Pathology for massage therapy – Flashcards
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Lichenification
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Thickening of the skincharacterized by by accentuated skin markings; often the result of chronic scratching.
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Papule
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Solid, elevated, circumscribed, superficial lesion; less than or equal to 1cm in diameter.
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Plaque
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Solid, elevated, circumscribed, superficial lesion; less than 1cm in diameter.
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Pustule
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Vesicle or bulla that contains pus.
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Scale
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Small, thin flakes of epithelial cells.
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Turgor
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Normal resiliency of the skin.
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Vesicle
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Fluid filled, elevated, superficial lesion; 1cm or less in diameter.
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Nevus
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Birthmark or mole made up of a high concentration of melanocytes. Most common form of skin anomoly
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Hemangioma
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begnigntumor of newly formed blood vessels that devulop most commonly in childhood.
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Vitiligo
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Manifested by loss of melanocytes within the epidermis.
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Ephelides
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Common pigmented lesion in light pigmented individuals.
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Albinism
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Disorder in skin pigmentation caused by the failure of melanocytes to produce melanin.
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1st degree burn
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Erythema, edema, focal necrosis of epidermal cells that heals rapidly with no scarring.
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2nd degree burn
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Involves full thickness of epidermis and part of the dermis but spares adnexa (hair follicles). Healing occurs through adnexa.
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3rd degree burn
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Full thickness burn of dermis and epidermis. Healing occurs slowly with severe scarring.
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Eczema
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Umbrella term. Denotes many types of skin disorders that present with a red papulo-vesicular pattern, localized edema, and lichenification.
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Psoriasis
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Rapid epidermal hyperplasia. A chronic inflammatory rash characterized by erythematous papules and plaques found predominately on extensor surfaces and scalp. Known for causing "beefy-red" plaques with silver scaling skin.
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Acne Vulgaris
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Very bad acne. Typically affects adolescents but may extend into third decade.
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Impetigo
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Contraindicated. A superficial infection of the epidermis caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. Most common in children and spread by scratching.
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Cellulitus
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A rapidly spreading acute inflammation of subcutaneous tissue that often occurs as a complication of wound infection. Common infecting organism is Streptococcus pyogenes and the inflamed area is red, hot, and swollen.
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Necrotizing fasciitis
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Aka: flesh eating bacteria. An uncommon spreading infection of the deep subcutaneaous tissue, fascia, and skeletal muscle.
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Variola
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Smallpox
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Herpes Simplex
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HS 1 causes oral lesions and HS 2 causes genital lesions
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Molluscum Contagiosum
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Commonly transmitted sexually but can be contracted in a swimming pool.
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The common wart
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skin growth caused by the human papilloma virus.
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Dermatophytes
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Mycelian fungi that infect the keratin of the stratum corneum, hair, and nails. Tinea Corporis (ringworm) - body surface
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Scabies
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Contagious skin diseas caused by mites
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Neoplasms of the skin
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Carcinogenic agent in most cutaneous cancer is ultraviolet light.
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Basal Cell Carcinoma
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Locally aggressive common skin neoplasm in sun exposed areas of light skinned people over the age of 40.
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Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Very common in sun-exposed skin of elderly, fair skinned people.
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Malignant Melanoma
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Ways to measure are by radial and vertical growth phase.
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ABCD's of Melanoma recognition
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Asymmetry - uneven surface Border - irregular or faded edges Color - mixture of color Diameter - anything over 4mm is worrysome
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Spina Bifida
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A defective closure of the neural (dural) tube
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Arnold Chiari Malformation
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Most common cause of congenital communicating hydrocephalus. The medulla oblongata is elongated preventing interfering with the reabsorbtion and circulation of CSF.
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Hydrocephalus
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Accumulation of excess CSF in the ventricular system of the brain.
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Increased Intracranial Pressure
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*decreased profusion - interferes with blood flow. Hallmarks include heaches and vomiting
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Seizure
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characterized by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain.
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Cerebrovascular accidents
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interruption in delivery of oxygen to the brain.
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Ischemic Stroke
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CVA where there is an obstruction of blood flow lasting longer than 24 hrs.
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Transient Ishemic Attack
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temporary loss of neurological functioning, pain lasting a few minutes up to 24 hours.
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Primary Brain Parenchymal Hemorage
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Spontaneous (non traumatic) intraparenchymal hemorage with hypertension (high blood pressure) the most common cause.
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Subarachnoid Hemorrage
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(Brett Micheal) Subarrachnoid space is also a site of non traumatic brain hemorrage with the most common cause a saccular aneurysm.
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Epidural Hematoma
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Resulting from a rupture of a meningeal artery (most cases) compressing the adjacent dura and flattening the brain that may lead to herniation of the brain and death.
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Subdural Hematoma
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Disruption of the veins that run between the cortex and the dural venous sinuses, most likely when cerebral atrophy is present
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Paraplegia
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loss of sensory motor function in the lower extremities.
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Concussion
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A transient loss of cerebral function(consciousness) that immediately follows head injury. Do not have to be knocked unconscious.
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Diffuse Axonal Injury (Whiplash)
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A sudden acceleration and/or deceleration of forces sufficient to stretch or shear the nerve cell processes within the cerebral white matter.
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Quadraplegia
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loss of motor function in the upper and lower extremities
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Carpel Tunnel
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Median nerve entrapment at the wrist (digits 1,2,3)
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Ulnar Nerve
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Ulnar nerve entrapment/irritation at the elbow (digits 4,5)
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Acute Meningitis
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Inflammation of the thin meninges. Fever, headache, stiff neck, and altered mental status. Prognosis depends on speed of treatment.
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Neoplasms of the central nervous systems
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Malignant and benign can both lead to serious complications and even death as a result of compression of vital structures.
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Astrocytomas
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Most common tumor occurring in adults, most aggressive and malignant with death usually occurring 1 year after diagnosis.
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Meningiomas
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Occur most often in middle aged women. Arises outside the brain substance and attaches to the dura. Benign, encapsulated neoplasm.
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Multiple Sclerosis
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Most common demyelinating disease of the CNS affecting young adults (peak 18-40). Most likely an autoimmune disease with the waxing and waning of neurologic abnormalities involoving different parts of the CNS over the years. Onset may be acute or insidious, may include paresthesias, spasticity, gait abnormalities, and speech problems.
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Alzheimer's
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Unkown etiology it is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly, usually occuring after 50. Forgetfullness, memory loss, speech difficulty, dementia, incontenence, loss of speech and the ability to walk.
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Parkinsonism
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Micheal J Fox. Disturbance of motor functions, rigidity, expressionless faces, stooped posture, gait disturbances, slowing of voluntary movements, and a characteristic pill rolling tremor. Onset is insidious with a steady progression over 10 years. Usually manifest over 60.
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Huntington Disease
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Disorder involving the extrapyramidal motor system (balance and posture) characterized by involuntary writhing movements and dementia. Inherited and not apparent until 40-50.
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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
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ALS, Luke Gehrig Disease. A progressive degenerative disorder of the pyramidal system leading to muscle weakness, atrophy, and spasticity.
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Thiamine Deficiency
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May lead to severe and irreversible injury within the nervous system. Causes the myelin sheath to swell.
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Ethanol
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Directly toxic to the CNS tissue, chronic abuse leads to irreversible injury.
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Pain
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Purpose is for protection and dignostics
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The Brain's Opiate System
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Endorphins and enkephalins - neurotransmitters involved with pre and post synaptic pain inhibition for up to hours after release.
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Referred pain
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Pain felt at a site separate from the tissue causing pain.
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Visceral Pain
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Causes of true visceral pain include ischemia, chemical stimuli (leaks), spasm of a hollow viscus and over distension of a hollow viscus
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Migraine headache
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A special type of headache thought to arise from vascular problems. It often begins with nausea, partial loss of vision, visual aura, and other types of sensory hallucinations. Often begins 1/2 hour to an hour before the headache.
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Tension headaches
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Most common form of headaches resulting from the contraction of neck and scalp muscles often as a result of stress, depression, or anxiety.
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Cluster headaches
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Affect one side of the head, associated with tearing of the eyes, and nasal congestion. Occur in clusters, often at the same time of day, for weeks.
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Relaxation techniques
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Meditation, massage, etc.
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Hormones
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Chemical messengers that travel within the circulation and act at sites where there are receptors
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Receptor site
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A structural protein molecule on the membrane of the cell or within the cytoplasm
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Hormone regulation
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Feedback systems based on reactions. Positive (enhance)and Negative(eliminate)
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Primary hyperfunction (excessive)
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hyperplastic or neoplastic proliferation of cells
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Primary hypofunction (decreased)
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Congenital absense, hypoplasia, destruction of the gland, or neoplasms
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Pituitary Adenoma
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Almost all cases due to benign neoplasms triggering a hyperfunction (30% prolactin)
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Thyrotoxicosis
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A hypermetabolic state caused by increased levels of T3 and T4 hormones. Nervousness, anxiety, weight loss, increased sweating, infertility, paplitations, tachycardia
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Cretinism
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Retardation of mental facilities, short stature, protruding tounge. Coarse facial features, umbilical hernia, lethargy
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Myxedema
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Iodine deficiency in adults. General apathy, mental sluggishness, cold intolerance, decreased bowel activity
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Graves disease
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Autoimmune disease with antibodies to the TSH receptor in the thyroid cell. The gland enlarges, druit may be present. Exoptalmos - protrusion of the eyeballs.Most common cause of thyrotoxicosis
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Hasimoto Thyroiditis
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Most common cause of hypothyroidism in the US. Cells of the thyroid glad are destroyed. Painless enlargement of the thyroid.
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Cushing's Syndrome
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Redistribution of body fat from extremities to the trunk, moon face, elevated cholesterol, diabetes millitus, decreased resistence to infection, acne, euphoria, psychosis
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Addison's Disease
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Decreased secretion within adrenal cortex. Hypotension, hyperpigmented skin, hyponatremia, hypochloremia, hypoglycemia
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Pancreas
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Islets of Langerhans - Alpha(glucogen), Beta(Insulin), and Delta(somatoscagin to decrease insulin and glucogen)
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Diabetes Mellitus
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Chronic metabollic disorder secondary to the body's decreased secretion or sensitivity to insulin
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Type 1 Diabetes
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Early in life
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Type 2 Diabetes
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Begins later in life
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Hypoglycemia
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A deminished concentration of glucose in the blood
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Anemias
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Most common disorder affecting red blood cells that whatever the cause reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
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Granulocytopenia
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neutropenia, low white blood count, decreased resistance to infection
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Thrombocytopenia
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blood condition characterized by an abnormaly low # of platelets
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Sickle cell disease
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Disease of the red blood cells where cells clump together clogging circulation
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Lymphomas
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tumors arising from lymphatic tissue, malignant and fatal if untreated
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Leukemia
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A disease characterized by a proliferation of abnormal white blood cells
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Hemophilia
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inherited deficiency in clotting factors
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Artherosclerosis
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a disease of the arteries characterized by the development of plaque that reduce the flow of blood and weaken the vessel walls. Age and genetics are risk factors
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Embolism
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All or part of the plaque breaks free and travels to a distant site
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Essential Hypertension
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Results from an imbalance between the controlling mechanisms. Cardiac output and total peripheral resistance.
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Raynaud Disease
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Paroxysmal pallor or cyanosis of the hands or feet and infrequently of the tips of the nose or ears.
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Lymphadema
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Edema of the appendages due to impaired flow of lymph
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Aneurysms
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Localized abnormal dialation of an artery. The most common cause is intraluminal pressure
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Varicose veins
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Abnormally dilated, tortuous veins produced by prolonged, increased intraluminal pressure
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Principles of cardiac dysfunction
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Failure of the pump itself, obstruction of flow, regurgitant flow, disorders of cardiac conduction(murmers), disruption of the continuity of the circulatory system(holes)
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Congestive heart failure
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Heart gets injured, adaptations lead to inadequate amount of blood being pumped.
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Ishemic heart disease
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Most often the result of atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries.
