PEDS: Occupational Therapy – Flashcards
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what does fine motor mean?
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small muscles
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involve the use of small muscles in the fingers, hand, and arm to manipulate, control, and use tools, and materials?
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fine motor skills
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at what age do fine motor skills typically follow a developmental pattern?
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2-3 months
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basis for many skills that children will develop and enhance throughout childhood
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fine motor skills
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what are fine motor skills precursors to development of?
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-literacy -numeracy -self help skills (toileting, dressing)
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what is the number one problem identified as reason for referral to OT for a school aged child?
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handwriting
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3 main factors that influence fine motor skills?
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experience postural control/stability sensory awareness
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what could cause fine motor development to be delayed?
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child does not have experiences that help develop musculature or exposure to fine motor activities
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the activity of maintaining, achieving, or restoring a state of balance during an activity or posture?
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postural control/stability
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what could poor postural control result in?
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-fatigue -disengagement
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what is required to achieve effective hand use and manipulation?
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stable seated posture
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what provides a solid base of support from which the arms and the legs are free to move with precision and control?
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stable core
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what do core muscles stabilize?
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-shoulder girdle -spine -pelvis
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understanding where your body parts are and what position they are in without visual feedback?
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body awareness
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why does poor body awareness impact fine motor development?
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child does not have a clear pic of where their body is or how it has to move in space to complete a task
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where must there be strength, stability, and mobility for the hands to work well?
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shoulders and forearms
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what is an important component for having precise finger control?
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wrist stability
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what happens if the arm and hand are slow to develop or are weak?
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may cause incoordination
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what directs the skilled movement of the fingers and controls the power of your grasp?
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arches
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when do arches of the hands begin to develop most?
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when infants start to crawl with WB on hands
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what facilitates separation of the sides of the hand? in what activities is this most obvious?
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-holding an object between thumb and index finger and WB on pinky side of hand -writing and cutting
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what does the action of crawling assists in forming?
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spinal curves
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how does crawling help develop vision?
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-baby looks ahead, back at target, back at hands -develops eye muscles and binocular vision
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why does crawling help with cross lateral integration in the brain?
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both sides of body have to work together
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what is the most mature type of grasp?
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pincer
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requires coordinated finger movements and shaping of hand to pick up and hold objects of different shapes and sizes?
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grasp
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grasp that uses the tip of the index finger and thumb to allow a child to pick up small objects?
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pincer grasp
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by what age should a pincer grasp be established?
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12 months
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ability to rotate your thumb to touch each finger tip on the same hand?
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thumb opposition
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what kind of webspace is important for holding writing and drawing tools correctly?
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open web space
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what grip allows for greatest precision and control of writing utensils and results in less stress on joints?
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writing tool held with fingertips and thumb tips with an open webspace
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what 4 things does an efficient pencil grasp require?
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1. thumb opposition 2. finger isolation 3. adequate strength 4. wrist stability
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at what age would you see a cylindrical grasp?
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1-1.5 years
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at what age would you see a digital grasp?
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2-3 years
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at what age would you see a modified tripod grasp?
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3.5-4 yrs
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at what age would you see a tripod grasp?
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4.5-7 yrs
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what is the disadvantage of using a lateral tripod or lateral quadrupod grasp?
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less excursion
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what are the normal mature pencil grasps?
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-dynamic tripod -dynamic quadrupod
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benefits of quadrupod?
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more stability requires less intrinsic mm of hand
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ability to use both arms/hands together in a coordinated way to complete a task? (i.e. walking, climbing stairs, playing instruments, stirring food in bowl, tools that require 2 hands)
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bilateral coordination
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being able to coordinate both sides of the body is an indication of what?
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both sides of brain are communicating and sharing info
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if a child switches hands to pick up and move objects or is unable to track objects from side to side, what could be the issue?
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hard time crossing midline
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what is possibly the most complex fine motor skill?
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in hand manipulations
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what are the three skills that are important to in hand manipulation?
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1. translation 2. shift 3. rotation
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movement of objects between the palm and fingertips?
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translation
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moving coins from the palm to the fingertips to place them into a vending machine slot?
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translation
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moving objects between the fingers?
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shift
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"walking" the fingers along the shaft of a pencil?
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shifting
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turning of an object around using the pads of fingers?
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rotation
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flipping a pencil around so its point end is where the eraser end was?
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rotation
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what determines how effectively a child can coordinate the hand and fingers to complete fine motor tasks?
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in hand manipulation
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when does hand dominance usually start to develop?
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between 2-4 years of age
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at what age is hand dominance usually set?
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4-6 years
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at what age should you begin to push hand dominance?
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6 years
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what may be the first signs of a problem with visual motor coordination
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in elementary school: problems learning to write, draw simple pictures, & use classroom tools
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total process responsible for the reception and cognition of visual stimuli?
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visual perception
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process of extracting and organizing information from the environment?
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visual-receptive component
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ability to interpret and use what is seen?
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visual cognitive component
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allows person to make accurate judgments of the size, configuration, and spatial relationships of objects?
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visual perception
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focus on an object at varying distances and should transition from near to far point?
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accommodation
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ability to mentally combine the images from the two eyes into a single percept?
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binocular vision
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binocular depth perception and 3-D vision?
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stereopsis
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visualization is aka?
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visual imagery
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ability to detect features of stimuli for recognition, matching, and categorization?
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visual discrimination
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allows a person to take in and make sense of different kinds of sensations that come into the brain from different channels at the same time?
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sensory processing
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ability to make appropriate responses to the incoming information is dependent on?
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sensory processing
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what are the sensory systems?
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taste smell vision hearing touch vestibular proprioception interoception
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a mature sense of organ function, hunger, heart beat...etc
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interoception
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presentation of a child with low sensory threshold
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sensitive to touch, movement
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presentation of a child with a high sensory threshold
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moves/climbs all over the place, touches everyone, etc
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system that defines our body boundaries and differentiates light from pressure touch sensations?
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tactile
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type of touch that has a rapid, diffuse, spreading effect that alerts the nervous system to be weary of possible danger?
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light touch
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type of touch that calms the nervous system & good to treat tactile defensiveness?
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deep pressure
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tactile system has a profound influence on our ability to?
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learn
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what are the 2 possible types of tactile issues?
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1. discrimination issues 2. over responsitivity
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information that is being constantly sent to the brain so it can keep track of where all our body parts are and what they are doing without our having to look at them?
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proprioception
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what do you have issues with if you can't use your body to do the things you automatically want to do?
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proprioception
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where are the proprioception receptors locate?
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-muscles -tendons -joints
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where are the tactile receptors located?
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in and under the skin
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where are the vestibular receptors located?
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inner ear
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what is the function of the the vestibular receptors?
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sense movement of head in all planes
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what does the sensory input we get through the vestibular system tell us?
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-whether we are still or moving -how fast we are moving -direction of movement
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how does the vestibular system affect posture and movement?
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influences muscle tone
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processes vestibular input along with information from the joints, skin, visual, and auditory receptors?
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vestibular nuclei
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organizes impulse form the rest of the brainstem, cerebellum, and cerebral cortex?
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vestibular nuclei
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difficulty interpreting the sensory information coming into the nervous system?
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sensory discrimination
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what are the vestibular discrimination indicators?
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-postural control -muscle tone -vestibular seeking/avoiding -low PRN -balance
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what are the proprioceptive discrimination indicators?
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-poor movement -seeking hard muscle contraction -clumsy -vision compensation
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what are the tactile discrimination indicators?
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-poor localization of touch -poor recognition of types of touch -poor praxis -touch seeking -poor hand skills
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adjust of neural messages that convey information about the intensity, frequency, duration, complexity, and novelty of sensory stimuli?
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neurophysiological sensory modulation
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person does not over or under react to sensory experiences within context-adequate self regulation?
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behavioral sensory modulation
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what are sensory modulation dysfunction indicators?
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-sensory seeking/avoiding -inappropriate arousal level -difficulty w/ self regulation
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problems with anticipatory movement depend on feedforward?
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somatodyspraxia
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somatodyspraxia has problems with movements that depend on what kinds of sensory feedback?
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-tactile -proprioceptive
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if child is proprioceptive seeking?
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crashing jumping climb hang pulling running resistive chewing walks on tip toes stretching
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if child is vestibular seeking
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rocking swinging rolling spinning head wagging fast vehicles
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if child is tactile seeking?
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puts things in mouth pokes eyes/ears touches rubs fidgets items
