Patho 4,5,6,7 – Flashcards

an older adult with a history of diabetes and intermittent claudication (poor circulation in the legs) who received a laceration while on the lawnmower Hyperbaric oxygen therapy delivers 100% oxygen at two to three times the normal atmospheric pressure at sea level. The goal of hyperbaric oxygen therapy is to increase oxygen delivery to tissues by increasing the partial pressure of oxygen dissolved in the plasma. Hyperbaric oxygen is currently reserved for the treatment of problem wounds in which hypoxia and infection interfere with healing.

Granulation tissue Epithelialization cannot occur until granulation tissue has formed in the wound area. Collagen is part of the remodeling phase, after epithelialization is complete. Fibroblasts are active during the remodeling phase, to synthesize collagen. New capillaries are not formed as part of the wound-healing process.

eats a high calorie diet and red meat protein is important for many aspects of wound healing including control of the inflammatory phase, fibroblast function, collagen and protein matrix synthesis, angiogenesis, and wound remodeling. A diet that is high in both calories and protein is known to enhance wound healing

Form different proteins Splicing permits a cell to produce a variety of mRNA molecules from a single gene, thus reducing how much DNA must be contained in the genome. Stop codes signal the end of a protein molecule, and RNA strands are then processed. Processing involves addition of certain nucleic acids to the RNA; splicing involves removing segments of RNA

contains amino acids that the RNA polymerase recognized and binds to thus starting the replication process During transcription, RNA polymerase recognizes the start sequence of a gene and attaches to the DNA. It is initiated by the assembly of a transcription complex composed of RNA polymerase and other associated factors. This complex binds to the double-stranded DNA at a specific site called the promoter region. Within the promoter region is the so-called "TATA box," which contains the crucial thymine-adenine-thymine-adenine sequence that RNA polymerase recognizes and binds to, starting the replication process. Exons are RNA sequences retained on the original RNA during splicing. tRNA delivers activated amino acids to proteins in the ribosome. When several triplet codons encode the same amino acid, the genetic code is said to be redundant.

Researchers inject mice with an antigen from human cancer cells. They then harvest the antibody-producing cells from the mice and individually fuse them with a cancerous cell. Somatic cell hybridization involves the fusion of human somatic cells with those of a different species (typically, the mouse) to yield a cell containing the chromosomes of both species. Because these hybrid cells are unstable, they begin to lose chromosomes of both species during subsequent cell divisions. In situ hybridization involves the use of specific sequences of DNA or RNA to locate genes that do not express themselves in cell culture. DNA and RNA can be chemically tagged with radioactive or fluorescent markers. Gene mapping that is performed using dosage studies involves measuring enzyme activity. The restrictive fragments of DNA can often be replicated through insertion into a unicellular organism, such as a bacterium. In cloning, the restrictive fragments of DNA can often be replicated through insertion into a unicellular organism, such as a bacterium.

Mendelian patterns of transmission Single-gene disorders are characterized by patterns of transmission that follow the Mendelian patterns of inheritance. Multifactorial inheritance involves more than one gene mutation, rearrangement of groups of genes, and uneven numbers of some chromosomes in each cell.

variable expressivity of a gene Autosomal dominant disorders are characterized by variable gene penetrance (degree to which the trait is displayed) and expression (differences in how the trait is displayed). Aneuploidy is not a single-gene disorder and does not follow the Mendelian pattern of inheritance. Deficiencies of enzyme synthesis are common in autosomal recessive disorders. X-linked inheritance can be dominant or recessive, but it is not autosomal

neurofibromatosis Neurofibromatosis is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder with a consequent 50% chance of passing the disease to offspring. Tay-Sachs disease, PKU, and cystic fibrosis are autosomal recessive disorders and are manifested only when both members of the gene pair are affected.

inappropriate hormone release Paraneoplastic syndromes are manifestations in sites that are not directly affected by the disease; many are caused by excessive or inappropriate peptide hormone synthesis and release by cancer cells. Radiation and chemotherapy are cancer treatments that cause side effects unrelated to the paraneoplastic syndromes. Area vessel compression is a direct result of the tumor's location; area tissue necrosis is a direct result of area tissue destruction and death of healthy cells.

breasts cancer The hereditary component of cancer is well identified although it is implicated in varying degrees in different types of cancer. Breast cancer has an identified genetic component and screening is often recommended for women with a family history of breast cancer

cardiac there are numerous multisystemic sequelae of chemotherapy and radiation that are required in childhood. vital organs such as the heart and lungs may be affected by cancer treatment. children who received anthracyclines (doxorubicin or daunorubicin) may be at risk for developing cardiomyopathy and congestive heart failure.

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stimulate rapid proliferation of RBCs Continuously dividing tissues are those in which the cells continue to divide and replicate throughout life, replacing cells that are continually being destroyed. These tissues can readily regenerate after injury as long as a pool of stem cells is preserved. Bleeding, for example, stimulates the rapid proliferation of replacement cells by the blood-forming progenitor cells of the bone marrow. Another type of tissue cell, called a stem cell, remains incompletely differentiated throughout life. As mature cells die, the tissue is replenished by the differentiation of cells generated from stem cells.

type 1 diabetes and history of poor blood sugar Diabetes mellitus is a significant barrier to wound healing. Serial surgeries COPD hypertension and related medications are not directly linked to impaired wound healing

angiogenesis during the process of tissue repair by CT deposition angiogenesis precede the emigration of fibroblasts, deposition of ECM and reorganization of the fibrous tissue

homozygous Offspring in whom the two alleles of a given pair are the same are called homozygotes. For example, a plant may have two alleles for wrinkled peas. Heterozygotes have different alleles at a gene locus. All offspring with a dominant allele manifest that trait. In human genetics, a carrier is a person who is heterozygous for a recessive trait and does not manifest the trait. For example, the gene for the genetic disorder cystic fibrosis is recessive. Therefore, only persons with a genotype having two alleles for cystic fibrosis have the disease. In most cases, neither parent manifests the disease; however, both must be carriers. A blood transfusion will not fix the problem.

production of human insulin recombinant dan technology can be used to direct cells to produce proteins they would not otherwise produce such as human insulin. gene dosage and somatic cell hybridization are genetic mapping methods`

blindness The acronym TORCH stands for toxoplasmosis, other, rubella (i.e., German measles), cytomegalovirus, and herpes, which are the agents most frequently implicated in fetal anomalies. The TORCH screening test examines the infant's serum for the presence of antibodies to these agents. Although rubella has virtually been eliminated, it remains endemic in many developing countries, where it is the major preventable cause of hearing impairment, blindness, and adverse neurodevelopmental outcome.

neurofibromas NF-2, which is characterized by tumors of the acoustic nerve and multiple meningiomas, is much less common than NF-1. The disorder is often asymptomatic through the first 15 years of life. The most frequent symptoms are headaches, hearing loss, and tinnitus.

"Your child's cleft lip likely results from the interplay between environment and genes." A cleft lip is considered to be a multifactorial disorder, in which both environment and genes contribute to the condition. It does not depend solely on Mendelian patterns of inheritance and is not known to result from teratogenic drug

growth factors Many tumors secrete growth factors, which trigger and regulate the angiogenesis process. Tumor cells express various cell surface attachment factors, for anchoring. Tumor cells secrete proteolytic enzymes to degrade the basement membrane and migrate into surrounding tissue. Cancer cells may produce procoagulant materials that affect clotting mechanisms.

chemotherapy it can treat cancer both at primary site and at sites of metastasis

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