves using _____ and _____.
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empiricism; rationalism
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Hypothesis is to _____ as theory is to _____.
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a prediction regarding the outcome of a study; an organized system of assumptions and principles that attempts to explain certain phenomena and how they are related
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An event or behavior that has at least two values is
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a variable.
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The idea that a scientific theory must be stated in such a way that it is possible to refute or 0-disconfirm it is known as the principle of
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Falsifiability.
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The three goals of science are to
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describe, predict, and research.
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Research on the treatment of AIDS is to _____ research as research on the differences between short-term memory and long-term memory is to _____ research.
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applied; basic
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Because Jim was interested in the nest building behavior of wrens, he went into the field to observe them. Jim was using the _____ method of research.
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naturalistic observational
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An in-depth study of one or more individuals is
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a case study.
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A method that assesses the degree of relationship between two variables is the _____ method.
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Correlational
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The group of people who participate in the study is to _____ as all of the people about whom a study is meant to generalize are to _____.
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sample; population
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_____ is an online database that provides full-text articles from many psychology journals.
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PsycArticles
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Which of the following represents the correct order for the sections in an APA format paper?
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Abstract, Introduction, Method, Results, Discussion
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The _____ section provides an introduction to the problem, a review of previous research, and the rationale for the current study.
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Introduction
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The _____ section describes exactly how the study was conducted in sufficient detail that a person who read it could replicate the study.
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Method
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The _____ section is a very brief description of the entire paper.
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Abstract
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The _____ section summarizes the data collected and the type of statistics used to analyze the data.
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Results
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If a researcher told participants that her study was about visual perception rather than what it is really on, conformity, she would be utilizing:
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Deception
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__________ refers to explaining the purpose of a study to participants after completion of data collection.
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Debriefing
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An _____ helps to determine whether participants are _____ or _____.
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IRB; at risk; at minimal risk
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A form given to individuals before they participate in a study to inform them of the general nature of the study and to obtain their consent to participate is a(n)
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Informed Consent Form.
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A definition of a variable in terms of the activities a researcher uses to measure or manipulate it is a(n)
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operational definition.
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A property of measurement in which assigning a score of zero indicates an absence of the variable being measured is
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absolute zero.
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Number on a football jersey is to the _____ scale of measurement and temperature measured on the Fahrenheit scale is to the _____ scale of measurement.
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nominal; interval
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Class rank is to the _____ scale of measurement and weight is to the _____ scale of measurement.
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ordinal; ratio
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A scale of measurement in which objects or individuals are assigned to categories that have no numerical properties is a(n) _____ scale.
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nominal
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Discrete variables are to _____ and continuous variables are to _____.
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whole units; whole units and/or fractional amounts
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_____ is an indication of the consistency or stability of a measuring instrument.
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Reliability
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Correlation coefficients can vary between
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-1.00 and +1.00.
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Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the variables with the strongest degree of relationship?
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-1.00
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An inverse relationship between two variables in which an increase in one variable is related to a decrease in the other, and vice versa is
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a negative correlation.
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The extent to which research can be generalized to real-life situations is known as
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ecological validity.
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The influence of the researcher's expectations on the outcome of the study refers to
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expectancy effects.
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The _____ method involves describing data that existed before the time of the study.
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Archival
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Which of the following is not a type of qualitative research?
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survey research
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Questions for which participants formulate their own responses are _____ questions.
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open-ended
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A numerical scale on which survey respondents indicate the direction and strength of their response is a
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rating scale.
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A multiple-choice question is to a(n) _____ question and a short answer question is to a(n) _____ question.
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closed-ended; open-ended
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The tendency to consistently give the same answer to almost all of the items on a survey is known as
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response bias.
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A tendency for one group to be overrepresented in a study is known as
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sampling bias.
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In order to generate a sample of students from her institution, Julie selected every 10thname off of the registrar's alphabetical list of all students enrolled at her school. Julie is using the _____ sampling technique.
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Random
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A table in which all of the scores are listed along with the frequency with which each occurs is a _____.
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frequency distribution
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A categorical variable for which each value represents a discrete category is a _____ variable.
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qualitative
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A variable for which the scores represent a change in quantity is a _____ variable.
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quantitative
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A graphical representation of a frequency distribution in which vertical bars centered above scores on the x-axis touch each other is a _____.
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histogram
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Bar graphs are to _____ as frequency polygons are to _____.
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qualitative variables; quantitative variables
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A number that characterizes the "middleness" of an entire distribution is _____.
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a measure of central tendency
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The arithmetic average of a distribution is the:
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mean
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The middle score in a distribution after the scores have been arranged from highest to lowest or lowest to highest is the _____.
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median
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A distribution can have more than one ____ but can have only one _____.
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mode; median or mean
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If the shape of a frequency distribution is lopsided, with a long tail projecting longer to the right than to the left, how would the distribution be skewed?
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positively
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In the case of a positive relationship, as scores on X _____, scores on Y _____.
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decrease; decrease
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A correlation coefficient of +1.00 is to _____ as a correlation coefficient of -1.00 is to _____.
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a perfect relationship; a perfect relationship
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Two variables increasing and decreasing together is to _____ as two variables moving in opposite directions is to _____.
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c. a positive relationship; a negative relationship
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What is the probability of getting a 'head' on a single toss of a coin?
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.50
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No effect is to _____ hypothesis as effect is to _____ hypothesis.
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null; alternative
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When using a _____ hypothesis the researcher predicts the direction of the expected difference between the groups.
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one-tailed
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Rejecting H0 when we should have failed to reject it is a _____ error.
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Type II
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Inferential statistics allow us to
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infer something about the sample based on the population.
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The standard deviation of the sampling distribution is called the
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standard error of the mean.
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In an experimental study of the effects of exercise on stress, stress is the
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independent variable.
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In an experimental study of the effects of exercise on stress, exercise is the
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dependent variable.
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To say that an experiment contains a confound means that
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there is an uncontrolled extraneous variable in the experiment.
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Changes that occur naturally in the subjects, over time could result in the confound of
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maturation.
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The best advice for those considering retaking the SAT is that if your score was below average you probably ____ retake the test, and if your score was above average you probably ____ retake the test due to _____.
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should; should not; regression to the mean
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When subjects are lost differentially from the experimental and control groups, any observed effect may be due to
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mortality.
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A limitation in the ability to differentiate between scores at the bottom of the scale is a _____ and a limitation in the ability to differentiate between scores at the top of the scale is a _____.
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floor effect; ceiling effect
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When we can generalize from the sample used in a study to the population of interest we say that the study has _____ validity.
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External
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Sometimes it is difficult to generalize the results of a study to the population because of the _____ problem.
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college sophomore
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A design in which the participants in the experimental and control groups are related in some way is a _____ design.
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correlated-groups
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A problem for within-subjects designs in which the order of the conditions has an effect on the dependent variable is
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order effects.
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When we use different subjects in each condition, but they are related on some variable or variables, we are using a _____ design.
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between-subjects
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Which of the following is a type of correlated-groups designs?
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both within-subjects designs and matched-subjects designs
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Which of the following are aspects of a study that can increase power?
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all of the options are correct
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In a correlated-groups design, if n = 20, then df =
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19.
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One advantage of the correlated-groups t-test over the independent-groups t-test is that it reduces the error variance due to
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the degrees of freedom.
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Using designs with more than two levels of an independent variable allows researchers to
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accomplish all of the other alternatives.
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If between-groups variance is small, then we have not observed
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an effect of the independent variable.
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Post hoc tests are used to
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all of the options are correct.
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A factorial design involves
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both a and b.
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Researchers often use factorial designs because:
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both a and b.
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In a study examining the effects of time of day (morning or afternoon) and temperature (cool, normal, warm) on worker productivity, the factorial notation would be
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2 x 3.
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Two variables interact when
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the effect of one independent variable depends on the level of the other independent variable.
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A main effect indicates
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the mean differences among the levels of one variable.
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Two-way ANOVA is to _____ variables as three-way ANOVA is to _____ variables.
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two independent; three independent
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Ethnicity, gender, and age are all examples of _____ variables.
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both nonmanipulated and subject
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In order to determine the effectiveness of his new teaching method, Mr. Lewis gave his students a test to measure their knowledge before he implemented his new method. He also tested them after he implemented his new teaching method. Mr. Lewis is using a
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single-group pretest-posttest design.
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A design in which a single group of subjects is given a treatment and then tested is a(n) _____ design.
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single-group posttest only
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A design in which at least two nonequivalent groups are measured both before and after treatment is a(n) _____ design.
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nonequivalent control group pretest/posttest
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_____ is the extent to which the results of an experiment can be attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable rather than to some extraneous variable.
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Internal validity
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An uncontrolled extraneous variable is
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a confound.
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In _____ designs, many measures are taken so that the effect of the treatment can be seen over time.
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time-series
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A threat to internal validity in which extreme scores, upon retesting, tend to be less extreme is called
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regression to the mean.
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_____ designs are to studying individuals of different ages at the same time as _____ designs are to studying the same people over a period of time.
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Cross-sectional; longitudinal
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A description of prior findings in the area of study is to the _____ as a description of how the study was designed and conducted is to _____.
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introduction; method section
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A summary of the entire research project is to _____ as a description of the findings, using statistical language, is to _____.
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abstract; results
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Which of the following would not be included in the introduction of a paper?
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a description of the sample used and how it was selected
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In the _____ section, the results are evaluated, interpreted, and related to past research and theories.
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Discussion
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Based on APA style, what is wrong with the following reference? Karau, S. J., & Williams, K. D. (1993). Social Loafing: A Meta-analytic Review and Theoretical Integration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 681-706.
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Nothing is wrong with the reference.
