question

which of the following would be the most likely cause of an iatrogenic disease?

answer

an unwanted effect of a prescribed drug

question

the manifestations of a disease are best defined as the

answer

signs and symptoms of a disease

question

the best definition of the term prognosis is the

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predicted outcome or likelihood of recovery from a specific disease

question

which of the following is considered a systemic sign of disease?

answer

fever

question

etiology is defined as the study of the

answer

causes of a disease

question

hypertrophy of the heart would be related to

answer

an increase in the size of the individual cells

question

a change in tissue marked by cells that very in shape and size and show increased myotic figures would be called

answer

dysplasia

question

when a group of cells in the body dies, the change is called

answer

necrosis

question

lack of exercise during an illness may cause skeletal muscle to undergo

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atrophy

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the term cancer refers to

answer

malignant neoplasm

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to which of the following does the term apoptosis refer?

answer

per-programmed cell self-destruction

question

which of the following statements is true?

answer

damaged cells may be able to repair themselves

question

caseation necrosis refers to an area where

answer

dead cells form a thick cheesy substance

question

routine application of sun block to skin would be an example of

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a preventative measure

question

a circumstance that causes a sudden acute episode of a chronic disease to occur is termed

answer

precipitating factor

question

what is an acute episode of a chronic disease called

answer

an exacerbation

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the term homeostasis refers to

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maintenance of a stable internal environment

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which term is used to describe a new and secondary or additional problem that arises after the original disease is established?

answer

complication

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pathophysiology involves the study of

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functional or structural changes resulting from disease processes

question

which of the following is the best definition of epidemiology

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the science of tracking the occurrence and distribution of diseases

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which of the following can cause cell injury or death?

answer

hypoxia, exposure to excessive cold, excessive pressure on tissue, chemical toxins. 1, 2, 3, 4!

question

all of the following are part of the Seven Steps to Health except:

answer

participate in strenuous exercise on a regular daily basis

question

the term disease refers to

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a deviation from the normal state of health and function

question

the best definition of an ischemia is

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a deficit of oxygen supply to the cells, due to circulatory obstruction

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all of the following statements are correct about cell damage except

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initially cell damage does not change cell metabolism, structure, or function

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which of the following conditions distinguishes double-blind studies used in health research?

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neither the members of the control group or the experimental group, nor the person administering the treatment know who is receiving the experimental therapy

question

if the data collected from the research process confirm that the new treatment has increased effectiveness and is safe, this is called

answer

evidence based research

question

a short-term illness that develops very quickly with perhaps a high fever or severe pain is called

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acute

question

the term prognosis refers to the

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expected outcome of a disease

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when prolonged ischemia occurs to an area of the heart, the resulting damage is referred to as

answer

infarction

question

during the evaluation process for a new therapy's effectiveness and safety, a double-blind study may be conducted during

answer

the third stage

question

why are the predisposing factors for a specific disease important to health professionals?

answer

to develop preventative measures

question

cell damage may be caused by exogenous sources such as

answer

certain food additives

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which of the following is usually included in medical history?

answer

past illnesses or surgeries, current illnesses, acute and chronic, prescribed medication or other treatments, nonprescription drugs and herbal remedies, current allergies.

question

Bacteria that form a cluster of spheres are called

answer

staphylococci

question

An anaerobe requires which specific environment?

answer

The absence of oxygen

question

A bacterial endospore can

answer

survive high temperatures and dry environment

question

The structure of a virus includes

answer

a protein coat and either DNA or RNA

question

What method do viruses use to replicate?

answer

Using a host cell to produce and assemble components

question

A retrovirus such as HIV contains

answer

RNA and enzymes for its conversion

question

How do antiviral drugs act?

answer

Reducing the rate of viral replication

question

Which statement applies to yeasts? They:

answer

may cause opportunistic infections in the body

question

Fungi reproduce by

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budding, extension of hyphae, production of spores. 1, 2, 4

question

Which of the following is not classified as a protozoan agent of disease?

answer

Tinea pedis

question

Entamoeba histolytica is transmitted by

answer

cysts in feces

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Which of the following is a characteristic of resident or normal flora (microflora)?

answer

Different species inhabit various areas of the body

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Which area of the body is considered sterile?

answer

Stomach

question

The term nosocomial infection means

answer

acquired in a hospital or medical facility

question

Transmission of microbes by direct contact includes

answer

sexual intercourse

question

Opportunistic infection may develop when

answer

a member of resident flora migrates and colonizes a new location in the body

question

What does a vaccine contain?

answer

Attenuated or dead pathogens or their toxins

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When do clinical signs of infection appear?

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When the microbial colony is large enough to damage the host

question

The principle of Universal Precautions is based on

answer

assuming that all body fluids from all individuals are possible sources of infection

question

The incubation period refers to the time period between

answer

entry of the pathogen into the body and the first signs of infectious disease

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Which of the following is a local sign of infection?

answer

Pain erythema, and swelling

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What are culture and sensitivity tests used for?

answer

To identify the causative microbe and the effective antimicrobial agent for it.

question

How does penicillin act as a bactericidal agent?

answer

Interfering with cell-wall synthesis

question

The primary pathological effect of influenza virus is

answer

inflammation and necrosis of the upper respiratory epithelium

question

What does leukocytosis frequently indicate

answer

presence of bacterial infection

question

When an infection or inflammation is suspected, what does leucopenia often indicate?

answer

Viral infection

question

Which of the following statements applies to Chlamydia?

answer

It causes a common STD

question

Which of the following are characteristics of influenza virus?

answer

It is an obligate intracellular parasite, It contains RNA, there are three subtypes - A, B, C. 1, 2, 4

question

Which of the following manifestations is usually present with influenza but not with the common cold?

answer

generalized skeletal muscle aching, headache, marked fatigue

question

Prions are transmitted by blood and

answer

ingestion of contaminated meat

question

Which of the following statements applies to Influenza A H1N1?

answer

It contains genetic material from avian, swine, and human viruses

question

Which of the following does not directly determine the virulence of a microbe?

answer

Capacity for opportunism

question

Which of the following is a function of interferons? They:

answer

increase host cell resistance to viral invasion

question

Inflamed tissue is likely to become infected because

answer

capillaries are less permeable in the affected area.

question

When an infectious disease is occurring globally at a higher rate than usual, it may be designated as a

answer

pandemic

question

What is a benign neoplasm originating from adipose tissue called?

answer

Lipoma

question

What are malignant neoplasms arising from connective tissue cells called?

answer

Sarcomas

question

Which of the following is a characteristic of a benign tumor?

answer

Cells appear relatively normal

question

Which factor provides the basis for grading of newly diagnosed malignant tumors?

answer

Degree of differentiation of the cells

question

A warning sign of possible cancer would be any of the following EXCEPT:

answer

sudden development of fever, nausea, and diarrhea

question

The common local effects of an expanding tumor mass include

answer

obstruction of a tube or duct; cell necrosis and ulceration 1, 3

question

Which of the following does paraneoplastic syndrome refer to?

answer

The effects of substances such as hormones secreted by the tumor cells

question

Which term refers to the spread of malignant cells through blood and lymph to distant sites?

answer

Metastasis

question

One reason for staging a malignant tumor at the time of diagnosis is to

answer

determine the best treatment and prognosis

question

The process of carcinogenesis usually begins with

answer

an irreversible change in the cell DNA

question

What would be an external source of ionizing radiation?

answer

Gamma rays delivered by a cobalt machine

question

Radiation therapy destroys

answer

primarily rapidly dividing cells

question

The most critical adverse effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy are

answer

thrombocytopenia and leukopenia

question

Chemotherapy usually involves a combination of drugs in order to:

answer

reduce the adverse effects, be effective in more phases of the cell cycle. 1, 3

question

Why does ovarian cancer have a poor prognosis?

answer

Specific signs rarely appear until after secondary tumors have developed

question

Select the correct pair representing a malignant tumor and its marker

answer

colon cancer: carcinoembryonic antigen CEA

question

Antiangiogenesis drugs act on a malignant tumor by

answer

reducing blood flow and nutrient supply to tumor cells

question

The development of neutropenia during chemotherapy for cancer means

answer

the patient is at high risk for infection

question

Malignant brain tumors

answer

Spread to other parts of CNS

question

Identify the common dose-limiting factor for chemotherapy

answer

bone marrow depression

question

Glucocorticoids are often prescribed during a course of chemotherapy and radiation because

answer

inflammation around the tumor may be reduced

question

Vomiting frequently follows a chemotherapy treatment because

answer

the gastrointestinal tract is irritated and the chemicals stimulate the emetic center. A, b

question

What type of normal cells are often damaged during chemotherapy and radiation treatments?

answer

Epithelial cells

question

Remission for cancer is generally defined as a period in which

answer

signs and symptoms are absent

question

All of the following are correct statements about skin cancers except

answer

they are difficult to diagnose and treat. Not true!

question

High risk factors for cancer include

answer

all of the above. E.

question

The term apoptosis refers to

answer

preprogrammed cell death

question

The warning signs for cancer include

answer

all of the above are warning signs

question

A classification process that applies to a specific malignant tumor and describes the extent of the disease at a given time is called:

answer

staging

question

Benign tumors can often be differentiated from malignant tumors because benign tumors:

answer

are encapsulated and slow-growing

question

Benign tumors in the brain are often life-threatening because they

answer

create excessive pressure within the skull

Pathophysiology Unit One Study Questions – Flashcards

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