Patho test 2: neoplasms and reproductive – Flashcards
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Lipoma
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Benign neoplasm originating from adipose tissue
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Sarcomas
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Malignant neoplasms arising from connective tissue cells
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Cells appear relatively normal
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Characteristic of a benign tumor
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Degree of differentiation of cells
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Basis for grading of newly diagnosed malignant tumor
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Sudden development of fever, nausea, and diarrhea
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Not a warning sign of possible cancer
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Persistent, unusual bleeding, change in bowel habits, change in shape, color, or surface of a skin lesion
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Warning signs of possible cancer
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Obstruction of a tube or duct and cell necrosis and ulceration
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common local effects of an expanding tumor mass
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paraneoplastic syndrome
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refers to the effects of substances such as hormones secreted by the tumor cells
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metastasis
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spread of malignant cells through blood and lymph to distant sites
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determine the best treatment and the prognosis
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one reason for staging a malignant tumor at the time of diagnosis
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the process of carcinogenesis usually begins with
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an irreversible change in the cell DNA
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external source of ionizing radiation
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gamma rays delivered by a cobalt machine
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radiation therapy destroys
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primarily rapidly dividing cells
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most critical adverse effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy
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thrombocytopenia and leukopenia
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chemotherapy usually involves a combination of drugs in order to
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reduce the adverse effects and be effective in more phases of the cell cycle
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why does ovarian cancer have a poor prognosis
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specific signs rarely appear until after secondary tumors have developed
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malignant tumor and its marker
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colon cancer: carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
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antiangiogenesis drugs act on a malignant tumor by
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reducing blood flow and nutrient supply to tumor cells
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development of neutropenia during chemotherapy for cancer means
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the patient is at high risk for infection
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malignant brain tumors
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spread to other parts of CNS
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bone marrow depression
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common dose-limiting factor for chemotherapy
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glucocorticoids are often prescribed during a course of chemotherapy and radiation because
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inflammation around the tumor may be reduced
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vomiting frequently follows a chemotherapy treatment because
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GI tract is irritated and the chemicals stimulate the emetic center
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epithelial cell
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type of normal cell that is often damaged during chemotherapy and radiation treatment
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remission
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period where signs and symptoms are absent
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skin cancers
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are easy to diagnose and treat, usually develop slowly on head, neck, or back of individuals with fair skin, number of cases is increasing, and basal cell carcinoma is the most common form of skin cancer
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high risk factors for cancer include
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HPV, chronic irritation and inflammation, repeated sun exposure, and high family incidence
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apoptosis
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programmed cell death
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warning signs for cancer
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unusual bleeding, change in bowel habits, change in a wart or mole, and a new solid lump that is often painless
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staging
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classification process that applies to a specific malignant tumor and describes the extent of the disease at a given time
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benign tumors
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can be differentiated from malignant tumors because benign tumors are encapsulated and slow-growing
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benign tumors in the brain
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often life threatening because they create excessive pressure within the skull
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testes
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are suspended by the spermatic cord
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spermatogenesis
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is controlled by FSH and testosterone
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infertility and testicular cancer
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may result from cryptorchidism
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hydrocele
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excessive fluid collecting between the layers of the tunica vaginalis
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common early significant signs of acute prostatitis
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soft, tender, enlarged gland and dysuria
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benign prostatic hyperplasia/hypertrophy
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manifestations include hesitancy, dribbling, and frequency
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frequency occurs with BPH
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occurs because incomplete emptying of the bladder
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bone
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common first site for metastasis from prostatic cancer
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prostate specific antigen
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useful serum marker during treatment for prostatic cancer
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characteristics of leukorrhea during the reproductive years
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clear or whitish, has a pH of 4 to 5, contains mucus and cells
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corpus luteum
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secretes estrogen and progesterone during the last half of the menstrual cycle
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severe pain with each menstrual cycle in endometriosis
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occurs due to inflammation around ectopic endometrial tissue
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pelvic inflammatory disease
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infection spreads easily into peritoneal cavity because the fallopian tubes are obstructed and purulent exudate cannot drain into the uterus
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complication of leiomyomas
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abnormal bleeding such as menorrhagia
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fibrocystic breast disease
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progressive development of fluid-filled cysts and fibrous tissue
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carcinoma of the breast
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tumor cells may demonstrate estrogen receptors on the membrane
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noninvasive severe dysplasia
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stage of carcinoma in situ in cervical cancer
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infection with HPV
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major predisposing factor to cervical cancer
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significant early sign of endometrial carcinoma
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minor vaginal bleeding or spotting
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sexually transmitted infections(s) usually considered asymptomatic in women
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chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis
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chlamydia
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causes PID and subsequent infertility
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trichomoniasis
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causes inflammation of the vagina with a copious yellow discharge
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cause of syphilis
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an anaerobic spirochete
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gonorrhea, chlamydia, herpes simplex, syphilis
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may be transmitted from the mother to the fetus during delivery
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syphilis
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considered to be a systemic infection
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E. coli
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most common cause of acute bacterial prostatitis
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BPH
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usually does not usually progress to prostate cancer
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a hard nodule in the peripheral area of the prostate gland
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is typical of a malignant tumor
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testicular tumors usually present as
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a hard, painless unilateral mass
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metorrhagia
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bleeding between menstrual periods
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vaginal candidiasis
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is not classified as an STD; cause is an opportunistic yeast, causes dysuria and dyspareunia, the mucosa becomes red and pruritic
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testicular cancer usually spreads first to the
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pelvic lymph nodes
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second degree prolapse
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the uterus is located in the vagina with the cervix at the opening to the vagina
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dysmenorrhea
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painful menstruation
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vaginal candidiasis
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frequently predisposed by systemic antibacterial therapy
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chancre
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a firm, painless ulcerated nodule
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adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation may be used in cases of breast cancer
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in order to destroy any micrometastases
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ovarian cancer has a poor prognosis because
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vague signs and hidden location lead to late diagnosis
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specific genetic links have been shown for
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testicular cancer, breast cancer, and prostatic cancer
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cervical cancer in situ
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recent significant increase in incidence
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adenocarcinomas
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most common cancer found in prostate
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infertility in women may result from
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endometriosis and hormonal imbalances
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viable sperm may not be able to access an ovum when
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cervical mucous is highly viscous, vaginal pH is abnormal, and structural abnormalities are present
