question

alkanes and cycloalkanes are hydrocarbons in which all the

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carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds

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hydrocarbons that contain carbon double bonded to carbon is an

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alkene

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hydrocarbons that contain carbon triple bonded to carbon is an

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alkyne

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formula for alkanes is

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CnH2n+2

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formula for cycloalkanes is

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CnH2n

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what type of hybridization and shape do alkanes and cycloalkanes have

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sp3 tetrahedral

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even "straight chain" alkanes are not straight they have a

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zigzag geometry

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examples of straight chain unbranched alkanes are

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butane and pentane

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examples of branched chain alkanes are

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isobutane and neopentane

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butane and isobutane have same molecular formula (C4H10) but have different bond connectivities so they are

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constitutional isomers

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the # of constitutional isomers increases rapidly with

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the number of carbons

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constitutional isomers usually have different

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physical properties

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why do constitutional isomers have diff physcial props

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as we change change we change intermolecular forces which changes properties diff SA=diff intermolec forces

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most commonly used nomenclature system is the

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IUPAC system

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what is the common name for 2-propanol

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isopropanol

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1st rule of naming branched-chain alkanes is

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use longest continuous carbon as parent name

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2nd rule of naming branched-chain alkanes is

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use the lowest number of the sustitiuent

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3rd rule of naming branched-chain alkanes is

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use number obtained by rule 2 to designate location of substituent

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4th rule of naming branched-chain alkanes is

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for 2 or more sub use lowest individual number of parent chain, sub listed in alphabetical order disregarding multiplying prefixes such as di and tri

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5th rule of naming branched-chain alkanes is

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when 2 sub identical on same carbon use that number twice

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6th rule of naming branched-chain alkanes is

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for identical sub use prefixes such as di, tri, tetra, ect

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7th rule of naming branched-chain alkanes is

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2 chains with equal length compete for parents chain choose one with greater number of subs

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8th rule of naming branched-chain alkanes is

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when branching first occurs at equal distance from either end of longest chain, choose name that gives lower number at the first point of difference

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we classify hydrogen atoms by

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what they are connected too

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halogens are treated as

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substituents with prefix such as fluor, chloro, bromo, iodo

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naming alcohols you select longest continuous chain to which the what is directly attached? how do you change name of alkane

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hydroxyl change -e to -ol

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number longest carbon chain that gives carbon bearing the OH the what? indicate what of OH?

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lower number position

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what prefix do you attach to cycloalkanes with only one ring

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cyclo-

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when more then one ring system is attached to a single chain you name it is

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dicyclo

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bicycloalkanes are alkanes containing

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two fused or bridged rings

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when naming alkenes begin numbering at the end of chain closest to

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carbon carbon double bond

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naming alkenes assign location of carbon double bond by

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using number of first atom of carbon double bond as the prefix

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naming alkenes indicate locations of the substitiuent groups by the numbers of the

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carbon atoms to which they are attached

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naming alkenes number substituted cycloalkenes in way that gives carbon atoms of double bond the (2 things)

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1 and 2 position and sub groups lower numbers at first point of difference

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name compounds containing double bond and alcohol group as alkenols and give alcohol carbon the

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lower number

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two identical or sub groups on same side of carbon double bond is

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cis

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two identical or sub groups on opposite sides of carbon double bond i

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trans

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alkynes named in same way as alkenes except

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ending name is changed to -yne

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OH group has priority over

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carbon triple bond

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two groups bonded by a single bond can undergo (with respect to each other)

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rotation about that bond

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temporary molecular shapes that result from a rotation about a single bond

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conformations

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each possible structure of conformation

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conformer

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analysis of energy changes that occur as a molecule undergoes rotations about single bond

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conformational analysis

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cycloalkanes do not have the same relative stability due to

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ring strain

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ring strain comprises

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angular and torsional strain

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result of deviation from idea bond angles caused by inherent structural constraints

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angular strain

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result of dispersion forces that cannot be relieved due to restricted conformational stability

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torsional strain

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cyclobutane ring is not planar but is actually slightly

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folded

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what type of conformation does cyclopentane have

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slightly bent

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what are the two conformers of cyclohexane

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chair and boat form

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what conformation of cyclohexane is less stable and why

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boat higher energy

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what conformation has lower energy than pure boat form conformation and how stable is this conformation compared to the chair form

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twist boat and not as stable as chair form

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what ring is most commonly found in nature

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6 membered ring

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the chair conformation of cyclohexane has two distinct orientations for the bonds that project from the ring which are termed as

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axial and equatorial

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axial hydrogen atoms are either

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up or down in a vertical column

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equatorial hydrogen atoms are

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all angled slightly

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when drawing chair conformational structures try to make corresponding bonds

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parallel in your drawing

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for methylcyclohexane the chair conformation with axial G is less stable due to

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1,3-diaxial interaction

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the larger the G group the more severe the (2 parts)

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1,3-diaxial interaction and shifted of equilibrium from axial G form chair to equatorial

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the chair conformation with what group is less stable due to 1,3-diaxial interaction

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axial tert-butyl group

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upper lower bonds means the groups are

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trans

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alkanes, as a class, are characterized by general

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inertness to many chemical reagents

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C-C and C-H bonds are quite (how do they break?)

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strong only break when alkanes heated to very high temps

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because C and H atoms have nearly same EN the C-H bonds of alkanes are only

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slightly polarized

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this low reactivity of alkanes toward reagents accounts for the fact that alkanes were originally called what? what does this name mean

answer

paraffins little affinity

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the difference in the number of pairs of hydrogen atoms between the compound under study and an acyclic alkane having the same number of carbons

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index of hydrogen deficiency

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each double bond or ring for saturated acyclic alkanes

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has 2 hydrogens less

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each double bond or ring provides

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one unit of hydrogen deficiency

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when calculating IHD for compounds containing halogens count atoms as though they are

answer

hydrogen atoms

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when calculating IHD for compounds containing oxygen

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ignore oxygen atoms and calc IHD from remainder of formula

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when calculating IHD for compounds containing nitrogen

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subtract one hydrogen from each nitrogen atom and ignore nitrogen atoms

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nature perfers states of

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lower PE

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steric factors (spatial factors) can affect the

answer

stability and reactivity of molecules

question

like charges

answer

repel

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