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Water contains

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two H-atoms and one O-atom

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waters shape

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triangular

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Bonds are covalent bonds

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electrons are shared between H and O

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O is more electronegative than H =>

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the electrons spend more time around O than H =>

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H atoms have a slight

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positive charge

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o atoms has a slight

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negative charge

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the molecule is

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polar

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Polarity of the water molecule causes attraction between the positive and negative ends of different molecules Called hydrogen bonding

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called hydrogen bonding

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Liquid water can be thought of as a three-dimensional matrix, held together by

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hydrogen bonds

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The temperature of a substance is a measure of the

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average kinetic energy of the atoms and molecules in the substance

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temperature is measured in

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degrees

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Temperature uses three different scales

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Fahrenheit, Celsius, Kelvin scale

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Kelvin Scale

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used to measure extremes of hot and cold and is constructed in such a manner that 0K corresponds to absolute zero

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Heat is a measure of

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the total kinetic energy of the atoms and molecules in a substance

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Heat is measured in

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calories

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one calorie is the amount of heat needed to

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raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 degrees C

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Link with Celsius scale

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Ice melts at 0o C Water boils at 100o C at standard atmospheric pressure

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Temperature is not the same as heat!

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if we have a large beaker and a small beaker, both filled with warm water of the same T. The T is the same, but the large beaker contains more heat because it has a larger volume of water.

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Heat and heat capacity

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Adding heat causes molecular motion At absolute zero, there is no molecular motion. Different substances need different amounts of heat to increase 1C in temperature.

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Principles of water

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The only substance that occurs naturally as gas, liquid, and solid on Earth's surface Transition between states effected by addition or removal of heat Specific heat of water is highest of all common liquids Prevents large variations in surface temperature in the ocean and atmosphere

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Three states of water

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Solid - ice Liquid - water Gas - water vapor

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When water is transferred between the above forms it is said to change

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state

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dew point

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when heat is removed from water vapor and the temperature falls below the temperature of water vapor saturation, the water vapor condenses to liquid

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In order for water to change state it has to

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release or take up energy.

question

This energy is used to break

answer

hydrogen bonds.

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In water, latent heat is always used to break or form

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hydrogen bonds.

question

Ice at 0 oC requires addition of energy to become water at 0 oC.

answer

80 calories.

question

80 calories =

answer

the latent heat of fusion of water.

question

Water at 100 oC requires addition of energy to become water vapor at 100 oC. 540 calories

answer

540 calories

question

Water vapor at 100oC requires release of energy to become water at 100 oC.

answer

540 calories

question

540 calories

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= the latent heat of vaporization of water.

question

latent heat of fusion

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heat necessary to change the state of water between solid and liquid

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latent heat of vaporization

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head needed for a change between the liquid and vapor states (The energy added to transfer water from liquid to gas, is used to break the hydrogen bonds between the molecules. In the liquid phase the hydrogen bonds between the molecules act as a glue. As we add more energy, the vibration of the molecules can eventually tear the hydrogen bonds apart and the water molecule is free!!!! It's a gas.)

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Changes of State: Effect on the environment

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Latent heat of fusion: Results in the release of heat during freezing and the absorption of heat during melting Latent heat of vaporization: Results in the release of heat during condensation and the absorption of heat during vaporization. Important in controlling sea surface T and the transfer of heat in the atmosphere.

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Hydrologic cycle and latent heat

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The hydrologic cycle is a major player in the redistribution of heat around the planet by way of cycling water between the ocean, atmosphere, land and biosphere. Evaporation is the process whereby latent heat is removed from the ocean and land, while condensation and precipitation release latent heat to the atmosphere. These processes of the hydrologic cycle help to redistribute excess tropical heat to colder regions by way of two the atmosphere and day-to-day weather. Tropical cyclones (hurricanes and typhoons) represent safety valves for the release of excess heat that builds up in the tropics and subtropics every year.

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Differences in specific heat is important for Earth because land and water will heat at different rates => affects

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weather

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Specific heat

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a measure of a substances ability to give up or take in a given amount of heat and undergo large or small changes in temperature

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the heat capacity

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of a material is the quantity of heat required to produce a unit change of temperature in the material

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Water is a very good solvent Salts are composed of positive and negative ions. Example - table salt Na+Cl- has high concentrations in the oceans. Salt in the ocean come from land and underwater volcanism.

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universal solvent

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Solves more types of materials than

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any other common liquid

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Salts solve very well

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in water

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salts are composed of

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positive and negative ions

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salt in the ocean comes from

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land and underwater volcanism

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Bonds between water molecules...

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form, break, and reform with great frequency

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a substantial percentage of all water molecules are bonded to their

answer

neighbor

question

cohesion

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the property that explains hydrogen bonds collectively holding water together

question

cohesion is related to

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surface tension

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surface tension is a measure of

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how difficult it is to stretch or penetrate the surface of a liquid

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the addition of salt to pure water increases

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the surface tension

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decreasing temperature also increases

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the surface tension

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viscosity

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the property that explains why liquid water puts and stirs easily. It has little resistance to motion or internal friction

question

viscosity is affected by

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temperature

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Ice to water: molecules move closer to each other (contraction);

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Water: 0o to 4oC: contraction, and density increases Above 4oC: Expansion, and water becomes less dense

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Effect of Pressure on density

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Compressibility of water is very low - pressure does not have big effect on density Not compressible at all => the seasurface level would be 37 m higher than it is Average pressure on total ocean volume is 200 atmospheres

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Effect of salt on density

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If you add salt to water, the density will increase. Like fresh water, salty water will go through a density maximum before freezing if the salt content is less than 24.7 g/kg of water. If the salt content is > 24.7 g/kg, the salty water will reach maximum density at the freezing point.

question

What is the effect of pressure on density?

answer

normally negligible

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How does temperature and salinity affect density?

answer

Despite the small compressibility, it keeps sea level down by 37 m! 10 m water depth translates into 1 atmospheric pressure

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How does density stratification affect water column stability?

answer

Less dense fluids sit on top of denser fluids Density stratification makes fluid stable Energy is required to break up stratification For a given temperature, seawater is denser than freshwater. For a given salinity, colder water is denser than warmer water. This explains why cold water is found below warm water.

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Water is nearly incompressible

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A cubic centimeter of water would loose only 1.7 % of its volume if lowered to 4000 m*.

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Fresh water and salt water both

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transmit energy

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Three ways in which heat energy may be transmitted within a material:

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conduction, convection, and by radiation

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Conduction

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A molecular process Motion in molecules is transferred to other molecules Good conductor- metal, poor conductor- water

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Convection

answer

is density driven Heated fluid moves and carries heat with it Heated water becomes less dense and rises Cooled water becomes more dense and sinks

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Radiation

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is direct transmission of energy from its energy source Heat from a heat lamp and heat from the sun are examples. Can be transferred through vacuum of space

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Visible light and infrared radiation are both In the open ocean, only 20 % of incident light reaches down to 10 m (see figure above). The photic zone goes from the surface and down to the depth where 1% of the incident light remains. Algae have enough light to carry out primary production in the photic zone. The aphotic zone is the opposite - a zone where the light levels are too low for primary production to occur.

answer

electromagnetic waves.

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Seawater transmits only visible light, while the infrared radiation is

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quickly absorbed.

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Lower energy light, with a long wavelength (to the right in the figure)

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is absorbed the most

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Higher energy light (to the left in the figure) is absorbed

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the least

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Wavelengths shorter than visible light

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ultraviolet light, x rays, and gamma rays

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wavelengths longer than visible light

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in fared heat waves, microwaves, TV, and FM/AM radio waves

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Visible light may be broken down into the familiar spectrum of the rainbow:

answer

red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet

question

each color represents

answer

a range of wavelengths

question

the longest wavelengths are at the

answer

red end of the spectrum

question

shortest wavelengths are at the

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blue violet of the spectrum

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Light intensity decreases exponentially

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with depth.

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If there are particles (dead particles or algae) or colored material (like a brown river)

answer

light is absorbed more quickly.

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There is a middle range of wavelengths (350 - 550 nm)

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that reach far into the ocean.

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It reaches far because these wavelengths are not absorbed

answer

by water molecules.

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Since high nutrient concentrations generally occur in deeper waters, it is advantageous for an organism to use

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light that can reach far into the ocean.

question

Photosynthetic organisms have therefore developed

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pigments that can absorb these specific wavelengths.

question

Seawater appears blue because that color is

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scattered back towards our eyes. Red is absorbed very quickly.

question

Secchi disk

answer

simplest way of measuring light attenuation in surface water

question

Light in the water is absorbed by the water Light can also be scattered and refracted, or bent Light is absorbed by photosynthetic plants. This leads to the light ray being decreased called:

answer

The decrease is called attenuation

question

Light meters can be lowered in the water to measure

answer

the amount of light of a specific wavelength at a certain depth.

question

Typical Secchi disk readings -

answer

coastal zone 1-3 m, open ocean 20-30 m. However Antarctica 79 m.

question

Electronic meters -

answer

a beam is transmitted and the attenuation is measured after a certain distance.

question

Is the speed of sound the same in air and water?

answer

speed of sound is faster in water Air 334 m/s Water 1500 m/s

question

Speed of sound is proportional to

answer

the square root of the compressibility.

question

Speed of sound changes with

answer

with T, P and salinity

question

Speed of sound increases with increasing

answer

with T, P and salinity

question

Speed of sound decreases with decreasing

answer

with T, P and salinity

question

The speed of sound in seawater is a function of

answer

the axial modulus and density of water

question

Water dissipates the energy of high frequency sounds faster than that of...

answer

low frequency sounds

question

High frequency sounds do not travel as far as the

answer

lower frequency sounds

question

Water depth is measured by directing a narrow sound beam vertically to the...

answer

sea floor

question

Little refraction, or bending, of the sons beam occurs,

answer

because its path is perpendicular to the water layers

question

Geologists can detect the properties of the sea floor by studying

answer

echo charts because some seafloor materials reflect stronger signals then others

question

High frequency signals do not penetrate far beneath the sea floor and are used

answer

simply to measure water depth

question

lower frequency sound energy can penetrate the

answer

seafloor sediments, and reflect from boundaries between sediment layers. (used to study sediment thickness and layering)

question

Deep scattering layer (DSL)

answer

the small organisms, including fish, that move toward the surface during the night and sink to greater depths during the day

question

the DSL reflects a portion of the sound beam energy and creates the image of a...

answer

false bottom on the depth recorder trace

question

SOFAR channel (Sound Fixing and Ranging)

answer

Because of the increase in the speed of sound when T is increased, speed of sound can be used to determine T. ATOC experiment Sound is bounced for long distances in the sofar channel and the time it takes to reach various points is determined very accurately.

question

ATOC =

answer

Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate.

question

TAP =

answer

Transarctic Propagation. The same kind of experiment in the Arctic. Found that the Arctic Ocean middepth waters have warmed 0.2 - 0.4 C since 1980.

Oceanography Chapter 5: The Physical Properties of Water – Flashcards

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