Pathophysiology and Pharmacology Unit 1 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
What is Pathophysiology?
answer
a science that provides understanding of disease mechanism and how/why physiology changes in body structure and function lead to clinical manifestations of disease.
question
pathology
answer
study of disease
question
physiology
answer
study of functions of living organism
question
Prevention: Primary
answer
health promotion and protection to reduce/prevent incidence of disease ei: immunization, diet, exercise
question
Prevention: Secondary
answer
early detection of disease to alter outcome ei: screening-cholesterol, education, breast exam
question
Prevention: Tertiary
answer
treatment and rehab of illness to avoid/postphone complications, sequelae ei: stroke rehab, diabetes management
question
Pharmaco- -ology
answer
science of the origin, nature, effect, chemistry, and uses of drugs the study of
question
Pharmacology
answer
the study of drugs and their interactions with living systems
question
Ideal Properties: Effectiveness
answer
the desire reponse acheive
question
Ideal Properties: Safety
answer
the drug dosen't produce harmful effect even at high dose
question
Ideal Properties: Selectivity
answer
only achieve a response at it given, no side effects ei: antihistamine causes drowsiness
question
Intensity of Responses
answer
-Pharmacokinetics -Pharmacodynamics -Pharmacogenomics
question
Pharmacokinetics Process:
answer
the actions of the body on a drug Determine drug concentration at site of action: 1)absorption 2)distribution 3)metabolism 4)excretion
question
Pharmacokinetics: Absorption
answer
movement of drug from its site of administration to the blood
question
Pharmacokinetics: Absorption Affected by:
answer
Affected by: -Rated of Dissolution -Surface Area (Larger=better) -Blood flow(^flow=flows faster) -Lipid Solubility(easily to cross membrane) -pH Partitioning
question
Pharmacokinetics: Absorption Infuenced by routes of administration
answer
-Enteral -Via. Gl tract (anything in side GI tract) -Oral, mouth, GI Tube, PO -Parenteral -outside the GL tract -"by injection" -IV,IM,SQ/SC
question
Pharmacokinetics: Distributions
answer
-movement of the drug thoughout the body
question
Pharmacokinetics: Distributions Determined by:
answer
Determined by: -blood flow to tissues -ability to exit vascular system -ability of drug to enter cells
question
Pharmacokinetics: Distributions -Blood flow to tissues
answer
-Blood brain barrier: might block the drug from entering the brain -Placental drug transfer: lipid-solubility can transfer material to baby -ei:alcohol -Protein binding: drugs form reversible bond with protein
question
Pharmacokinetics: Metabolism
answer
-Biotransfermation (metabolizing) -Hepatic Drug: Metabolizing Enzymes
question
Pharmacokinetics: Metabolism -Factors affecting Drug Metabolism -Prodrug -First Pass effect -Individual response
answer
Factors affecting Drug Metabolism -Prodrug: become active when in the body but inactive outside the body -First Pass effect: rapid inactivation of a drug when the drug is absorb in the GI Tract -Individual response: every1 is different
question
Pharmacokinetics: Excretion
answer
removal of the drug from the body
question
Pharmacokinetics: Excretion Renal System: 1) Glomerular Filtration 2) Passive Tubular Reabsorption 3) Active Tubular Secrection
answer
Renal System: 1) Glomerular Filtration: blood to tubular to urine 2) Passive Tubular Reabsorption: from tubular back to the blood 3) Active Tubular Secrection: active transfer pump from the blood to the tubular, some urine gets reabsorbed
question
Pharmacokinetics: Time Course of Drug Responses -Minimum Effective Concentration -Toxic Concentration -Therapeutic range
answer
Responses -Minimum Effective Concentration: when response occur -Toxic Concentration: when levels are too high -Therapeutic range: eough of the drug present to have theri therapeutic response
question
Pharmacokinetics: Time Course of Drug Responses -Plateau Drug Levels -Loading dose -Maintenance dose -Decline from Plateau
answer
-Plateau Drug Levels: steady dose /remaining constant (average drug level) -Loading dose: large, initial dose make the plateau dose more effective -Maintenance dose: smaller dose use to maintance the plateau dose -Decline from Plateau- most drug takes 4 half live to get it out of the system
question
Pharmacokinetics: Role of the cell membrane Phospholipid Molecule:
answer
Hydrophilic head: water loving head Hydrophobic tail: water hating tails
question
Pharmacokinetics: Movement across cell membrane -Channels/Pores -Transport systems -Directly crossing membrane
answer
-Channels/Pores: small comound can escape -Transport systems: move stuffs from one side to another -Directly crossing membrane: direct cross the membrane( must be lipid
question
Pharmacodynamics
answer
Definition: the process by which drugs influence cell physiology to achieve desired result -how a drug changes the body -what drug do to the body and how they do it
question
Pharmacodynamics Concepts -Maximal efficacy -Relative Potency -Drug Receptors
answer
Concepts -Maximal efficacy: largest effect that the drug can produces -Relative Potency: amount of drug that must given to get an effect -Drug Receptors: any fuction marcomolecule to which a drug is to bing to be effective
question
Receptor Theory
answer
-drugs generally attach to cell receptors to elicit celluar response(it can block or make it work) -2nd messager response -drug-> receptor-> cellular response -
question
Agonist
answer
-activate receptors, mimic(ei: nervous transmitter)
question
partial agonist
answer
-moderate agonist activity (not a complete mimic)
question
anatgonist
answer
-prevent receptor activity (blocking it)
question
Interpatient Variablity -LD 50 -ED 50 -Therapeutic Index
answer
-LD 50: dose lethal in 50% animals( dose that casues 50/100 animal to die) -ED 50: average effective dose(dose that have effecet in 50% of the popluation) -Therapeutic Index: ratio of average lethal(LD 50) dose to effective dose (ED 50)
question
Variation in Patient Response
answer
-Individual Characteristics: age, race, body composition, diet, compliance -abnormal physiology -tolerance -drug formulation -genetics
question
Pharmacogenomics
answer
the study of how gentic indivdual effects to the drug
question
Genetics: Pharmacogenomics -can alter:
answer
-Metabolism -Drug Targets -Immune response
question
Benefits of Pharmacogenomics
answer
-can increase efficacy and safety of drugs -create better drugs -increase quality of care -better disease management -decrease cost of health care
question
Cellular Adaption
answer
-Genomics -Adaptations
question
Cellular Adaptation: Atrophy
answer
-decrease of size of cells ei:thymus gland gest small in child, adnormal= smaller cell size in the heart due to workload
question
Cellular Adaptation: Atrophy -Physiology -Pathologic -Disuse
answer
-Physiology: ei: thymus gland gets smaller as child grows -Pathologic: blood supply, nutrition -Disuse: individual can't move or in bed(immobilize)
question
Cellular Adaptation: Hypertrophy Types -physiologic -pathologic Triggers -Mechanical -Trophic
answer
-increase in the side of cells ei: the heart Types -physiologic: -pathologic: Triggers -Mechanical:stressing of muscle -Trophic: growing factors
question
Cellular Adaptation: Hyperplasia -Compensatory -Hormonal -Pathologic
answer
-Increase amount of cells -Compensatory: regrow of cells -Hormonal:estrogen, ei:when the girl get pregnant -Pathologic:increase cells related to disease
question
Cellular Adaptation: Maladaption -Neoplasia
answer
-trait that is (or has become) more harmful than helpful -Neoplasia:abnormal pattern of growth/abnormal proliferation of cells
question
Cellular Adaptation:Metaplasia
answer
-replacement of one mature cell type with another -reprogramming of stem cells due to noxious stimulus -if cells has injury the cells can regrow
question
Cellular Adaptation:Dysplasia(atypical hyperplasia)
answer
-Abnormal size, shape, organization of mature cells -low to high grade -remove dysplastic tissue/ remove stimulus -common in the urine due to inflammation
question
Cellular Injury
answer
-most diseases start with cell injury -cell unable to maintain homeostasis or adapt -injured cells have capacity to recover(reversible injury/recover), or die (irreversible/ possible for cellular death)
question
Casues of Cellular Injury
answer
-Ischemia -Hypoxia -Free radicals -Chemical agents
question
Hypoxic Injury -Hypoxia -Ischemia -Anoxia
answer
Hypoxia- insufficient to tissues (most common cause of cellular injury) Ischemia (reduced blood supply) most common cause of hypoxia Anoxia-lack of oxygen to tissues(no oxygen) ei: heart failure
question
Hypoxic Cellular Injury
answer
1) ischemia-> decrease in oxygen in mitochondria-> decrease ATP 2)decrease ATP-> alters NA/K pump and NA/CA exchange (altered membrane permeability) 3) increase intracellular NA and CA -> K moves out of the cell 4) water enters cell -> swelling and ER dilation 5) ribosomes detach with decrease protein synthesis 6) vacuolation 7) cell membrane damage if oxygen is restored-reversible/recover if not restored- irreversible cell injury/ not recover
question
Reperfusion injury/ Oxidative injury can occur with restoration of blood flow and oxygenation
answer
-free radicals generated leading to additional cellular damage - unstable atom group steals electron -bond formations-injurious -target mitochondria
question
other sources of oxidation injury
answer
-extreme energy expose (uv, radiation) -endogenous reactions -chemical exposure -aging
question
Damage Cause by Free Radicals 1)Lipid peroxidation 2)alters ion pumps/ transport mechanisms 3)fragments DNA 4) mitochondrial damage
answer
1)Lipid peroxidation: the lipid bilayer went bad 2)alters ion pumps/ transport mechanisms: damage the pump 3)fragments DNA: decrease protein sythesis 4) mitochondrial damage: Ca is release cause membrane break down
question
Mechanisms of Chemical Injury
answer
-direct -exaggerated response -biologic activation -hypersensitivity -rare toxicites
question
Examples of Chemical Agents(cause chemical injury)
answer
-lead -carbon monoxide -ethanol -social "street drug" -OTC, prescription drugs -insecticides -chronic air pollution exposure -mercury
question
Outcomes of Cellular Injury -Necrosis -Apoptosis -Autophagy
answer
-Necrosis: cells are not longer able to function -Apoptosis: self destruction (ei: cancer, DNA damage) -Autophagy: cell self eating itself (ei: cell is starving or lack of nutrition)
question
Neoplasia
answer
-Tumor/ abnormal cell growth/ new growth -"new growth" -tumor -benign -malignant -carcionma in situ
question
Benign Tumor
answer
-well organized -encapsulated( surrounded by capsule) -normal cell structure -well differentiated (easily find) -non invasive -slow growing -localized - -oma
question
Malignant Tumor
answer
-grow rapidly; high mitotic rate -loss of differentiation; Anaplasia -disorganized tissue -pleomorphic -not encapsulated -invasive -metastasize -named for tissue of origin -less specialize
question
Tumor Nomenclature: Malignant -Carcinoma -Adenocarcinoma -Sarcome -Lymphoma -Leukemia
answer
-Carcinoma: epithelial tissue -Adenocarcinoma: ducts or glangs -Sarcome: connective tissue -Lymphoma: lymph -Leukemia: blood forming cells
question
Classification of Tumors
answer
-Appearance of tissue -Genetic analysis -Molecular analysis
