OAE Middle Grades Social Studies – US History to 1865 – Flashcards
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continents
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large land masses surrounded by water.
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what do geographic features look like on maps, globes, and diagrams?
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Water related features include lakes, rivers, tributaries, gulfs, and bays. Land related features include mountains, hills, plateaus, plains, islands, and peninsulas
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geographic features are related to...
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patterns of trade, westward (frontier) movement, locations of cities and towns, culture and fishing industries
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Europe
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is considered a continent even though it is not entirely surrounded by water.
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the land mass containing Europe
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is frequently called Eurasia.
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bodies of water
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support interaction among regions, form borders, and create links to other areas.
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ocean
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a large body of salt water that surrounds a continent. The location of the United States, with its Atlantic and Pacific coasts, has provided access to other areas of the world.
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The Pacific Ocean
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was an early exploration destination.
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The Atlantic Ocean
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served as the highway for explorers, early settlers, and later immigrants.
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river
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a large, flowing body of water that usually empties into a sea or ocean.
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Columbia River
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was explored by Lewis and Clark
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Colorado River
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was explored by the Spanish
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Rio Grande
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forms the border with Mexico
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Missouri and Mississippi Rivers
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were used to transport farm and industrial products and were links to ports and other parts of the world.
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Ohio River
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the gateway to the west
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St. Lawrence River
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forms part of the northeastern border with Canada and connects the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean
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lake
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a large body of water surrounded by land on all sides.
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Inland port cities
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grew up in the Midwest along the Great Lakes.
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gulf
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a part of the ocean or sea that is partly surrounded by land. It is usually larger than a bay.
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The Gulf of Mexico
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provided the French and Spanish with exploration routes to Mexico and other parts of America.
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What are the geographic regions of North America?
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Coastal Plains, Appalachian Highlands, Canadian Shield, Interior Lowlands, Great Plains, Rocky Mountains, Basin and Range, Coastal Range.
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Where are the Coastal Plains located?
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Along the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico
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Where are the Appalachian Highlands located?
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West of Coastal Plain, extending from eastern Canada to western Alabama, includes the Piedmont
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Where is the Canadian Shield located?
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Wrapped around Hudson Bay in a horseshoe shape
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Where are the Interior Lowlands located?
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Located west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Great Plains
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Where are the Great Plains located?
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Located west of Interior Lowlands and east of the Rocky Mountains
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Where are the Rocky Mountains located?
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Located west of the Great Plains and east of the Basin and Range
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Where are the Basin and Range located?
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Located west of Rocky Mountains and east of the Sierra Nevadas and the Cascades
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Where is the Coastal Range located?
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Rugged mountains along the Pacific Coast that stretch from California to Canada
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What are some of the physical characteristics of the Coastal Plains?
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Broad lowlands providing many excellent harbors
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What are some of the physical characteristics of the Appalachian Highlands?
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Old, eroded mountain. Oldest mountain range in North America
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What are some of the physical characteristics of the Canadian Shield?
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Hills worn by erosion and hundreds of lakes carved by glaciers
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What are some of the physical characteristics of the Interior Lowlands?
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Rolling flatlands with many rivers, broad river valleys, and grassy hills
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What are some of the physical characteristics of the Great Plains?
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Flat land that gradually increases in elevation westward; grass- lands
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What are some of the physical characteristics of the Rocky Mountains?
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Rugged mountains stretching from Alaska almost to Mexico; high elevations; contains the Continental Divide which determines the directional flow of rivers
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What are some of the physical characteristics of the Basin and Range?
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Area of varying elevations containing isolated mountain ranges and Death Valley, the lowest point in North America
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What are some of the physical characteristics of the Coastal Range?
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Contains fertile valleys
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Archaeology
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the recovery of material evidence remaining from the past.
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Southeastern Virginia
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Archaeological discoveries of early North American Indian Settlements have been made in this area.
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Why is archaeology important?
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it allows for the study human behavior and culture through the recovery and analysis of artifacts.
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Where is one of the oldest archaeological sites in the United States located?
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Cactus Hill. It is located on the Nottoway River in southeastern Virginia.
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Evidence that humans lived at Cactus Hill as early as...
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15,000 years ago makes it one of the oldest sites in North America.
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What are the major Indian tribes to settle in North America?
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Inuit, Kwakiutl, Lakota, Pueblo, Iroquois.
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Where did the Inuit settle?
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they settled in present-day Alaska and northern Canada
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Where did the Kwakiutl settle?
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Their homeland includes the Pacific Northwest coast
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Where did the Lakota settle?
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in the interior of the United States, area called the Great Plains
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Where did the Pueblo settle?
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in the Southwest in present-day New Mexico and Arizona
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Where did the Iroquois settle?
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in the northeast of North America in the Eastern Woodlands
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What was the environment like for the Inuit?
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they lived in the Arctic where the temperature was below freezing much of the year
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What was the environment like for the Kwakiutl?
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they had a rainy, mild climate
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What was the environment like for the Lakota?
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they enjoyed dry grasslands
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What was the environment like for the Pueblo?
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desert areas and areas bordering cliffs and mountains
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What was the environment like for the Iroquois?
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it was heavily forested
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How did geography and climate affect how various American Indian groups met their basic needs?
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Fished, hunted, and harvested crops for food. Clothing was made from animal skins and plants. Shelter was made of resources found in the environment. Things like sod, stones, animal skins and wood.
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How did the American Indians use natural resources?
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Fished in rivers, hunted animals and grew crops.
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How did the American Indians use human resources?
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People who fished, made clothing and hunted animals.
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How did the American Indians use capital resources?
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As canoes, bows and spears.
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natural resources
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come directly from nature
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human resources
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people working to produce goods and services
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capital resources
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goods produced and used to make other goods and services
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Resources
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influence what was produced and how it was produced.
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Prior to the arrival of Europeans...
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American Indians were dispersed across different environments in North America. American Indians lived in all parts of North America.
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How did American Indians and Europeans interact with each other?
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Europeans brought weapons and metal farm tools. Trade. Crops
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How did American Indians and Europeans conflict with each other?
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Land. Competition for trade .Differences in cultures. Disease. Differences in languages.
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The Spanish...
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conquered and enslaved American Indians, brought Christianity, brought diseases.
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The French...
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established trading posts, spread Christianity.
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The English
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established settlements, claimed land, learned farming techniques and traded with Indians
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The American Indians
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taught farming techniques to European settlers, believed that land was to be shared or used but not owned.
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What were the motivating forces for the exploration of North America?
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Religious through the spread of Christianity. Economic by obtaining gold, natural resources and new trade routes. Glory came to the empires and their belief in the superiority of their own culture.
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What obstacles did explorers of North America face?
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Poor maps and navigational tools. Disease/starvation. Fear of the unknown. Lack of adequate supplies.
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What were the accomplishments of explorers?
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They exchanged goods and ideas. They improved navigational tools and ships. They also claimed territories.
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What regions of the world were explored by the Spanish?
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Francisco Coronado claimed the southwest United States.
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What regions of the world were explored by the French?
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Samuel de Champlain established the French settlement of Quebec and Robert LaSalle claimed the Mississippi River Valley.
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What regions of the world were explored by the English?
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John Cabot explored eastern Canada.
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What regions of the world were explored by the Portuguese?
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Made voyages of discovery along West Africa.
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What was the importance of the kingdoms in Ghana, Mali, and Songhai?
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They became powerful by controlling trade in West Africa from 300-1600 A.D. Each dominated West Africa one after another.
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Ghana, Mali, and Songhai...
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increased European interest in world resources.
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The location of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai:
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They were located in the western region of Africa, south of the Sahara Desert, near the Niger River.
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The Portuguese carried goods from...
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Europe to West Africa.
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Portugal traded metals, cloth, and other manufactured goods for...
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gold
