OCE Chapter 5 Final
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Calorie
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The amount of energy that is necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree C is the definition of:
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change in state.
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Latent heat is the quantity of heat gained or lost as a substance undergoes a:
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It remains constant until the ice melts, and then it begins to rise.
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A beaker contains a mixture of ice and pure liquid water at 0oC. What happens to the temperature of the liquid water as heat is added?
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*When water vapor condenses and forms a liquid, its latent heat of condensation releases heat to the environment; this is what powers hurricanes. *In the vapor state, there are no weak (hydrogen) bonds between water molecules. *In the solid state, all water molecules are connected by weak (hydrogen) bonds. *Latent heat allows water to transfer energy from one place to another. *When water evaporates, its latent heat of evaporation absorbs heat.
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Of the following statements about water's latent heat and changes in state, which is/are true?
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3.5%
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The average salinity of typical seawater is:
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Chloride
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Which is the most abundant ion in seawater?
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*The two most common dissolved components in seawater are sodium and chloride. *Seawater salinity averages 35 *Seawater salinity averages 3.5%.
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Of the following statements about seawater salinity, which is/are true?
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evaporation
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Which process in the hydrologic cycle is most effective at increasing ocean salinity on a global scale?
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evaporation.
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All the following processes decrease the salinity of water except :
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evaporation.
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All the following processes decrease seawater salinity except :
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*Evaporation *the formation of sea ice
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Of the following processes, which INCREASES the salinity of seawater?
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*increased salinity *Decreased salinity *just east of the Bahamas *Off the west coast of Africa *From the Red Sea *From the Baltic Sea
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Can you determine where each was sampled from based on salinity? Label the samples accordingly. Also, note the two locations for seasonal sea ice melt and seawater freezing and label those for salinity.
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550 meters
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Imagine you are swimming in the open ocean at a location near the equator. Based on the following data, can you determine how deep you would need to dive to reach a water temperature of 19°C?
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HCO3-.
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The ion in sea water that serves as a buffer is:
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slightly basic (or alkaline)
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The pH of surface seawater usually has a value of around 8.0. That means the water is __________.
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decrease in salinity with depth
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In regions with low rates of precipitation and high rates of evaporation, the halocline will __________.
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halocline
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layer of the ocean that experiences a rapid change in salinity with depth
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evaporation is much greater than precipitation
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We would expect the salinity of surface waters to be higher in regions where __________.
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*There is a thermocline in low latitudes. *There is a halocline in low latitudes. *There is a halocline in high latitudes. *There is a pycnocline in low latitudes.
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Of the following statements about seawater properties in high and low latitudes, which is/are true?
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thermocline
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A rapid change in ocean temperature with a change in depth occurs in the:
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Left: water temperature Top: Density, Temperature Right: Thermocline, water reaches Middle: Inversely related
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Review the graph. The y axis shows ocean depth at a location near the equator. Can you label the two curves correctly for ocean water temperature and density variation with depth? Label the other features on the graph.
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*The sample analysis shows there is no pycnocline present. *This sample must have been taken from a location in the ocean at high latitude. *The temperature of the water column must be constant throughout its depth
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Imagine a researcher aboard an oceanographic vessel collects a sample from the water column, extending from the surface to 3000 meters deep. Analysis of the sample shows it is isopycnal. Which of the following statements correctly define what this means and why?
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*expands, decrease
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Water ______ when it is heated, making the density______.
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isothermal
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Water that is _____ will be represented by a straight line for temperature on a graph showing variation with depth.
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Low latitudes
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The sun penetrates surface waters enough at _____ to create a thermocline.
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isophcnal
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You would expect the water column to be ______ for density at high latitudeds
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increase
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In lower latitudes where a themocline exists, as we drop down from the surface through ocean water, water density will ______ while water temperature will be inversely proportional
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barrier
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Both the thermocline and pycnocline present a _____ to mixing between surface and the surface water below
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solar humidification
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Which method of desalination is the most cost effective but least efficient?
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osmosis
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All the following are methods used to desalinate water except :
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the high cost of energy involved
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The primary difficulty that must be overcome in the use of desalination plants to provide fresh water is __________.
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*Take seawater and freeze and melt it several times to purify it. *Boil seawater; catch and condense the water vapor. * Heat sea ice that formed a long time ago. *Catch and melt fresh falling snow.
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If you were an explorer stranded in the Arctic Ocean, what method(s) could you use for creating fresh drinking water?
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covalent bonds
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bonds that involve the sharing of electrons between atoms
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ions
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charged atoms due to the gain or loss of one or more electrons
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sublimation
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change in state from solid to gas
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evaporation
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change in state from liquid to gas
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increases seawater salinity
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high temperature
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decreases seawater salinity
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river input
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