Pathophysio Chapter 2 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Proportion of water to body weight to be expected in a healthy male adult
answer
60%
question
Proportion of blood to body weight in an adult males's body
answer
10%
question
Insensible fluid loss refers to water lost through
answer
Perspiration only
question
When the osmotic pressure of the blood is elevated above normal water would shift from
answer
The interstitial compartment into the cells
question
Result from a deficit of plasma proteins
answer
Decreased osmotic pressure
question
A cause of edema
answer
increased capillary permeability
question
Elevated hematocrit reading could lead to
answer
fluid deficit
question
Typical sign of dehydration
answer
rough oral mucous
question
Decreased circulating blood volume and excess fluid in a body can lead to
answer
Hypovolemia
question
Primary cation in the extracellular fluid
answer
sodium
question
Common cause of hyponatremia
answer
Excessive sweating
question
Common effect of both hypokalemia and hyperkalemia
answer
Cardiac arrythmias
question
Effect of Increased parathyroid hormone
answer
increased activation of vitamin D
question
Results of hypocalcemia
answer
skeletal muscle twitch and spasms, weak cardiac contractions
question
Cause of tetany
answer
excess calcium ions in skeletal muscle due to excessive parathyroid hormone
question
Phosphate in not a major component in
answer
Blood clotting
question
Normal pH
answer
7.4
question
Excess hydrogen ions accumulated in the blood leads serum pH to
answer
decrease
question
Slowest but most effective control for acid-base balance
answer
kidneys
question
Essential to maintain serum pH within normal range
answer
the ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate ion must be 1:20
question
Effect on the body of abnormally slow respirations
answer
increased carbonic acid
question
Cause of metabolic acidosis
answer
prolonged diarrhea
question
serum pH of 7.33 in a patient with kidney disease indicates
answer
metabolic acidosis
question
Serum value indicates decompensated metabolic acidosis
answer
pH is below normal range
question
Effect on blood serum when excessive lactic acid accumulates in the body
answer
Bicarbonate ion levels decrease
question
Direct effect of acidosis are manifested primarily in the functioning of the
answer
Nervous System
question
Compensation mechanisms in the body for dehydration include
answer
increased antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
question
Acid-base imbalance results from impaired expiration due to emphysema
answer
Respiratory acidosis
question
impaired expiration associated with emphysema, effective acid-base imbalance compensation would be
answer
decreased urine pH and increased serum bicarbonate
question
Anxiety attack caused by hyperventilation leading to
answer
decreased PCO2
question
factors involved in the increased need for water in infants
answer
higher metabolic rate
question
Compensation for respiratory system depression due to anesthesia and sedation
answer
increased secretion of hydrogen ions into the filtrate
question
a prolonged state of metabolic acidosis often leads to
answer
hyperkalemia
question
Strenuous physical exercise on a hot day is likely to result
answer
Hypovolemia
question
Correct sequence of events when ketoacids increase in the blood of a diabetic patient
answer
Serum bicarbonate decreases, serum pH decreases, Respiration increases, PCO2 decreases, urine pH increases, serum pH increases
question
Manifestation of respiratory alkalosis
answer
Increased nervous system irritability
question
Prolonged diarrhea results in
answer
loss of fluid and bicarbonate ions, leading to metabolic acidosis
question
In the initial stage, vomiting results in
answer
metabolic alkalosis
question
the two ions most important for acid-base balance in the body
answer
Cl- and HCO3-
question
Balance of carbonic acid and bicarbonate ion levels are controlled by
answer
lungs and kidneys
question
Alkalosis increases irritability and spontaneous stimulation of nerves
answer
increasing the permeability of nerve membranes
question
Hypocalcemia causes weak cardiac contractions
answer
insufficient calcium ions are available for muscle contraction
question
Serum potassium levels are affected by
answer
Aldosterone, serum H+ levels, insulin levels
question
Primary control of serum Na+ levels
answer
Aldosterone
question
Control center for thirst is located in
answer
Hypothalamus
question
Atrial natriuretic peptide
answer
It is secreted by heart muscle cells, it helps to control water and sodium balance
question
Three mechanisms that control or compensate for serum pH
answer
buffer pairs in blood, change in kidney excretion rate, change in respiration rate
question
Hypokalemia refers to a condition in which the serum has very low level of this ion
answer
Potassium
question
In the blood and extracellular fluids, hypernatremia refers to
answer
an excess sodium level
question
Increased milk and/or antacid intake can contribute to development of "milk-alkali syndrome" which can cause
answer
Hypercalcemia
question
Hyponatremia
answer
serum sodium concentration below 3.8 to 5 mmol per liter or 135 miliequivalent (mEq)
question
Hypernatremia
answer
excess sodium results form ingestion of large amounts of sodium without proportionate water intake of loss of water faster than loss of sodium
question
Buffer systems
answer
Sodium-bicarbonate acid, phosphate, hemoglobin, protein
question
Hyperkalemia
answer
abnormally elevated level of potassium in the blood
question
Hypokalemia
answer
deficiency of potassium in the bloodstream
question
Hypercalcemia
answer
Calcium level in your blood is above normal
question
Hypocalcemia
answer
loss of calcium or insufficient entry of calcium into the circulation
question
Hypovolemia
answer
a decreased volume of circulating blood in the body
question
Hypervolemia
answer
fluid overload in the blood
