Pathology chapter 4 reiew – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
What type of cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide?
answer
Lung (1.3 million deaths per year) cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide & afflicts every 2 out 3 families
question
What is the projected amount of deaths from cancer in 2015?
answer
an estimated 9 million deaths are projected in 2015
question
What type of cancer affects fibrous connective tissue?
answer
sarcoma
question
What are cyclins?
answer
they regulate specific phases of the cell cycle. Also known as cell cycle proteins. If a cell has not completely & accurately replicated its DNA or does not have the full complement of substances required to complete cell division, the cell is either repaired or undergoes cell death
question
What are oncogenes?
answer
occur when a mutated gene expressed at abnormally high levels contributes to converting a normal cell into a cancer cell. Encode for proteins that regulate cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis
question
What type of genes are responsible for conversion of oncogenes from proto-oncogenes?
answer
Derived from proto-oncogenes or growth-promoting genes which are activated by genetic alterations induced by retroviruses.
question
What are the leading causes of head and neck cancer
answer
smoking and chewing tobacco
question
What is mesothelioma?
answer
cancer of the membranes that covers and protects most of the internal organs
question
What causes mesothelioma?
answer
Asbestos exposure
question
What are the surgical treatments for breast cancer?
answer
Treatment of breast cancer depends on the tumor size, stage, as well as patient preferences. Surgical treatment may involve a lumpectomy (surgical removal of a tumor), or mastectomy (surgical removal of the breast) with removal of some of the axillary (underarm) lymph nodes.
question
What are the risk factors for ovarian cancer?
answer
A family history is the single most important risk factor for ovarian cancer. Cancer of the ovary is influenced by hormones and reproductive factors, and the risk is greater among women with a prior history of breast cancer and no history of pregnancy.
question
What is needed to make a definitive diagnosis of most cancers including ovarian cancer?
answer
bronchoscopy provides a tool for obtaining local tissue, or biopsy, for examination under a microscope for assessment of the histology, or cell structural abnormalities
question
What is PSA?
answer
Prostate-specific antigen
question
What is PSA used to detect?
answer
digital rectal examination is the simplest way to detect abnormalities of the prostate gland
question
At what age is the risk for testicular cancer the greatest in men?
answer
65 years & older (Prostate-specific antigen test and digital rectal exam should be offered annually beginning at age 50; men at risk should start testing at age 45)
question
What is a seminoma?
answer
are slow growing tumors and are sensitive to radiation therapy
question
What percentage of testicular cancers respond to a combination of radiation, chemo and surgery?
answer
Approximately 80% with advanced disease respond to all three treatments.
question
What are the most common causes of esophageal cancers?
answer
consumption of tobacco and alcohol, associated with low intake of fresh fruits and vegetables
question
What is the most common risk factor for bladder cancer in approximately 65% of males and 30% of females?
answer
is cigarette smoking
question
What is the most common symptom of bladder cancer?
answer
is hematuria or blood in the urine
question
What organism is often associated with fivefold risk for bladder cancer?
answer
In certain endemic regions infection with a worm, Schistosoma haematobium
question
What type of tissue is affected by both Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's disease?
answer
lymphomas
question
What is a distinguishing feature between Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma?
answer
Distinguished from non-Hodgkin's lymphoma by a particular type of cell termed Reed-Sternberg cell.
question
In what condition do you see massive proliferation of immature white blood cells?
answer
lymphocytic (lymphoid) leukemia
question
In what condition do you see proliferation of pigment-producing cells?
answer
melanoma
question
What is the risk factors for thyroid cancer?
answer
Radiation exposure, iodine deficiency, and radioactive iodine exposure
question
From what type of cells are most tumors of the adult central nervous system derived from?
answer
glial cells
question
What is the most common childhood cancer?
answer
leukemia
question
What is a neuroblastoma?
answer
cancer of the sympathetic nervous system; consists of immature embryonic-like cells
question
What is the leading risk factor for prostate cancer?
answer
Age is the leading risk factor; dietary pattern studies suggest that a diet high in saturated fat is a significant risk factor, whereas ingestion of some micronutrients have a protective effect.
question
What types of infectious processes are related to Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's disease?
answer
infections with EBV, HIV, and chronic exposure to wood or wood products.
question
Where do the majority of most melanomas appear on men and women?
answer
men appear on the back, while in women the majority appear on the legs
question
When do headaches usually occur in patients with brain tumors?
answer
when the tumor infiltrates the meninges or membranes covering the brain
question
What is a craniotomy?
answer
Surgical removal of the tumor
question
Why are craniotomies done?
answer
the tumor may be surgically removed by use of a laser by temporarily removing a flap of bone
question
What is the most common sign of uterine cancer?
answer
metrorrhagia or uterine bleeding especially after menopause
question
What is Wilm's tumor?
answer
adenosarcoma, a malignant tumor of the kidney pelvis that develops in children, usually diagnosed between the ages 2 and 5.
question
In what type of patient is Wilm's tumor commonly seen?
answer
children between the ages of birth and 14 years old
question
What is rhabdomyosarcoma?
answer
a malignant tumor of skeletal muscle; the tumor requires surgical removal and the prognosis is poor, metastasizes early and is usually an advanced malignancy when it is diagnosed
question
Annual mammography should be done how often for women over the age of 40?
answer
annual breast exam; monthly self-breast examination
question
The American Cancer Society recommends what test yearly, and what test every five years for the detection of colon or rectal cancer for person with no symptoms?
answer
fecal occult blood test every years or flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years; combined testing every 5 years is preferred over annual tests
question
A cancer related checkup is recommended every 3 years for individuals of what age?
answer
for people aged 20 to 39 and every year for people 40 and older
question
What is neoplasia?
answer
uncontrolled growth of cells (new growth)
question
What is carcinogenesis?
answer
the development of cancer, is a multi-step process that involves a complex sequence of genetic mutations
question
What leads to the conversion of a normal cell to a malignant cell?
answer
oncogenes, occur when a mutated gene expressed at abnormally high levels contributes to converting a normal cell into a cancer cell
question
What is another term for population based studies of cancer rates?
answer
epidemiology used in conjunction with in vitro or laboratory findings to understand the causes of human cancer; provides measures of cancer rates in relation to people and their environment
question
BRCA1
answer
breast cancer 1, early onset; gene belongs to a family of genes called RNF (RING-type zinc fingers). breast, ovary
question
BRCA2
answer
breast cancer 2, early onset; gene belongs to a family of genes called FANC (Fanconi anemia, complementation groups)
question
What are some of the common causes of liver cancer?
answer
alcohol, HBV, HCV
question
What organism has been linked to a stomach cancer?
answer
infectious bacterium helicobacter pylori triggers cell proliferation with chronic gastritis, and ulceration is also considered a risk factor
question
TX
answer
primary tumor discovered by the detection of malignant cells in secretions or cell washing but not directly visualized
question
T0
answer
no evidence of primary tumor
question
Tis
answer
Tumor (carcinoma) in situ
question
T1
answer
Tumor is 2cm or less at largest dimension
question
T2
answer
Tumor is larger than 2 cm at largest dimension
question
T3
answer
Tumor directly invades surrounding tissue
question
T4
answer
Tumor invades surrounding tissue and adjacent structures, such as blood vessels or bone
question
NX
answer
Unable to assess nodes
question
N0
answer
No regional lymph node metastasis
question
N1
answer
Metastasis to ipsilateral nodes or direct extension nodes
question
N2
answer
Metastasis to contralateral notes
question
MX
answer
Distant metastasis cannot be assessed
question
M0
answer
No distant metastasis
question
M1
answer
Distant metastasis confirmed
question
RX
answer
Unable to assess residual tumor
question
R0
answer
No residual tumor
question
R1
answer
Microscopic residual tumor - under a microscope
question
R2
answer
Macroscope residual tumor - can visually see cancer
question
classification of carcinoma cancer
answer
epithelial cells
question
classification of sarcoma cancer
answer
connective tissue
question
classification of mixed cancer
answer
epithelial and connective tissue
question
classification of lymphoma cancer
answer
lymphoid tissue
question
classification of leukemia
answer
white blood cells
question
classification of melanoma cancer
answer
melanin
question
four factors regulate cell growth
answer
growth factors growth inhibitors cell cycle proteins (called cyclins) apoptosis
question
DNA repair genes
answer
(caretaker genes) are responsible for the repair of errors in normal DNA replication
question
Diet and Obesity
answer
largest contributor to cancer deaths after smoking
