Pathophysiology Ch 20 (Tyson) – Flashcards
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A classification process that applies to a specific malignant tumor and describes the extent of the disease at a given time is called:
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Staging
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omitting frequently follows a chemotherapy treatment because:
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The drugs have an unpleasant odor, the gastrointestinal tract is irritated
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The most critical adverse effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy are:
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Thrombocytopenia and leucopenia
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High risk factors for cancer include: 1. Human papilloma virus 2. Chronic irritation and inflammation 3. Repeated sun exposure 4. High family incidence
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1, 2, 3, 4
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One of the general effects of a malignant cancer is cachexia, which is:
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Severe tissue wasting
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Identify the common dose-limiting factor for chemotherapy:
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Bone marrow depression
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The warning signs for cancer include:
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Change in a wart or mole, unusual bleeding, a new solid lump often painless
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The method that can be used as an alternative to surgical removal of tumor by using heat generated by a needle inserted into the tumor is referred to as:
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Radiofrequency ablation
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One reason for staging a malignant tumor at the time of diagnosis is to:
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Determine the best treatment and prognosis
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Which of the following does paraneoplastic syndrome refer to?
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The effects of substances such as hormones secreted by the tumor cells
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Which of the following is a characteristic of benign tumor?
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Cells appear relatively normal
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What would be an external source of ionizing radiation?
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Gamma rays delivered by a cobalt machine
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Why does ovarian cancer have a poor prognosis?
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Specific signs rarely appear until after secondary tumors have developed
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Drugs or agents that augment the natural immune response in the body to improve identification and removal of abnormal cells are called:
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Biological response modifiers
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Staging systems used to classify a malignant tumor at the time of diagnosis are based on which of the following factors?
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Size of the tumor, involvement of lymph nodes, metastases
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Radiation therapy destroys:
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Primarily rapid dividing cells
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Antiangiogenesis drugs act on a malignant tumor by:
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Reducing blood flow and nutrient supply to tumor cells
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Benign tumor can often be differentiated from malignant tumors because benign tumors:
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Are encapsulated and slow growing
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What type of normal cells are often damaged during chemotherapy and radiation treatments?
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Epithelial cells
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Malignant brain tumors:
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Spread to other parts of CNS
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The process of carcinogenesis usually begins with:
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An irreversible change in the cell DNA
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Glucocorticoids are often prescribed during a course of chemotherapy and radiation because:
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Inflammation around the tumor may be reduced
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The development of neutropenia during chemotherapy for cancer means:
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The patient is at high risk for infection
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A warning sign of possible cancer would be any of the following EXCEPT:
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Sudden development of fever, nausea, and diarrhea
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The common local effects of an expanding tumor mass include: 1. Obstruction of a tube or duct 2. Anemia and weight loss 3. Cell necrosis and ulceration 4. Tumor markers in the circulation
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1, 3
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Select the correct pair representing a malignant tumor and its marker:
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Colon cancer: carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
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The term apoptosis refers to:
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Programmed cell death
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Which factor provides the basis for the grading of newly diagnosed malignant tumors?
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Degree if differentiation of the cells
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What are malignant neoplasms arising from connective tissue cells called?
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Sarcomas
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All of the following are correct statements about skin cancers EXCEPT:
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They are difficult to diagnose and treat
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Which term refers to the spread of malignant cells through blood and lymph to distant sites?
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Metastasis
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