Pathogenic Microorganisms – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersRicksettia |
gram negative rods obligate intracellular parasites transmitted by insect bites illnesses common in Southwest US |
Bartonella henselae |
Cat Scratch Fever normal flora in cat intestines serious infection - high fever gram negative rods direct contact or fleas |
Brucella |
small gram negative rods causes "undulant fever" (undulant - comes and goes) can become airborne *potential for bioterrorism |
Bordetella pertussis |
Whooping Cough gram negative rods vaccine DPT forms a membrane in the throat |
Neisseria |
gram negative diplococci normal flora of mucus membranes
N. gonorrheae - gonorrhea N. meninginitidis - meningitis
*N. gonorrheae has protein Opa that binds to CD4 lymphocytes and prevents the production of memory cells and immunity |
Francisella tularensis |
tularemia transmitted by rodents - rabbits, squirrels, hamsters, etc. - bite infect lymph nodes can multiply in macrophages (macrophages in tissue fluid) difficult to treat *potential for bioterrorism |
Pseudomonas |
gram negative motile rods can grow in water, on soap, in bottle caps can grow in refrigerator common nosocomial infection can produce a blue-green pigment that smells like grapes antibiotic resistant - gentamycin |
Legionella pneumophilia |
gram negative rods Legionnaires' disease - high fever ; pneumonia reproduce in aquatic amoebae |
Vibrio |
slightly curved gram negative rods found in salt or brackish water V. cholera - cholera - very watery stools with intestinal mucus - "rice water" stools - dehydration ; death V. parahemoliticus - gastroenteritis from raw oysters, shrimp, and crabs |
Escherichia coli |
inhabits mammalian interstinal tract wound infections ; UTI ;O157:H7 - causes diarrhea and produces a toxin that can shut down the kidneys |
Salmonella enterica |
-2400 serovars -found in intestinal tracts of poultry ; cattle, found in reptiles -can get inside plants we eat -causes bloody diarrhea |
Salmonella typhi |
-causes typhoid fever -high fever ; headache -can infect the liver ; spleen -some people become carriers (Typhoid Mary) |
Shigella |
-spread from person to person -found on fresh unwashed fruit -causes dysentery |
Klebsiella pneumoniae |
-can cause pneumonia -commonly causes UTI (bladder infection - cystitis kidney infection - pyelonephritis) |
Serratia |
-grows in saline -responsible for many nosocomial infections |
Proteus |
-many flagella -swarming growth on media -normal intestinal flora -UTI ; wound infections -smells like chocolate cake |
Enterobacter |
-gram negative -live everywhere -causes UTIs |
Pasturella multocida |
-wound infection from cat bites -requires IV antibiotics -causes cellulitis |
Haemophilus |
-needs chocolate (hemolyzed blood) agar to grow in the lab -very pathogenic -smells mousey |
Haemophilus influenza |
-meningitis, ear infection, epiglotitis, pneumonia |
Haemophilus ducreyi |
-STD "chancroid" |
Haemophilus ageptycus |
-pink eye |
Camphylobacter jejunii |
-found in poultry -must be incubated at 42 degrees Celsius -causes gastroenteritis -high fever |
Helicobacter spp. Helicobacter pylori |
-causes peptic ulcers and stomach cancer |
Clostridium |
-spore forming anaerobes -spores can live in the soil for years ; C. tetani - tetanus (lockjaw) C. botulinum - botulism C. perfringens - gas gangrene C. difficil;- antibiotic resistant, normal intestinal flora, when antibiotics kill all good flora it takes over, often a nosocomial infection |
Bacillus spp. |
gram positive rods are everywhere two are pathogens- B. cereus (food poisoning) B.antracis (anthrax) |
Bacillus antracis; |
CDC must be notified Three types of anthrax: -Cutaneous (skin) -Gastrointestinal -Pulmonary (if not treated can lead to septicemia - death rate 100%) *potential for bioterror |
Staphylococcus aureus |
-gram positive cocci -grows in grape-like clusters -yellow colonies -can grow in salty meats -grows in ocean -produces toxins -MRSA (pg 422) -causes wound infections, food poisoning, toxic shock syndrome |
Streptococcus |
gram positive cocci -grows in chains -two important types: Beta hemolytic Alpha hemolytic |
Streptococcus - beta hemolytic |
form a clear zone around the colony when grown on blood agar ; -Groups A-O |
Streptococcus - beta hemolytic - Group A - Streptococcus pyogenes |
; has M protein on surface that helps it avoid phagocytosis causes most variety of diseases: sore throats scarlet fever rheumantic fever (affects joints ; heart) impetigo necrotizing fascitis - painful infection that can consume an inch of tissue an hour |
Streptococcus - beta hemolytic - Group B -;;Streptococcus agalactiae |
; ; -causes newborn sepsis |
Streptococcus -;alpha hemolytic |
-forms a green zone around colony on blood agar -Streptococcus mutans: causes dental caries -Streptococcus pneumoniae: causes pneumonia ; meningitis in children |
Lactobacillus acidophilus |
-used in food production - yogurt |
Enterococcus |
gram positive live in GI tract, mouth ; vagina causes UTIs ; wound infections frequently cause nosocomial infections |
Listeria monocytogenes |
grows in soft cheeses ; deli meats withstands refrigeration should not be eated by pregnant women can cause stillbirth |
Mycoplasma pneumoniae |
-lack a cell wall -require a media with horse serum and yeast extract to grow in lab -colonies have a "fried egg" appearance -treated with tetracycline -causes pneumonia |
Mycobacterium |
-resist gram stain because they have waxy cells -cells have mycolic acid -require acid fast stain (carbolfuchsin) M. tuberculosis - tuberculosis M. leprae -leprosy |
Corynebacterium diphtheriae |
-morphology: palisades pattern -gram positive rods -has metachromatic granules -closes off throat with membrane |
Propionibacterium acnes |
-some causes of acne -gram positive rods -treated with tetracycline |
Gardnerella vaginalis |
-gram variable -causes vaginitis |
Chlamydiae -Chlamydia trachomatis |
-gram negative -causes nongonococcal urethritis -most common STD!!! |
Spirochaetes |
coiled gram negative move using axial filaments Treponema pallidum - syphilis Borrelia spp. - Lyme disease |
Bacteroides |
gram negative anaerobes live in the intestines cause wound infections ; peritonitis |
Fusobacterium |
spindle shaped live in the mouth can cause dental abscesses |
Yersinia pestis |
-carried by rats and fleas in the Southwest -causes plague Bubonic - infects lymph system, forms bubos Septicimic - bacteria live in the blood Pneumonic - infects lungs - 100% fatal ; -weapon of bioterror |
Ricksettia prowozekii |
-;gram negative rods - spread by lice - typhus (fever ; rash) |
Ricksettia typhi; |
-;gram negative rods - spread by fleas - murine typhus |
Ricksettia rickettsii |
-;gram negative rods ;- spread by ticks - Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever |
Nesseria gonorrheae |
gram negative diplococci normal flora of mucus membranes ; ;- gonorrhea ; *has protein Opa that binds to CD4 lymphocytes and prevents the production of memory cells and immunity |
Nesseria meninginitidis |
gram negative diplococci normal flora of mucus membranes ; - meningitis (usually in adults) |
Vibrio cholera; |
slightly curved gram negative rods found in salt or brackish water - cholera - very watery stools with intestinal mucus - "rice water" stools - dehydration ; death |
Vibrio parahemoliticus |
slightly curved gram negative rods found in salt or brackish water ;- gastroenteritis from raw oysters, shrimp, and crabs |
Clostridium tetani |
-spore forming anaerobes -spores can live in the soil for years ; -;tetanus (lockjaw) |
Clostridium botulinum; |
; -spore forming anaerobes -spores can live in the soil for years ; - botulism ; |
Clostridium perfringens |
; -spore forming anaerobes -spores can live in the soil for years ; ; ;-;gas gangrene ; |
Clostridium difficil |
; -spore forming anaerobes -spores can live in the soil for years ; - antibiotic resistant, normal intestinal flora, when antibiotics kill all good flora it takes over, often a nosocomial infection |
Bacillus;cereus; |
gram positive rods -;food poisoning |
Streptococcus mutans |
-forms a green zone around colony on blood agar -;causes dental caries ; |
Streptococcus pneumoniae |
-forms a green zone around colony on blood agar ; -causes pneumonia ; meningitis in children |
Microbacterium tuberculosis; |
-resist gram stain because they have waxy cells -cells have mycolic acid -require acid fast stain (carbolfuchsin) - tuberculosis |
Microbacterium leprae |
-resist gram stain because they have waxy cells -cells have mycolic acid -require acid fast stain (carbolfuchsin) ;-leprosy |
Treponema pallidum |
coiled gram negative move using axial filaments ;- syphilis |
Borrelia spp. |
coiled gram negative move using axial filaments ;- Lyme disease |
Histoplasma capsulatum |
Histoplasmosis lung disease that can become systemic found in the Mississippi River Valley |
Coccidioides immitus |
Coccidioidomycosis lung/systemic infection found in the Southwest |
Rhizopus |
-black bread mold -opportuistic systemic mycosis (opportunistic - when immune system is compromised) |
Mucor |
-opportunistic systemic mycosis (opportunistic - when immune system is compromised) |
common culprits of dermatomycoses |
Trichophyton Microsporum Epidermophyton |
Algae - Alexandrium |
-causes paralytic shellfish poisoning -humans can get PSP by eating mollusks harvested during a red tide -causes neurological systems -lives in the ocean |
protozoa - Trichomonas vaginalis |
-has an undulating membrane -STD -causes trichomoniasis of the vagina or male urethra |
protozoa - Giardia lambia |
-intestinal parasite -diarrhea -forms cysts -ID by cysts in feces |
protozoa - Entamoeba histolytica |
-very common worldwide -forms cysts -causes diarrhea |
protozoa - Plasmodium |
-causes malaria -4 species, infect liver ; red cells; -fevers come in waves with multiples of 25 hrs between them -transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito -mosquito is the definitive host, sexual reproduction takes place here -humans are intermediate hosts where fission occurs |
protozoa - species of Plasmodium |
P. falciparum P. vivax P. ovale P. malariae ; |
protozoa - Babesia |
-transmitted by the Ixodes scapularis tick -causes babesiosis -anemia |
protozoa - Balantidium coli |
-have cilia -causes severe dysentery |
Paragonimus westermani |
trematode (fluke) that infects the lungs worldwide |
Schistosoma spp. |
trematode (fluke) that infects the blood worldwide |
Taenia saginata |
-beef tapeworm -humans are the definitive host -can grow up to 6 meters -we excrete mature proglottids -form cysticerci in beef muscle ; |
Taenia solium |
-pork tapeworm -humans are the definitive host -from undercooked pork -found in Latin America, Asia, Africa -in the US pigs do not harbor cysts -in US transmission is from person to person when we shed the eggs -then we are the intermediate hosts and cysts can form -cysticercosis - can infect the brain |
Echinococcus granulosus |
-tapeworm -humans are the intermediate host (harbor the cysts) -a few mm long in the definite hosts, dogs ; coyotes -sheep ; deer can be intermediate hosts too -form hydatid cysts in our liver, lungs, or brain -cysts may contain up to 4 liters of fluid |
Enterobius vermicularis |
-roundworm -pin worm -eggs are infective -entire life cycle is in humans -diagnosed with cellophane tape on the anus in the morning |
Ascaris lumbricoides |
-roundworm -eggs are infective -infects ;1 billion people -worm lives in small intestines -eggs hatch -larvae enter the blood and go to the lungs where they are coughed up and swallowed |
Necator americanus |
-roundworm -hookworm -larva are infective -larva live in soil and penetrate the soles of feet -travels in blood to the lungs -coughed up and swallowed -hookworm lives in intestines |
Parvovirus |
Fifth disease - Erythema infectiosum mild flu-like symptoms with a "slapped cheek" rash |
Papillomavirus |
warts, cervical cancer |
Variola |
smallpox |
Varicella |
Chickenpox can become latent - shingles |
Herpes Simplex |
(can become latent) HSV-1: fever blisters HSV-2: genital herpes |
Rubeola |
measles |
Rubella |
German measles |
Rhinovirus |
common cold |
Hepatitis |
Inflammation of the liver Subspecies A,B,C,D,E,F |
Hantavirus |
from rodents Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome Often lethal |
prions - diseases |
mad cow disease Crutzfeldt-Jacob Disease (CJD) Kuru - causes trembling, death, from eating human brain scrapie - a fatal degenerative disease of the central nervous system of sheep ; goats fatal familial insomnia Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Syndrome - inherited progressive dementia |