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Organic Chemistry

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The branch of chemistry which deals with carbon compounds, including those with no relationship to life.

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Covalent Bond

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Inter-atomic relationship created by the sharing of at least one pair of electrons.

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Saturated Hydrocarbon

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Contain only only carbon-to-carbon single bonds. The most chemically inert of all organic compounds.

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Unsaturated Hydrocarbon

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Contain carbon-to-carbon double or triple bonds.

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Atomic Structure of Carbon

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Atomic Number = 6, Protons = 6, Electrons = 6, Atomic Weight = 12.0. Electrons in first energy level = 2; second energy level = 4.

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Carbon

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An element that has the capacity to share four electrons in order to achieve a more stable configuration.

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Bonding: Carbon to Hydrogen or Halogens

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Shares one electron.

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Bonding: Carbon to Oxygen or Sulfur

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Shares up to two electrons.

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Bonding: Carbon to Nitrogen

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Shares up to three electrons

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Halogens

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Flourine (F), Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br), and Iodine (I).

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Hydrocarbon Molecule

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Contains only carbon and hydrogen. Can be divided into aliphatic and aromatic classes.

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Substituted Hydrocarbon

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One or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by another atom or group of atoms called a Functional Group.

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Aliphatic Hydrocarbon

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A saturated hydrocarbon that contains only hydrogen (the maximum number) and carbon. Does not contain benzene ring.

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Aromatic Hydrocarbon

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Contain at least one benzene ring or similar structural features.

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Benzene

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Consists of a ring of six carbon atoms with alternating single and double carbon-carbon bonds.

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Alkanes

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(CnH2n+2)

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Cycloalkanes

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(CnH2n)

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Classification: Primary

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(1°) Carbons that are covalently bonded to one other carbon. They are at the end of a carbon chain and referred to as terminal carbons.

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Classification: Secondary

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(2°) Carbons that are covalently bonded to two other carbons.

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Classification: Tertiary

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(3°) Carbons that are covalently bonded to three other carbons.

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Structural Formula

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Shows the actual bonding of atoms to each other.

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Condensed Formula

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Shows all the atoms in a molecule and places them in a sequential order.

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Molecular Formula

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States the actual number of each kind of atom found in a molecule.

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Structural Isomerism

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Compounds that have identical molecular formulas but different structures.

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Cis-trans Isomerism

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The formation of cis-trans isomers is a consequence of the absence of free rotation. Geometric isomers that only differ from each other in the 3-dimensional arrangement of the substituents in space. They have identical bonding and substituents.

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Alkane

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Saturated hydrocarbons (containing only carbon-to-carbon single bonds); derivatives of methane. Noted by the suffix "-ane" and sometimes by the prefix "cyclo-"

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Alkene

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Unsaturated hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon-to-carbon double bond. Noted by the suffix "-ene"

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Alkyne

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Unsaturated hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. Noted by the suffix "-yne"

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Functional Group

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An atom or group of atoms arranged in a particular way that is primarily responsible for the chemical and physical properties of the molecule in which it is found. There are a total of 10 of these.

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Alcohols

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Organic compounds that contain the hydroxyl group (R-OH). Noted by the the suffix "-ol"

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mono-

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Contains one group

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di-

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Contains two groups.

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tri-

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Contains three groups.

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tetra-

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Contains four groups.

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Thiols

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Any organic compound having the -SH functional group (R-SH). Also called the sulfhydryl. Noted by the suffix "-thiol"

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Carboxylic Acids

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Organic compounds that contain the carboxyl functional group, also referred to as organic acids. Noted by the suffix "-oic acid"

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Esters

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Organic compounds formed by the reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. Noted by the suffix "-oate"

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"-yl"

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Nomenclature for the alchohol group in an ester.

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"-oate"

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Nomenclature for the acid group in an ester.

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Aldehydes

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Hydrocarbon derivatves in which two of the hydrogen atoms, attached to a terminal carbon, have been replaced by a double-bonded oxygen atom (carbonyl group). Noted by the suffix "-al"

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Ketones

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Organic compounds containing the carbonyl group attached to two organic radicals. Noted by the suffix "-one"

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Ethers

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An organic compound whose molecules have two alkyl groups joined to the same oxygen atom (R-O-R). Noted by the suffix "-oxy" and "-ane"

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Amines

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Organic compounds derived from ammonia by replacement of one or more of its hydrogen atoms by one or more hydrocarbon radicals (R-NH-R). Noted by the prefix "amino-"

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Amides

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Organic compounds whose molecules have a carbonyl nitrogen bond. They are the product formed in a reaction between a carboxylic acid and an amine.

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The organization that formulated nomenclature rules to name hydrocarbons.

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International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

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Meth-

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Prefix - 1 carbon.

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Eth-

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Prefix - 2 carbons.

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Prop-

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Prefix - 3 carbons.

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But-

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Prefix - 4 carbons.

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Pent-

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Prefix - 5 carbons.

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Hex-

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Prefix - 6 carbons.

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Hept-

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Prefix - 7 carbons.

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Oct-

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Prefix - 8 carbons

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Non-

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Prefix - 9 carbons

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Dec-

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Prefix - 10 carbons.

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Hydrocarbon Combustion

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The reaction of alkanes, alkenes, or alcohols with excess oxygen yields carbon dioxide, water, and heat.

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Hydration

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A reaction involving th addition of water (H2O).

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Dehydration

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Removal of water (H2O).

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Oxidation (OIL)

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[o] Loss of hydrogen or electron, the gain of oxygen.

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Reduction (RIG)

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[R] Loss of oxygen, the gain of hydrogen or an electron.

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Halogenation

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The substitution of Hydrogen with one or more Halogens (Group VIIA elements).

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Hydrogenation

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A reaction involving the addition of Hydrogen.

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Disulfide

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When two thiols undergo oxidation, they yield this structural unit which is composed of a linked pair of sulfur atoms (R-S-S-R).

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