question

Besides dyspnea, what is the most common characteristic associated with pulmonary disease?

answer

cough

question

Sitting up in a forward-leaning position generally relives which breathing disorder?

answer

orthopnea

question

Kussmaul respirations as a respiratory pattern may be associated with which characteristic(s)?

answer

Slightly increased ventilator rate, large tidal volumes, and no expiratory pause.

question

Respirations that are characterized by alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing are a result of which respiratory mechanism?

answer

decreased blood flow to the medulla oblongata

question

With a total hemoglobin of 9g/dl, how many g/dl of hemoglobin must become desaturated for cyanosis to occur?

answer

5

question

Hyperventilation causes ____________

answer

Hypocapnia

question

What term is used to describe the selective bulbous enlargement of the distal segment of a digit that is commonly associated with diseases that interfere with oxygenation of the blood?

answer

Clubbing

question

Pulmonary edema and pulmonary fibrosis cause hypoxemia by which mechanism?

answer

Impairing alveolocapillary membrane diffusion

question

High altitudes may produce hypoxemia through which mechanism?

answer

decreased inspired oxygen

question

Which condition is capable of producing alveolar dead space?

answer

pulmonary emboli

question

What is the most common cause of pulmonary edema?

answer

Left-sided heart failure

question

Pulmonary edema usually begins to develop at a pulmonary capillary wedge pressure or left atrial pressure of how many mmHg?

answer

20

question

The collapse of lung tissue caused by the lack of collateral ventilation through the pores of Kohn is referred to as what type of atelectasis?

answer

Absorption

question

In what form of bronchiectasis do both constrictions and dilations deform the bronchi?

answer

Varicose

question

Which pleural abnormality involves a site of pleural rupture that acts as a one-way valve, permitting air to enter on inspiration but preventing it's escape by closing during expiration?

answer

Tension pneumothorax

question

In which type of pleural effusion does the fluid become watery and diffuse out of the capillaries as a result of increased blood pressure or decreased capillary oncotic pressure?

answer

Transduative

question

Which condition involves an abnormally enlarged gas-exchange system and the destruction of the lung's alveolar walls?

answer

Emphysema

question

Which term is used to identify a circumscribed area of suppuration and destruction of lung parenchyma?

answer

Abscess

question

Which condition is not a cause of chest wall restriction?

answer

Pneumothorax

question

What causes pneumoconiosis?

answer

Inhalation of inorganic dust particles

question

Which condition is a fulminant form of respiratory failure characterized by acute lung inflammation and diffuse alveolocapillary injury?

answer

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

question

Which structure in acute respiratory distress syndrome release inflammatory mediators such as proteolytic enzymes, oxygen free radical, prostaglandins, leukotriene's, and platelet activating factor?

answer

Neutrophils

question

Pulmonary edema in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is the result of an increase in:

answer

capillary permeability

question

In acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), alveoli and respiratory bronchioles fill with fluid as a result of which mechanism?

answer

Inactivation of surfactant and the impairment of type II alveolar cells.

question

Which type of pulmonary disease requires more force to expire a volume of air?

answer

Obstructive

question

Which immunoglobulin (Ig) may contribute to the pathophysiologic characteristics of asthma?

answer

IgE

question

The late asthmatic response....

answer

The release of toxic neuropeptides contributes to increased bronchial hyperresponsiveness

question

Clinical manifestations of inspiratory and expiratory wheezing, dyspnea, nonproductive cough, and tachypnea, are indicative of which condition?

answer

asthma

question

The most successful treatment for chronic asthma begins with which action?

answer

Avoidance of the causative

question

Which factor contributes to the production of mucus associated with chronic bronchitis?

answer

Increased Goblet cell size

question

Clinical manifestations of decreased exercise tolerance, wheezing, shortness of breath, and productive cough are indicative of which respiratory disorder?

answer

Chronic bronchitis

question

Clinical manifestations that include unexplained weight loss, dyspnea on exertion, use of accessory muscles, and tachypnea with prolonged expiration are indicative of which respiratory disorder?

answer

Emphysema

question

What is the most common route of lower respiratory tract infection?

answer

aspiration of oropharyngeal secretions

question

What is the initial step in the management of emphysema?

answer

Cessation of smoking

question

In tuberculosis, the body walls off the bacilli in a tubercle by stimulating which action?

answer

apoptotic infected macrophages that activate cytotoxic T cells

question

The progression of chronic bronchitis is best halted by which intervention?

answer

Smoking cessation

question

Clinical manifestations of inspiratory crackles, increased tactile fremitus, egophony, and whispered pectoriloquy are indicative of which respiratory condition?

answer

pneumonia

question

Pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) results from which alteration?

answer

Narrowed pulmonary capillaries

question

Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung is best described as a tumor that causes which alterations?

answer

Airway obstruction and atelectasis

question

What medical term is used to identify the accumulation of air in the pleural space?

answer

pneumothorax

question

What medical term is used to identify the presence of pus in the pleural space?

answer

empyema

question

Fluid in the pleural space characterizes which condition?

answer

Pleural effusion

question

Hypoxemia is caused by

answer

Respiratory alterations

question

Which medication classification is generally included in the treatment of silicosis?

answer

Corticosteroid

question

What medical term is used for a condition that results from pulmonary hypertension, creating chronic pressure overload in the right ventricle?

answer

Cor pulmonale

question

Causes of dyspnea

answer

Decreased pH, increased partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) and decreased partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) Stimulation of stretch or J-receptors Presence of anxiety

question

Which inflammatory mediators are produced in asthma?

answer

histamine, bradykinin, leukotrienes, prostaglandins

question

Pulmonary hypertension manifestations?

answer

dyspnea on exertion, peripheral edema, JVD

question

Exudative diffusion

answer

contains high concentrations of WBC, may occur in response to an inflammatory process, malignant cancer can trigger, result of increased capillary permeability

question

Flail chest characteristics

answer

fracture of several consecutive ribs, multiple fractures of individual ribs, can involve fracture of the sternum

question

Mycobacterium tuberculosis are true regarding the bacilli's ability to go into dormancy

answer

neutrophils and macrophages all play a role in its dormancy, the immune system is the controlling factor regarding it's length of dormancy, the bacilli are sealed off in the tubercles to allow for dormancy.

question

Aspiration

answer

passage of fluid and solid particles into the lung

question

Bronchiolitis

answer

inflammatory obstruction of small airways

question

Pulmonary fibrosis

answer

excessive amount of connective tissue in the lung

question

Atelectasis

answer

lung tissue collapse

question

Bronchiectasis

answer

abnormal dilation of the brochi

question

Which disease is associated with bulbous enlargement of the distal segments of the fingers?

answer

cystic fibrosis

question

Which term describes a hypersecretion of mucus and chronic productive cough that continues for at least 3 months of the year for a minimum of consecutive years?

answer

Chronic bronchitis

question

Pneumonia

answer

viral pneumonia is usually mild and self-limiting viral pneumonia can set the stage for a secondary bacterial infection.

question

What is the term used to describe a respiratory infection that results in pus in the pleural space?

answer

empyema

question

ARDS

answer

can trigger severe pulmonary edema

question

A person has respirations that are characterized by alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing and apnea.

answer

Cheyne- Stoke

question

Pathophysiologic process of asthma

answer

inflammation results in airway hyperresponsiveness

question

Common cause of pulmonary edema

answer

heart disease

question

How is tuberculosis spread from person to person?

answer

air droplet

question

What is appropriate term for inadequate alveolar ventilation in relation to metabolic demands?

answer

hypoventilation

question

Which pathogen is commonly associated with a pneumonia that is acquired while in the hospital?

answer

pseudomonas aeruginosa

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