patho- urinary system – Flashcards

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question
which of the following structures is most likely to be located in the renal medulla?
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loop of henle
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which of the following is NOT a function of the kidney?
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production of albumin
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which of the following describes the correct flow of blood in the kidney?
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afferent arteriole to the glomerular capillaries to the efferent arteriole
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which of the following describes the flow of filtrate in the kidney?
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bowman's capsule to the proximal convoluted tubule to the loop of henle
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which of the following describes the normal flow of urine?
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collecting duct to the renal pelvis to the ureter to the bladder
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which statement about the bladder is true?
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three openings from the urinary bladder form the trigone
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which of the following increases glomerular filtration rate?
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increased hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries
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normally, which of the following is reabsorbed completely from the filtrate?
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glucose
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which substance directly controls the reabsorption of water from the collecting ducts?
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antidiuretic hormone
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under what circumstances do cells in the kidneys secrete renin?
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blood flow in the afferent arteriole decreases
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which of the following should be present in the filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule?
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sodium and potassium ions
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from the following, choose the substance likely to appear in the urine when the glomerulus is inflamed
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albumin
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which of the following functions would be impaired when tubular epithelial cells have been damaged?
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adjusting the specific gravity of the urine
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when a respiratory infection with high fever is present in the body how would the kidney tubules maintain normal PH of body fluids?
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secrete more acids and reabsorb more bicarbonate ions
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when comparing normal kidney function with dialysis, which of the following mechanisms is not possible in dialysis?
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active transport
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what is the cause of most cases of pyelonephritis?
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an ascending infection by E. coli
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which disease is manifested by dysuria and pyuria?
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cystitis
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why may acute pyelonephritis and cystitis follow untreated prostatitis?
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there is a continuous mucosa along these structures
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pyrlonephritis may be distinguished from cystitis by the presence in pyelonephritis of
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urinary casts and flank pain
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in a case of acute pyelonephritis, what is the cause of flank pain?
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inflammation, stretching the renal capsule
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which pathophysiologic process applies to acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis?
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immune complexes deposit in glomerular tissue, causing inflammation
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what causes the dark urine associated with acute poststreptococcoal glomerulonephritis?
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increased glomerular permeability resulting in gross hematuria
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renal disease frequently causes hypertension because
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congestion and ischemia stimulates the release of renin
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urinary casts are present with acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis because of
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inflamed tubules mold RBC's and protein into a typical mass
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which disease would cause an increased ASO titer and elevated serum ASK
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acute post streptococcal glomerulonephritis
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why does metabolic acidosis develop with bilateral kidney disease?
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tubule exchanges are impaired
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what is the first indicator in the arterial blood gases of acidosis caused by kidney disease?
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decreased bicarbonate ion
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what would be the long term effects of chronic infection or inflammation of the kidneys?
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gradual necrosis, fibrosis, and development of uremia
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what factors contribute to headache, anorexia,and lethargy with kidney disease?
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everyhting
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what are the significant signs of nephrotic syndrome?
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hyperlipidemia and lipiduria
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why does blood pressure often remain near normal in patients with nephrotic syndrome?
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hypoproteinemia results in significant fluid shift to the interstitial compartment
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common causes of urolithiasis include all of the following except
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hyperlipidemia
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which of the following results from obstruction of the left ureter by a renal calculus?
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an attack of renal colic
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what does hydronephrosis lead to?
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ischemia and fibrosis in the compressed area
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which of the following is a predisposing factor to bladder cancer?
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exposure to chemicals and cigarette smoke
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what is the common initial sign of adenocarcinoma of the kidney?
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microscopic hematuria
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which of the following does NOT usually result from nephrosclerosis?
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acute renal failure
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which of the following relates to polycystic kidney disease?
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it results in gradual degeneration and chronic renal failure
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which of the following is related to Wilm's tumor
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a genetic defect
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with severe kidney disease, either hypokalemia or hyperkalemia may occur and cause
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cardiac arrhythmias
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which of the following indicated the early stage of acute renal failure?
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very low GFR and increased serum urea
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what is a cause of acute tubule necrosis and acute renal failure
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all of the above
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which of the following would likely cause chronic renal failure
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persistant bilateral glomerulonephritis
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what causes polyuria during the stage of renal insufficiency?
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loss of tubule function
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what is the primary reason for hypocalcemia developing during end-stage renal failure or uremia?
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a deficit of activated vitamin D and hyperphosphatemia
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cystitis is more common in females due to
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the urethra is short, wide, and adjacent to areas with resident flora
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which of the following indicate a decreased GFR
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increased serum urea and decreased serum bicarbonate
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which of the following is NOT likely to lead to hydronephrosis?
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nephrosclerosis
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which of the following congenital defects is a common cause of cystitis in young children
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vesicoureteral reflux
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which factor contributes to severe anemia in individuals with chronic renal failure
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limited protein intake
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when acidosis becomes decompensated in renal failure a key indicator is
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serum PH dropping below 7.35
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what is the primary action of the diuretic furosemide
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decreased reabsorption of sodium and water
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which of the following causes acute renal failure
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bilateral acute glomerulonephritis
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which of the following is a significant indicator of renal insufficiency?
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increased serum urea and creatinine
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uremic signs of renal failure include all of the following except
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congestive heart failure
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choose the basic cause of osteodystrophy associated with chronic renal failure
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failure of the kidney to activate Vitamin D
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agenesis is often not diagnosed because
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one kidney provides more than adequate function
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the normal pH of urine is
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4.5-8.0
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wilm's tumor is
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an encapsulated mass in one kidney
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reduced urine output resulting from inflammation and necrosis of the tubules is called
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oliguria
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the micturition reflex is initiated by
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increased pressure distending the bladder
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which of the following results from decreased blood flow into the kidneys
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increased angiotensin and systemic vasoconstriction
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in acute post- streptococcal glomerulonephritis the glomerular inflammation results from:
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type III hypersensitivity reaction
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in accute post - streptococcal glomerulonephritis the inflammation causes
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increased permeability of the glomerular capillaries, and glomerular congestion and decreased GFR
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circulatory shock causes
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decreased GFR and increased renin secretion
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autoregulation in the kidneys refers to
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local minor reflex adjustments in the arterioles to maintain normal blood flow
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the reabsorption of water and electrolytes by the kidneys is directly controlled by
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atrial natriurteric hormone antidiuretic hormone
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uncontrolled essential hypertension may cause chronic renal failure because of
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damage to afferent arterioles and renal ischemia
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