question

Antisepsis

answer

Reduction in the number of microorganisms and viruses, particularly potential pathogens on living tissue.
EX: iodine, alchool

question

Antiseptics are frequently_________ whose strength has been ________ to make them safe for living tissues.

answer

disinfectants, reduced

question

Aspetic refers to an environment or procedure free of ______.

answer

pathogenic contaminants.

question

Examples of aseptic

answer

prep of surgical field, hand washing, flame sterilization of laboratory equipment.

question

Scientists, laboratory technicians and health care workers routinely follow standardized _______ techniques

answer

aseptic

question

-cide
-cidal

answer

suffixes indicating destruction of a type of microbe.

question

Example of
-cide
-cidal

answer

Bactericide, fungicide, germicide, virucide

question

Germicides include_____ oxide, ____oxide &_____.

answer

ethylene, propylene, aldehydes

question

Degerming is the

answer

removal of microbes by mechanical means

question

Examples of degerming

answer

Hand washing, alcohol swabbing at site of infection and skin scrubbing

question

Disinfection

answer

Destruction of most microorganims and viruses on nonliving tissue

question

Examples of disinfectants

answer

Phenolics, alcohols, aldehydes and soaps

question

The term disinfection is primarily used in relation to _____.

answer

pathogens

question

Pasturization

answer

use of heat to destroy pathogens and reduce the number of spoilage microorganisms in food and beverages

question

Examples of Pasturization

answer

milk, fruit juices, wine, and beer

question

in pasteurization, heat treatment is _____ to reduce alteration of taste and nutrients.

answer

brief

question

in pasteurization,______ microbes still remain and eventually cause _______.

answer

non pathogenic, spoilage

question

Sanitization

answer

removal of pathogen from objects to meet public health standards.

question

Washing tableware in scalding hot water in restaurants is an example of?

answer

Sanitization

question

Standards of _____vary among governmental jurisdictions.

answer

Sanitization

question

What is the only difference of disinfecting dishes at home and sanitizing dishes at a restaurant?

answer

public (sanitization) vs. private (disinfection).

question

-statis
-static

answer

suffixes indicating inhibition, but not complete destruction of a type of microbe

question

What are some examples of -statis &
-static?

answer

Bacteriostatic, fungistatic, virustatc

question

______ agents include some chemicals, refrigeration and freezing.

answer

Germistatic

question

Sterilization

answer

Destruction (complete removal) of ALL microorganims and viruses in or on an object

question

Preparation of microbial culture media and canned food is an example of what?

answer

Sterilization

question

How is sterilization typically achieved?

answer

by steam, under pressure, incineration,or ethylene oxide gas.

question

Sterilization does not apply to _____.

answer

prions(infectious proteins that cause mad cow disease)

question

Only _____ destroys prions.

answer

incineration

question

Commercial Sterilizationis defined as?

answer

sufficient heat treatment to kill endospores of Clostridium botulinum in canned food.

question

Vegetables are available in _____ packaging

answer

aseptic

question

What is the use of chemical methods for eliminating or reducing microbes and viruses (particularly pathogens) on the skin or living tissue?

answer

Antisepsis

question

Antisepsis is a modification of _____?

answer

disinfection

question

Disinfectants destroy vegetative pathogens but not ______?

answer

all viruses and bacterial endospores.

question

Unlike sterilization, disinfection suggests that

answer

some viable microbes may persist.

question

Disinfectants are_____concentrated and left on the surface of _______ longer.

answer

more inanimate objects

question

Antiseptic are disinfectants whose strength is ______ to make them _______?

answer

reduced, safe for living tissue

question

Examples of disinfection:

answer

1.applying a 5% solution of bleach to examining table
2.boiling eating utensils used by a sick person
3.immersing thermometers in iodine solution between use
4.combs soaked in ammonia solutions at barber shop.

question

What is the term that refers to microbial contamination and growth of microorganisms in blood and tissues (think septic tank)?

answer

Sepsis

question

Decontamination:

answer

Process of rendering an object, person, or area free of a substance
Such as:Bacteria, poison gas, radioactive substance

question

Cide and cidal: Virucides

answer

inactivate viruses

question

Cide and cidal: Bactericides

answer

kill bacteria

question

Cide and cidal: Fungicides

answer

kill fungal hyphae, spores, yeast.

question

Cide and cidal: Germicides

answer

are chemical agents kill pathogens in general.

question

What is Microbial death?

answer

permanent loss of Reproductive ability of microbes under ideal environmental conditions.

question

What is one way to evaluate the efficiency of an antimicrobial agent (chemical or physical)?

answer

calculate the microbial death RATE.

question

What is Microbial Death Rate?

answer

the time it takes for heat or chemicals to kill a population of microorganism under certain conditions.
Ex. Boil (212 ?F) water 10 minutes

question

Microbial death rate is usually ____ over time for a _____ pathogen under a ______ set of conditions.

answer

constant, particular, particular
For example: 90% of a population of microbes is killed per minute.

question

In the death phase of cell population growth curve The cells die at a _____ rate. They die ______.

answer

constant, exponentially.

question

The Viral envelop surrounds a _____

answer

viral protein.

question

Viral Envelop is made up of proteins and phospholipids that are

answer

Responsible for attachment of virus to target cell.

question

Damage to the viral envelop does what? Why?

answer

Fatally interrupts viral replication Because the enveloped virus is now unable to attach to the host cell.

question

Non-enveloped viruses have _____tolerance of harsh conditions and antimicrobial agents because they do not _____ on the envelop to attach to the target cell.

answer

greater, depend

question

Protein function depends on it specific _____ shape.

answer

3-D

question

Microbial life depends on continuous supply of _____ to function as _____ and structural molecules.

answer

proteins, enzymes

question

A perfect antimicrobial agent or method would be

answer

1.Inexpensive and fast-acting
2.Stable during storage
3.Control all microbial growth while being harmless to humans, animals, and objects

question

Factors affecting Efficacy of Antimicobial methods

answer

1.What area is to be treated?
2.How susceptible or resistant is the microbe?
3.What are the Environmental conditions?

question

1.What area is to be treated?

answer

Harsh chemicals and extreme heat cannot be used on humans, animals and fragile objects.
Needles and scalpels carry a greater potential for infection so they must be sterilized.
Items that contact the skin may be disinfected

question

2.How susceptible or resistant is the microbe?

answer

Select a method to kill the hardiest microbes present and Assume that more fragile microbes are killed as well.

question

The three most resistant microbes are:

answer

1.Bacterial endosproes
2.Species of Mycobacterium
3.Cysts of protozoa

question

The Hardest Microbes to Treat (1)
1. Bacterial Endospores

answer

Endospores of Bacillus and Clostridium are the most resistant life forms

question

Bacillus and Clostridium can survive in _______of temperature, chemicals, and acidity

answer

extremes

question

The Hardest Microbes to Treat (2)
2.Mycobacterium

answer

cell walls have a waxy coat that prevents:
1.The entrance of water based chemical
2.Dehydration

question

The Hardest Microbes to Treat (3)
3. Protozoal cysts wall prevents entry of:

answer

Most disinfectants
Protects protozoa against drying
Shields protozoa against heat, and radiation

question

The effectiveness of germicides can be classified as _____ or ______.

answer

high or low

question

_____ level germicides kill all pathogens, including bacterial endospores.

answer

high

question

3.Environmental Conditions affect ______ of antimicrobials

answer

efficacy

question

High temperatures and extremely low or high pH usually ____ the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents.

answer

increases

question

Biofilms, and fat, feces, emesis, and blood usually _______ the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents. Therefore, It is very important to ______ objects before using disinfectants or sterilization.

answer

decrease, clean

question

What are the four Methods for Testing or Evaluating the Effectiveness Disinfectants and Antiseptics?

answer

1.Phenol Coefficient
2.Use-Dilution Test
3.Disk-Diffusion Method
4.In-Use Test.

question

1. Phenol Coefficient Test (Carbolic acid)

answer

Phenol (carbolic acid or benzene) was used by Lister in late 1850s
Phenol was the standard to test all other disinfectants and antiseptics.

question

1.Phenol Coefficient Test (Carbolic acid)

answer

Researchers evaluated the efficiency of disinfectants and antiseptics when compared to phenol (carbolic acid).

question

Phenol Coefficient Test has been replaced by newer methods because we

answer

no longer extensively use phenol as a antiseptic.

question

2. Use-Dilution Test

answer

Use-dilution test is another method of evaluating efficacy of disinfectants and antiseptics.

question

What is the first step used in the Use-dilution test?

answer

1.Metal rings dipped into broth cultures of bacteria are dried at 37C.

question

What is the 2nd step used in the Use-dilution test?

answer

2. Rings with dried cultures are placed in different dilutions of a disinfectant:
Example: control (distilled water), 2%, 5%, 15% of Clorox solution.

question

What is the 3rd step used in the Use-dilution test?

answer

3. Rings stay in solution for 10 min at 20°C (68F) and rinsed.

question

What is the 4th step used in the Use-dilution test?

answer

4. Rings are transferred to nutrient agar and incubated to determine whether bacteria survived disinfectant treatment

question

What is the 5th step used in the Use-dilution test?

answer

5. Look for growth on agar plate. The most effective agent is the one that entirely prevents microbial growth at the highest dilution.

question

3.Kelsey-Sykes Capacity Test

answer

is the standard alernative assessment approved by the European Union to determine the capacity of a given chemical to inhibit bacterial growth.

question

3.Kelsey-Sykes Capacity Test step 1

answer

1. Researchers add a suspension P. aeruginosa or S. aureus to different concentrations of chemical being tested

question

3.Kelsey-Sykes Capacity Test step 2

answer

2.After predetermined time, move the mixture into broth with a disinfectant deactivator

question

3.Kelsey-Sykes Capacity Test step 3

answer

3.Incubate for 48 hours

question

3.Kelsey-Sykes Capacity Test step 4

answer

4.Measure turbidity

question

3.Kelsey-Sykes Capacity Test step 5

answer

5.Lack of turbidity indicates lack of bacterial reproduction

question

3. Disk-Diffusion Method aka Kirby-Bauer Method

answer

demonstrates the effectiveness of disinfectants and antiseptics on pathogens.

question

Procedure for Disk-Diffusion Method

answer

A disk of filter paper is soaked in different chemical agents and then placed on an agar plate just previously inoculated with bacteria.
Bacteria are incubated and then observed.

question

Disk-Diffusion Method results

answer

A clear zone around the disk indicates inhibition called zone of inhibition.
The visible area around disk is where bacteria did not grow.

question

In Disk-Diffusion Method the ______
are measured to determine the microorganism’s sensitivity to the disinfectants, antiseptic or antibiotic.

answer

zones of inhibition

question

The disk with the _____ zone of inhibition is the best agent to use against that particular pathogen.

answer

largest

question

4.In-Use Test

answer

The In-Use Test is a more realistic method for determining the effectiveness of a disinfectant or antiseptic.

question

In The In-Use Test Swabs are taken from ______before and after application of disinfectant or antiseptic.

answer

actual objects (operating room equipment)

question

Describe what happens in the In-Use Test

answer

The swabs are inoculated onto nutrient agar plates and incubated.
The plates are monitored for growth before and after the disinfectant was used.

question

List the 10 types of Physical Methods of Microbial Control (Table 9.4 pg. 270)

answer

1.Moist Heat = Boiling, Autoclaving (pressure cooking), Pasteurization and Ultrahigh-temperature sterilization.
2.Dry Heat = Hot air and Incineration
3.Refrigeration
4.Freezing
5.Desiccation (drying)
6.Lyophilization (freeze drying)
7.Filtration
8.Osmotic Pressure
9.Ionizing radiation (electron beams, gamma rays, X rays)
10.Nonionizing radiation (ultraviolet light)

question

Heat = one of the older and more common means of _______.

answer

microbial control

question

High Temperatures = ______ proteins, interfere with cell walls and cytoplasmic membranes, and disrupt function and structure of ______.

answer

denature, nucleic acids

question

Thermal death point is

answer

lowest temperature required to kill bacteria in a broth in 10 minutes.

question

Thermal death time is

answer

the time required to kill all bacteria in a broth at a given temperature.

question

Decimal reduction time (D time) is the

answer

time required to kill 90% of the population of bacteria in a sample at a given temperature

question

Researchers measure the effectiveness of heat sterilization by calculating the

answer

decimal reduction time.

question

Thermal death time is the time it takes to completely _____ a particular volume of liquid at a set_______.

answer

sterilize, temperature

question

How does high temperature control microbes in the environment?

answer

High temperatures denatures proteins, interferes with the integrity of cytoplasmic cell walls and disrupts the function and structure of nucleic acids.

question

List 6 heat-related methods used in microbial control.

answer

1.Moist heat
2.Boiling
3.Autoclaving
4.Pasteurization
5.Ultrahigh-temperature sterilization
6.Dry heat

question

Moist Heat is used to do what 4 things?

answer

disinfect, sanitize, sterilize, pasteurize.

question

4 Types of Moist heat

answer

Boiling
Autoclaving
Pasteurization
Ultrahigh-Temperature Sterilization

question

Boiling (100?C) kills _______ cells of bacteria and fungi, protozoan trophozoites, and most viruses within

answer

vegetative, 10 minutes at sea level.

question

Boiling does not kill which 3 things and why?

answer

endospores, protozoan cysts, and some viruses. because they can survive boiling for 10 minutes at sea level

question

Will it require longer boiling time in Denver or Los Angeles?

answer

It takes a longer boiling time in Denver.

question

Why does it require longer boiling time in Denver or Los Angeles?

answer

Water boils at lower temperatures at higher elevations because there is less air pressure and steam escapes more quickly and pulls of excess heat.

question

When is an autoclave required?

answer

An autoclave is used when sterilization is required.

question

Autoclaving does not let the ____escape and water will boil at a ____temperature.

answer

steam , higher

question

Autoclaves are used to sterilize ____?

answer

medical and laboratory supplies that can tolerate heat and moisture.

question

The Autoclave conditions are?

answer

121?C, 15 psi, 15 minutes.

question

what are used to check for sterility of the items being autoclaved.

answer

Bacillus stearothermophilus endospores

question

Pasteurization is a method of _____ & ______Without altering the quality of the food

answer

Heating foods to kill pathogens
Control spoilage organisms

question

Pasteurization is used for:

answer

Milk
Ice cream
Yogurt
Fruit juices
Beer and Wine

question

Pasteurization is not

answer

sterilization.

question

Dairy industry and other food processors use:Ultrahigh-temperature sterilization
To rid liquids of

answer

all living microbes.

question

Liquids are passed through super heated steam at 140?C (284?F) for 1-3 second, then rapidly cooled. What is this?

answer

Ultrahigh-temperature sterilization

question

milk and other liquid products passed through Ultrahigh-temperature sterilization can be

answer

stored indefinitely at room temperature.

question

What is a better conductor of heat… water or air?

answer

water

question

What is more effective in controlling microbes in the environment… moist heat or dry heat?

answer

Moist heat is more effective than dry heat because water is better conductor of heat than air.

question

At sea level, what does boiling at 100C kill? What does it not kill?

answer

Boiling (100?C) kills vegetative cells of bacteria and fungi, protozoan trophozoites, and most viruses not kill endospores, protozoan cysts, and some viruses

question

In Denver, will water boil at a greater than 100C or less than 100C?

answer

less then because Water boils at lower temperatures at higher elevations because there is less air pressure and steam escapes more quickly and pulls of excess heat.

question

Will it take longer or less time to boil water for 10 minutes to kill microbes in Los Angeles as compared to Denver?

answer

less time because there is more pressure

question

Autoclaving:

answer

device that uses steam heat under pressure to sterilize chemicals and objects that can tolerate moist heat.

question

Autoclaving needs less than _____to sterilize an object at _______.

answer

15 mins, 121 C

question

Autoclaving denatures______ and destroys______.

answer

proteins, membranes

question

Pasteurization

answer

the use of heat to kill pathogens and reduce the number of spoilage microorganisms in dairy products, fruit juices, beer, and wine

question

4 types of pasteurization of milk:

answer

1.Historical (batch) pasteurization
2.Flash pasteurization
3.Ultrahigh-temperature pasteurization
4.Ultrahigh- temperature sterilization:

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