Pathology chapter 4 reiew – Flashcards

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question
What type of cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide?
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Lung (1.3 million deaths per year) cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide & afflicts every 2 out 3 families
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What is the projected amount of deaths from cancer in 2015?
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an estimated 9 million deaths are projected in 2015
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What type of cancer affects fibrous connective tissue?
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sarcoma
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What are cyclins?
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they regulate specific phases of the cell cycle. Also known as cell cycle proteins. If a cell has not completely & accurately replicated its DNA or does not have the full complement of substances required to complete cell division, the cell is either repaired or undergoes cell death
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What are oncogenes?
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occur when a mutated gene expressed at abnormally high levels contributes to converting a normal cell into a cancer cell. Encode for proteins that regulate cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis
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What type of genes are responsible for conversion of oncogenes from proto-oncogenes?
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Derived from proto-oncogenes or growth-promoting genes which are activated by genetic alterations induced by retroviruses.
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What are the leading causes of head and neck cancer
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smoking and chewing tobacco
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What is mesothelioma?
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cancer of the membranes that covers and protects most of the internal organs
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What causes mesothelioma?
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Asbestos exposure
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What are the surgical treatments for breast cancer?
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Treatment of breast cancer depends on the tumor size, stage, as well as patient preferences. Surgical treatment may involve a lumpectomy (surgical removal of a tumor), or mastectomy (surgical removal of the breast) with removal of some of the axillary (underarm) lymph nodes.
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What are the risk factors for ovarian cancer?
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A family history is the single most important risk factor for ovarian cancer. Cancer of the ovary is influenced by hormones and reproductive factors, and the risk is greater among women with a prior history of breast cancer and no history of pregnancy.
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What is needed to make a definitive diagnosis of most cancers including ovarian cancer?
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bronchoscopy provides a tool for obtaining local tissue, or biopsy, for examination under a microscope for assessment of the histology, or cell structural abnormalities
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What is PSA?
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Prostate-specific antigen
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What is PSA used to detect?
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digital rectal examination is the simplest way to detect abnormalities of the prostate gland
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At what age is the risk for testicular cancer the greatest in men?
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65 years & older (Prostate-specific antigen test and digital rectal exam should be offered annually beginning at age 50; men at risk should start testing at age 45)
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What is a seminoma?
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are slow growing tumors and are sensitive to radiation therapy
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What percentage of testicular cancers respond to a combination of radiation, chemo and surgery?
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Approximately 80% with advanced disease respond to all three treatments.
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What are the most common causes of esophageal cancers?
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consumption of tobacco and alcohol, associated with low intake of fresh fruits and vegetables
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What is the most common risk factor for bladder cancer in approximately 65% of males and 30% of females?
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is cigarette smoking
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What is the most common symptom of bladder cancer?
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is hematuria or blood in the urine
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What organism is often associated with fivefold risk for bladder cancer?
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In certain endemic regions infection with a worm, Schistosoma haematobium
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What type of tissue is affected by both Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's disease?
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lymphomas
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What is a distinguishing feature between Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma?
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Distinguished from non-Hodgkin's lymphoma by a particular type of cell termed Reed-Sternberg cell.
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In what condition do you see massive proliferation of immature white blood cells?
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lymphocytic (lymphoid) leukemia
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In what condition do you see proliferation of pigment-producing cells?
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melanoma
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What is the risk factors for thyroid cancer?
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Radiation exposure, iodine deficiency, and radioactive iodine exposure
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From what type of cells are most tumors of the adult central nervous system derived from?
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glial cells
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What is the most common childhood cancer?
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leukemia
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What is a neuroblastoma?
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cancer of the sympathetic nervous system; consists of immature embryonic-like cells
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What is the leading risk factor for prostate cancer?
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Age is the leading risk factor; dietary pattern studies suggest that a diet high in saturated fat is a significant risk factor, whereas ingestion of some micronutrients have a protective effect.
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What types of infectious processes are related to Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's disease?
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infections with EBV, HIV, and chronic exposure to wood or wood products.
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Where do the majority of most melanomas appear on men and women?
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men appear on the back, while in women the majority appear on the legs
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When do headaches usually occur in patients with brain tumors?
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when the tumor infiltrates the meninges or membranes covering the brain
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What is a craniotomy?
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Surgical removal of the tumor
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Why are craniotomies done?
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the tumor may be surgically removed by use of a laser by temporarily removing a flap of bone
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What is the most common sign of uterine cancer?
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metrorrhagia or uterine bleeding especially after menopause
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What is Wilm's tumor?
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adenosarcoma, a malignant tumor of the kidney pelvis that develops in children, usually diagnosed between the ages 2 and 5.
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In what type of patient is Wilm's tumor commonly seen?
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children between the ages of birth and 14 years old
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What is rhabdomyosarcoma?
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a malignant tumor of skeletal muscle; the tumor requires surgical removal and the prognosis is poor, metastasizes early and is usually an advanced malignancy when it is diagnosed
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Annual mammography should be done how often for women over the age of 40?
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annual breast exam; monthly self-breast examination
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The American Cancer Society recommends what test yearly, and what test every five years for the detection of colon or rectal cancer for person with no symptoms?
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fecal occult blood test every years or flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years; combined testing every 5 years is preferred over annual tests
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A cancer related checkup is recommended every 3 years for individuals of what age?
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for people aged 20 to 39 and every year for people 40 and older
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What is neoplasia?
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uncontrolled growth of cells (new growth)
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What is carcinogenesis?
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the development of cancer, is a multi-step process that involves a complex sequence of genetic mutations
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What leads to the conversion of a normal cell to a malignant cell?
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oncogenes, occur when a mutated gene expressed at abnormally high levels contributes to converting a normal cell into a cancer cell
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What is another term for population based studies of cancer rates?
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epidemiology used in conjunction with in vitro or laboratory findings to understand the causes of human cancer; provides measures of cancer rates in relation to people and their environment
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BRCA1
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breast cancer 1, early onset; gene belongs to a family of genes called RNF (RING-type zinc fingers). breast, ovary
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BRCA2
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breast cancer 2, early onset; gene belongs to a family of genes called FANC (Fanconi anemia, complementation groups)
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What are some of the common causes of liver cancer?
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alcohol, HBV, HCV
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What organism has been linked to a stomach cancer?
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infectious bacterium helicobacter pylori triggers cell proliferation with chronic gastritis, and ulceration is also considered a risk factor
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TX
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primary tumor discovered by the detection of malignant cells in secretions or cell washing but not directly visualized
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T0
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no evidence of primary tumor
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Tis
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Tumor (carcinoma) in situ
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T1
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Tumor is 2cm or less at largest dimension
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T2
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Tumor is larger than 2 cm at largest dimension
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T3
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Tumor directly invades surrounding tissue
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T4
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Tumor invades surrounding tissue and adjacent structures, such as blood vessels or bone
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NX
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Unable to assess nodes
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N0
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No regional lymph node metastasis
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N1
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Metastasis to ipsilateral nodes or direct extension nodes
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N2
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Metastasis to contralateral notes
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MX
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Distant metastasis cannot be assessed
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M0
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No distant metastasis
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M1
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Distant metastasis confirmed
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RX
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Unable to assess residual tumor
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R0
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No residual tumor
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R1
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Microscopic residual tumor - under a microscope
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R2
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Macroscope residual tumor - can visually see cancer
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classification of carcinoma cancer
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epithelial cells
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classification of sarcoma cancer
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connective tissue
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classification of mixed cancer
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epithelial and connective tissue
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classification of lymphoma cancer
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lymphoid tissue
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classification of leukemia
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white blood cells
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classification of melanoma cancer
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melanin
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four factors regulate cell growth
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growth factors growth inhibitors cell cycle proteins (called cyclins) apoptosis
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DNA repair genes
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(caretaker genes) are responsible for the repair of errors in normal DNA replication
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Diet and Obesity
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largest contributor to cancer deaths after smoking
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