question

the situation

answer

Jim is a student who cannot work at writing a paper for more than 30 minutes, yet he can spend many hours writing comments on blogs. What accounts for the change in motivation in this case?

question

accounts for an individual's efforts toward attaining a goal

answer

Motivation is best defined as a process that _____.

question

intensity, direction and persistence

answer

What are the three key elements of motivation?

question

self-actualization

answer

In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, what is the term used for the drive to become what one is capable of becoming?

question

Hierarchy of Needs

answer

The most well-known theory of motivation is Abraham Maslow's _____.

question

animal needs

answer

Maslow's hierarchy has five levels of needs. Which of the following is not one of those levels?

question

physiological

answer

Which level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs deals with satisfying one's hunger, thirst, and need for sex?

question

esteem

answer

Danielle wants to become a surgeon, not only because achieving this goal will give her self-respect and autonomy, but also because she wants a job with high status and recognition from others. Which of Maslow's needs is Danielle trying to fill?

question

physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization

answer

Maslow's hierarchy of needs arranges those needs in which of the following orders?

question

social

answer

Hans derives a great sense of belongingness, acceptance and friendship from his relationships with his extended family. Which of Maslow's needs is Hans fulfilling through these relationships?.

question

when it is substantially satisfied

answer

According to Maslow, when does a need stop motivating?

question

Lower-order needs do not have to be fully satisfied before higher-order needs become dominant.

answer

Kate says that she plans to do a graduate degree in art in order to realize her passion for the subject, even though this will mean she has to adjust to a much more frugal lifestyle while she is at school. Kate's case illustrates which point about Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs Theory?

question

pay

answer

What is the primary organizational factor that satisfies people's physiological needs?

question

social, esteem, self-actualization

answer

Which of the following were considered higher-order needs by Maslow?

question

there is little evidence that needs are structured or operate in the way it describes

answer

What is the major problem with Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs in organizational behavior?

question

Theories X and Y

answer

Which of the following theories was proposed by Douglas McGregor?

question

Alderfer

answer

Who developed ERG theory?

question

it is supported by a great deal more empirical research

answer

Which of the following is not one of the ways in which ERG theory differs from McClelland's Hierarchy of Needs?

question

existence

answer

Hunger, thirst, sex, pay, and physical work environment are examples of which of Alderfer's needs?

question

relatedness

answer

Desires for associations with those who are significant to us, such as family members, supervisors, and friends, are examples of Alderfer's _____ needs

question

growth

answer

Our intrinsic desire for personal development is included in Alderfer's _____ needs

question

growth

answer

ERG's ______ needs include the intrinsic component from Maslow's esteem category and the characteristics included under self-actualization

question

The existence needs must be satisfied before the relatedness needs become important

answer

Which one of the following is not characteristic of ERG theory?

question

needing to be coerced to achieve goals

answer

How would a Theory X manager view employees

question

She strictly controls the details of any project she is managing

answer

Which of the following is a behavior that would most likely be exhibited by a Theory X manager?.

question

their behavior follows their assumptions

answer

In what way are Theory X and Theory Y managers alike

question

exercise self direction

answer

A Theory Y manager would assume that employees would _____.

question

Jo holds Theory X assumptions, Chris holds Theory Y assumptions

answer

Two managers are talking about how they get the best out of their employees: Jo: "I tell my employees that times are tough and there is no way of telling when the guys in head office might try to downsize. Let me tell you, a bit of fear keeps them focused on the task at hand." Chris "I tell them that head office is making them more responsible for deciding how to do their work. The increased sense of ownership they have makes productivity go way up" How would these managers be best characterized by Douglas Macgregor?

question

Individuals are dominated by Maslow's lower level needs

answer

Someone subscribing to theory X would agree with which of the following statements

question

Herzberg

answer

Who proposed a two-factor theory

question

Motivator-Hygiene Theory

answer

What other name is the two-factor theory known by

question

working conditions

answer

Two-factor theory suggests that dissatisfaction is caused by extrinsic factors. Which of the following is an example of such a factor

question

A job becomes satisfying when the dissatisfying characteristics are removed

answer

Which of the following is not true about the two-factor theory?

question

recognition for her achievements

answer

Gerry has a job which pays an excellent salary. She has a good relationship with her peers and her supervisors. She also likes the fact that the company policy fits well with what she personally believes, and that she has received considerable recognition for her achievements at the company. Which of these factors is most likely responsible for the fact that Gerry loves her job

question

responsibility

answer

Which one of the following would be considered a motivator in the two-factor theory

question

no dissatisfaction to dissatisfaction

answer

What continuum in the two-factor theory is made up of the hygiene factors

question

The system used by raters is too rigid and not open to interpretation

answer

Which of the following is a not a criticism of the two-factor theory

question

achievement, power and affiliation

answer

McClelland's theory of needs concentrates on which three needs

question

desire for friendship, cooperative situations, and mutual understanding

answer

How does McClelland define the need for affiliation

question

the need for success

answer

Jasmine is trying to gain control of her department. Although she will be greatly compensated if she achieves this aim, and will gain control over many subordinates, the main reason she is pursuing this position is that she thinks she can do the job better than her predecessors and wants people to know that this is so. What need would McClelland say primarily drives Jasmine in this case

question

McClelland

answer

Who proposed that there are three major relevant motives, or needs, in the workplace

question

the need for power

answer

According to McClelland, what is the need to make others behave in a way that they would not have behaved otherwise

question

nAch

answer

According to McClelland, individuals who have a desire to excel and to succeed are high in _____.

question

self-actualization

answer

Which of Maslow's needs best approximates McClelland's need for achievement

question

One where he is closely controlled and there is a moderate chance he will exceed his sales targets

answer

A manager wishes to motivate a sales employee who is a high achiever. According to McClelland, which of the following sales territories should be assigned to such a salesperson?

question

nAff

answer

An individual who joins the armed services out of a desire to be involved in an enterprise that requires a high degree of cooperation for success, probably would have high _____.

question

Trust him to do the job independently, but do not fail to provide plenty of feedback

answer

You are supervising a team leader in charge of training employees to use a new phone system. According to McClelland, which of the following courses of action will best ensure this employee stays motivated in his task?

question

affiliation

answer

The need for______ identified by McClelland has received the least attention from researchers

question

high nPow, low nAff

answer

Which of the following appears to be the combination of needs found in the best managers

question

a high degree of risk

answer

Individuals with a high need to achieve prefer all of the following except _____.

question

cognitive evaluation

answer

The issue of whether or not intrinsic and extrinsic motivators are independent is considered in which theory

question

base pay on performance

answer

Cognitive evaluation theory suggests that which of the following would not serve to increase an employee's motivation

question

Edwin Locke

answer

Who proposed that intentions to work toward a goal are a major source of work motivation

question

difficult but attainable

answer

According to the goal-setting theory of motivation, highest performance is reached when goals are set to which level?

question

equity among co-workers

answer

Which of the following is not an important issue relating to goal-setting theory

question

Chilean employees tend to have higher scores on power distance and uncertainty avoidance

answer

Deborah works for a U.S. based firm with extensive business interests in Latin America. Deborah has successfully used goal-setting theory in her efforts to motivate her US employees. When she tries to use it on her Chilean employees, she has much poorer results. Why is this probably so?

question

set specific, challenging goals

answer

What is generally considered to be the single best thing that managers can do to improve performance?

question

specific objectives for organizational units and individual members

answer

MBO emphasizes translating overall organizational objectives into _____.

question

tangible, verifiable and measurable

answer

What sort of goals does Management By Objectives (MBO) emphasize

question

allowing lower-unit managers to participate in setting their own goals

answer

Some MBO programs fail to live up to expectations. Which of the following is not a common reason that MBO programs fail?

question

specific personal performance objectives

answer

What does MBO provide for the individual employee

question

Decrease payroll costs by 6%.

answer

Which of the following is an example of an MBO objective?

question

consistent monetary rewards

answer

Which of the following is not an ingredient common to all MBO programs?

question

periodic managerial evaluations

answer

What, in the ideal case, supplements feedback in an MBO program

question

they are set jointly by superior and subordinate

answer

Who sets MBO objectives

question

self-efficacy

answer

What is the term used for an individual's personal evaluation of their ability to perform

question

enactive mastery

answer

According to Bandura, what is the most important source of increasing self-efficacy

question

as environmentally caused

answer

How do proponents of reinforcement theory view behavior

question

reinforcement theory

answer

Which theory is, strictly speaking, not a theory of motivation since it does not concern itself with what initiates behavior?

question

it does not recognize the effect of feelings, attitudes and other cognitive variables

answer

What is the major failure of reinforcement theory in explaining changes in behavior

question

outcome-input ratio

answer

In equity theory, individuals assess the _____.

question

equity

answer

When individuals compare their outcomes and inputs against those of others, the framework is _____.

question

equity tension is created

answer

When people perceive an imbalance in their outcome-input ratio relative to others _____.

question

self-goal

answer

Which of the following is not a comparison an employee can use in equity theory?

question

Employees in sex-segregated jobs use more cross-sex comparisons

answer

Which of the following is not true about referent comparisons in equity theory?

question

acquire more tenure

answer

Which of the following is not a predictable choice when employees perceive an inequity

question

the quantity and/or the quality of documents he proofreads will increase

answer

James is a salaried employee whose job it is to proof read legal documents. He discovers that he is paid substantially more than his colleagues, even though their jobs and performances are very similar. What is likely to be his reaction to this discovery according to equity theory

question

quality will increase

answer

What would be the predicted result of overpaying a piece-rate worker, according to equity theory

question

organizational

answer

Contemporary research inequity theory focuses on_____justice

question

distributive

answer

Equity theory historically focused on _____ justice

question

Distributive

answer

Gloria thinks that she is paid less than other workers in her division and feels extremely resentful. She starts taking long breaks and generally wasting time. Her actions were a result of her perceiving what kind of injustice

question

interactional injustice can only occur during face-to-face encounters

answer

People who perceive that they are victims of interactional injustice tend to blame their immediate supervisor rather than the organization at large. Why is this?

question

procedural

answer

Jessica believes that she received an appropriate salary increase this year but she does not believe that the company's methods for determining salary increases were fair. She believes that there is a problem with the firm's _____ justice

question

Expectancy theory

answer

What theory attempts to measure the strength of one's expectations and predict motivation

question

Vroom

answer

Who developed expectancy theory

question

performance-reward

answer

The degree to which an individual believes that performing at a particular level will generate a desired outcome is defined by expectancy theory as what kind of relationship

question

rewards-personal goals relationship

answer

Which of the following is one of the relationships proposed in expectancy theory

question

effort-performance

answer

Helen is an office worker who processes health insurance forms. She has worked at her present job for three years. Initially she was criticized by her supervisor for sloppy work, but in the months after that improved considerably. Now she consistently processes her forms without errors and above quota. However she has found her supervisor has not responded to the extra effort she puts in, giving her no praise and no financial reward. Helen will most likely perceive that there is a problem in which of the following relationships?

question

rewards-personal goals

answer

According to expectancy theory, the degree to which organizational rewards satisfy an individual's personal goals or needs and the attractiveness of those potential rewards for the individual is known as what sort of relationship

question

Vroom's expectancy theory

answer

The theory that asserts that motivation depends upon an employee's goals, and the belief that productive behavior will get these goals accomplished, is called _____.

question

One's inputs and outputs are compared to another's

answer

Which of the following concepts is inconsistent with the expectancy theory of motivation

question

they were developed in the United States by Americans

answer

Most current motivation theories have a strong emphasis on individualism and quantity of life. Why is this

question

need for achievement

answer

Which of the following motivation concepts clearly has an American bias

question

interesting work

answer

Which of the following desires would most likely be common to a worker in China, Australia, Kenya, Canada and Kuwait

question

McGregor

answer

A theory based on "needs" is the premise for theories by all of the following except _____.

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