Pathogenic Microorganisms – Flashcards

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Ricksettia
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gram negative rods

obligate intracellular parasites

transmitted by insect bites

illnesses common in Southwest US

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Bartonella henselae
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Cat Scratch Fever

normal flora in cat intestines

serious infection - high fever

gram negative rods

direct contact or fleas

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Brucella
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small gram negative rods

causes  "undulant fever"

(undulant - comes and goes)

can become airborne

*potential for bioterrorism

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Bordetella pertussis
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Whooping Cough

gram negative rods

vaccine DPT

forms a membrane in the throat

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Neisseria
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gram negative diplococci

normal flora of mucus membranes

 

N. gonorrheae - gonorrhea

N. meninginitidis - meningitis

 

*N. gonorrheae has protein Opa that binds to CD4 lymphocytes and prevents the production of memory cells and immunity

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Francisella tularensis
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tularemia

transmitted by rodents - rabbits, squirrels, hamsters, etc. - bite

infect lymph nodes

can multiply in macrophages

(macrophages in tissue fluid)

difficult to treat

*potential for bioterrorism

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Pseudomonas
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gram negative motile rods

can grow in water, on soap, in bottle caps

can grow in refrigerator

common nosocomial infection

can produce a blue-green pigment that smells like grapes

antibiotic resistant - gentamycin

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Legionella pneumophilia
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gram negative rods

Legionnaires' disease - high fever ; pneumonia

reproduce in aquatic amoebae

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Vibrio
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slightly curved gram negative rods

found in salt or brackish water

V. cholera - cholera - very watery stools with intestinal mucus - "rice water" stools - dehydration ; death

V. parahemoliticus - gastroenteritis from raw oysters, shrimp, and crabs

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Escherichia coli
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inhabits mammalian interstinal tract

wound infections ; UTI

;O157:H7 - causes diarrhea and produces a toxin that can shut down the kidneys

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Salmonella enterica
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-2400 serovars

-found in intestinal tracts of poultry ; cattle, found in reptiles

-can get inside plants we eat

-causes bloody diarrhea

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Salmonella typhi
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-causes typhoid fever

-high fever ; headache

-can infect the liver ; spleen

-some people become carriers (Typhoid Mary)

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Shigella
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-spread from person to person

-found on fresh unwashed fruit

-causes dysentery

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Klebsiella pneumoniae
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-can cause pneumonia

-commonly causes UTI

(bladder infection - cystitis

kidney infection - pyelonephritis)

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Serratia
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-grows in saline

-responsible for many nosocomial infections

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Proteus
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-many flagella

-swarming growth on media

-normal intestinal flora

-UTI ; wound infections

-smells like chocolate cake

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Enterobacter
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-gram negative

-live everywhere

-causes UTIs

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Pasturella multocida
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-wound infection from cat bites

-requires IV antibiotics

-causes cellulitis

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Haemophilus
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-needs chocolate (hemolyzed blood) agar to grow in the lab

-very pathogenic

-smells mousey

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Haemophilus influenza
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-meningitis, ear infection, epiglotitis, pneumonia
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Haemophilus ducreyi
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-STD "chancroid"
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Haemophilus ageptycus
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-pink eye
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Camphylobacter jejunii
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-found in poultry

-must be incubated at 42 degrees Celsius

-causes gastroenteritis

-high fever

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Helicobacter spp.

Helicobacter pylori

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-causes peptic ulcers and stomach cancer
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Clostridium
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-spore forming anaerobes

-spores can live in the soil for years

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C. tetani - tetanus (lockjaw)

C. botulinum - botulism

C. perfringens - gas gangrene

C. difficil;- antibiotic resistant, normal intestinal flora, when antibiotics kill all good flora it takes over, often a nosocomial infection

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Bacillus spp.
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gram positive rods

are everywhere

two are pathogens-

B. cereus (food poisoning)

B.antracis (anthrax)

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Bacillus antracis;
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CDC must be notified

Three types of anthrax:

-Cutaneous (skin)

-Gastrointestinal

-Pulmonary

(if not treated can lead to septicemia - death rate 100%)

*potential for bioterror

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Staphylococcus aureus
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-gram positive cocci

-grows in grape-like clusters

-yellow colonies

-can grow in salty meats

-grows in ocean

-produces toxins

-MRSA (pg 422)

-causes wound infections, food poisoning, toxic shock syndrome

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Streptococcus
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gram positive cocci

-grows in chains

-two important types:

Beta hemolytic

Alpha hemolytic

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Streptococcus - beta hemolytic
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form a clear zone around the colony when grown on blood agar

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-Groups A-O

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Streptococcus - beta hemolytic - Group A -

Streptococcus pyogenes

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;

has M protein on surface that helps it avoid phagocytosis

causes most variety of diseases:

sore throats

scarlet fever

rheumantic fever (affects joints ; heart)

impetigo

necrotizing fascitis - painful infection that can consume an inch of tissue an hour

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Streptococcus - beta hemolytic - Group B

-;;Streptococcus agalactiae

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;

;

-causes newborn sepsis

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Streptococcus -;alpha hemolytic
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-forms a green zone around colony on blood agar

-Streptococcus mutans: causes dental caries

-Streptococcus pneumoniae: causes pneumonia ; meningitis in children

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Lactobacillus acidophilus
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-used in food production

- yogurt

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Enterococcus
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gram positive

live in GI tract, mouth ; vagina

causes UTIs ; wound infections

frequently cause nosocomial infections

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Listeria monocytogenes
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grows in soft cheeses ; deli meats

withstands refrigeration

should not be eated by pregnant women

can cause stillbirth

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Mycoplasma pneumoniae
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-lack a cell wall

-require a media with horse serum and yeast extract to grow in lab

-colonies have a "fried egg" appearance

-treated with tetracycline

-causes pneumonia

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Mycobacterium
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-resist gram stain because they have waxy cells

-cells have mycolic acid

-require acid fast stain (carbolfuchsin)

M. tuberculosis - tuberculosis

M. leprae -leprosy

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Corynebacterium diphtheriae
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-morphology: palisades pattern

-gram positive rods

-has metachromatic granules

-closes off throat with membrane

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Propionibacterium acnes
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-some causes of acne

-gram positive rods

-treated with tetracycline

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Gardnerella vaginalis
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-gram variable

-causes vaginitis

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Chlamydiae

-Chlamydia trachomatis

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-gram negative

-causes nongonococcal urethritis

-most common STD!!!

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Spirochaetes
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coiled gram negative

move using axial filaments

Treponema pallidum - syphilis

Borrelia spp. - Lyme disease

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Bacteroides
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gram negative anaerobes

live in the intestines

cause wound infections ; peritonitis

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Fusobacterium
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spindle shaped

live in the mouth

can cause dental abscesses

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Yersinia pestis
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-carried by rats and fleas in the Southwest

-causes plague


Bubonic - infects lymph system, forms bubos

Septicimic - bacteria live in the blood

Pneumonic - infects lungs - 100% fatal

;

-weapon of bioterror

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Ricksettia prowozekii
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-;gram negative rods

- spread by lice

- typhus (fever ; rash)


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Ricksettia typhi;
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-;gram negative rods

- spread by fleas

- murine typhus


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Ricksettia rickettsii
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-;gram negative rods

;- spread by ticks

- Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

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Nesseria gonorrheae
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gram negative diplococci

normal flora of mucus membranes

;

;- gonorrhea

;

*has protein Opa that binds to CD4 lymphocytes and prevents the production of memory cells and immunity

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Nesseria meninginitidis
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gram negative diplococci

normal flora of mucus membranes

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- meningitis (usually in adults)

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Vibrio cholera;
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slightly curved gram negative rods

found in salt or brackish water

- cholera

- very watery stools with intestinal mucus

- "rice water" stools

- dehydration ; death


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Vibrio parahemoliticus
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slightly curved gram negative rods

found in salt or brackish water

;- gastroenteritis from raw oysters, shrimp, and crabs

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Clostridium tetani
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-spore forming anaerobes

-spores can live in the soil for years

;

-;tetanus (lockjaw)


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Clostridium botulinum;
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;

-spore forming anaerobes

-spores can live in the soil for years

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- botulism


;

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Clostridium perfringens
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;

-spore forming anaerobes

-spores can live in the soil for years

;

;

;-;gas gangrene


;

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Clostridium difficil
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;

-spore forming anaerobes

-spores can live in the soil for years

;

- antibiotic resistant, normal intestinal flora, when antibiotics kill all good flora it takes over, often a nosocomial infection

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Bacillus;cereus;
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gram positive rods

-;food poisoning


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Streptococcus mutans
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-forms a green zone around colony on blood agar

-;causes dental caries

;

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Streptococcus pneumoniae
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-forms a green zone around colony on blood agar

;

-causes pneumonia ; meningitis in children

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Microbacterium tuberculosis;
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-resist gram stain because they have waxy cells

-cells have mycolic acid

-require acid fast stain (carbolfuchsin)

- tuberculosis


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Microbacterium leprae
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-resist gram stain because they have waxy cells

-cells have mycolic acid

-require acid fast stain (carbolfuchsin)

;-leprosy

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Treponema pallidum
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coiled gram negative

move using axial filaments

;- syphilis


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Borrelia spp.
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coiled gram negative

move using axial filaments

;- Lyme disease

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Histoplasma capsulatum
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Histoplasmosis

lung disease that can become systemic

found in the Mississippi River Valley

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Coccidioides immitus
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Coccidioidomycosis

lung/systemic infection

found in the Southwest

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Rhizopus
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-black bread mold

-opportuistic systemic mycosis

(opportunistic - when immune system is compromised)

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Mucor
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-opportunistic systemic mycosis

(opportunistic - when immune system is compromised)

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common culprits of dermatomycoses
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Trichophyton

Microsporum

Epidermophyton

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Algae - Alexandrium
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-causes paralytic shellfish poisoning

-humans can get PSP by eating mollusks harvested during a red tide

-causes neurological systems

-lives in the ocean

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protozoa - Trichomonas vaginalis
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-has an undulating membrane

-STD

-causes trichomoniasis of the vagina or male urethra

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protozoa - Giardia lambia
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-intestinal parasite

-diarrhea

-forms cysts

-ID by cysts in feces

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protozoa - Entamoeba histolytica
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-very common worldwide

-forms cysts

-causes diarrhea

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protozoa - Plasmodium
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-causes malaria

-4 species, infect liver ; red cells;

-fevers come in waves with multiples of 25 hrs between them

-transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito

-mosquito is the definitive host, sexual reproduction takes place here

-humans are intermediate hosts where fission occurs

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protozoa - species of Plasmodium
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P. falciparum

P. vivax

P. ovale

P. malariae

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protozoa - Babesia
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-transmitted by the Ixodes scapularis tick

-causes babesiosis

-anemia

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protozoa - Balantidium coli
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-have cilia

-causes severe dysentery

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Paragonimus westermani
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trematode (fluke) that infects the lungs worldwide
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Schistosoma spp.
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trematode (fluke) that infects the blood worldwide
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Taenia saginata
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-beef tapeworm

-humans are the definitive host

-can grow up to 6 meters

-we excrete mature proglottids

-form cysticerci in beef muscle

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Taenia solium
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-pork tapeworm

-humans are the definitive host

-from undercooked pork

-found in Latin America, Asia, Africa

-in the US pigs do not harbor cysts

-in US transmission is from person to person when we shed the eggs

-then we are the intermediate hosts and cysts can form

-cysticercosis - can infect the brain

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Echinococcus granulosus
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-tapeworm

-humans are the intermediate host (harbor the cysts)

-a few mm long in the definite hosts, dogs ; coyotes

-sheep ; deer can be intermediate hosts too

-form hydatid cysts in our liver, lungs, or brain

-cysts may contain up to 4 liters of fluid

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Enterobius vermicularis
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-roundworm

-pin worm

-eggs are infective

-entire life cycle is in humans

-diagnosed with cellophane tape on the anus in the morning

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Ascaris lumbricoides
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-roundworm

-eggs are infective

-infects ;1 billion people

-worm lives in small intestines

-eggs hatch

-larvae enter the blood and go to the lungs where they are coughed up and swallowed

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Necator americanus
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-roundworm

-hookworm

-larva are infective

-larva live in soil and penetrate the soles of feet

-travels in blood to the lungs

-coughed up and swallowed

-hookworm lives in intestines

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Parvovirus
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Fifth disease - Erythema infectiosum

mild flu-like symptoms with a "slapped cheek" rash

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Papillomavirus
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warts, cervical cancer
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Variola
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smallpox
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Varicella
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Chickenpox

can become latent - shingles

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Herpes Simplex
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(can become latent)

HSV-1: fever blisters

HSV-2: genital herpes

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Rubeola
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measles
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Rubella
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German measles
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Rhinovirus
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common cold
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Hepatitis
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Inflammation of the liver

Subspecies A,B,C,D,E,F

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Hantavirus
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from rodents

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

Often lethal

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prions - diseases
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mad cow disease

Crutzfeldt-Jacob Disease (CJD)

Kuru - causes trembling, death, from eating human brain

scrapie - a fatal degenerative disease of the central nervous system of sheep ; goats

fatal familial insomnia

Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Syndrome - inherited progressive dementia

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