Nursing Research-DSN – Flashcards
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Baccalaureate Research Training Level
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-Ability to apply research findings from nursing into clinical practice -Understand basic elements of EBP -Identify potential nursing research problems
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Masters Research Training Level
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-Develop and implement EBP guidelines -Evaluate research findings
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Practice-Focused Doctoral Research Training Level
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-Translate scientific knowledge into complex clinical interventions tailored to meet health and illness needs -Focus on evaluation and use of research rather than conduct research
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Research-Focused Doctoral Research Training Level
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-Conduct independent research for the purpose of extending nursing knowledge -Plan and launch independent programs of research
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Postdoctoral Research Training Level
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-Establish programs of research
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Experimental Research
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The study when research manipulates and controls variables to observe effects on the variables. EX> administering a drug and a placebo
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Non-Experimental Research
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Studies that describe what already exists.
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Descriptive Research
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-Research that systematically describes a particular situation. -NO attempt to explain or predict what the situation might be in the future or how it could have been changed. -A type of Non-Experimental Research
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Correlational Research
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-Examines the relationship between variables. -A type of Non-Experimental Research
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Retrospective Research
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-Examines data collected in the past
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Prospective Research
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-Examines data collected in the present -More reliable than retrospective due to more control over data collection
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Cross-Sectional Research
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-Collects data at one point in time only -Focus on what exists on the day the study was performed, does not care about past data/info
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Longitudinal Research
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-Follows a cohort of subjects and collects data at multiple intervals
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Problem Statement
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-A statement that says why the study is being conducted and provides a research purpose supported by literature -Outlines pertinent variables with direction
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ResearchABLE Problem Prerequisites
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-Availability of subjects -Time and money constraints -Researcher's expertise -Cooperation of everyone -Available resources -Ethical considerations ***These determine problem feasibility***
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Purpose Statement
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-States the overall goal and intent of the research while clarifying the knowledge to be gained -States the type of study to be conducted
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3 forms of a Purpose Statement
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-Declarative Statement -A question -Hypothesis
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Replication
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Duplication of research procedures used in a second study that yield similar results
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Review of the Literature
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-Involves identification and analyses of publications that relate to the research problem
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Purpose of Review of the Literature
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-Determines what is and is not known -Determines gaps, consistencies and inconsistencies -Determines appropriate research method
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Primary Sources
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A source that is written by the person who conducted the research or developed the theory
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Secondary Sources
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A brief description/critique of a study written by a person who is not the original researcher
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Nursing Theory
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Concepts that characterize phenomena of interest to the discipline of nursing
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Metaparadigm
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Primary or central phenomena that are of interest to a particular discipline
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Middle-Range Theories
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Theories that look at reality and contain defined variables in which nature and direction of the relationship are stated
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Theory
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Systematic set of interrelated concepts that specify the nature and relationship between variables with goal of understanding a problem.
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Framework
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concept guidelines of a study
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Inductive Approach
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-The collection of observations that lead to conclusions or hypotheses -Observations lead to a general statement -Small pieces to one general big piece
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Deductive Approach
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-Generates theory by beginning with known facts moving from general to the specific -General theory to small validations or predictions
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Independent Variable
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A variable that is manipulated and controlled by the researcher
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Inductive Reasoning
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A PROCESS that begins with details or specific observations and moves to a more general statement/picture
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Nondirectional Hypothesis
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-A hypothesis that does not state in advance the direction and nature of the relationship between 2 variables -Commonly used when past research conflicts with new research/results
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Null Hypothesis
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A hypothesis sating no relationship or difference exists between two variables. AKA statistical hypothesis
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Research Hypothesis
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H1 and H2; A hypothesis stating a relationship or difference is present between variables -AKA declarative or scientific hypothesis
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Research Question
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-Interrogative statement written in the present that includes variables -Focus on describing variables, examining relationships, and determining differences between variables
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Simple Hypothesis
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A statement explaining/predicting the relationship between 2 variables only
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Complex Hypothesis
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A statement explaining/predicting the relationship between more than 2 variables
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Variable
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A measurable characteristic that varies among the subjects being studied
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Hypothesis-Generating Studies
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Several pieces of data are gathered and placed together so that new hypotheses can be formulated
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Directional Hypothesis
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States the direction of the relationship between 2 variables
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Deductive Reasoning
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Process that begins with a general picture and moves to a specific prediction
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Correlational Analyses
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Conducted to determine the existence, type, and strength of the relationship between the variables being studied
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Inferential Statistics
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Used to evaluate hypotheses that examine differences between or among the variables
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4 characteristics to test a Hypothesis
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Researcher must have: -Sample Size -Measuring Instruments -Design Type -Procedure for collecting Data
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Dependent Variable
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The variable that is observed for change or reaction during the study
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Extraneous Variables
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-Variables in the study that are not under investigation that can effect the study -Can cause confusion in the results
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Types of Probability Sampling
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Simple Random Sampling Stratified Random Sampling Proportional Disproportional Cluster (multistage) Sampling Systematic Sampling
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Types of NON-Probability Sampling
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Convenience Sampling Snowball Network Quota Sampling Purposive Sampling
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Probability Sampling
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The researcher chooses a random sample considered to represent the population under study
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Non-probability Sampling
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-Chance plays zero role in sample selection -The sample chosen may not represent the larger population
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Simple Random Sampling
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-Every subject of the target population, has an equal opportunity to be chosen for the study EX> names in a hat
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Sampling Frame
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The specific stipulations subjects, objects, events, or units in the population must have prior to even being considered for a study.
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Random Selection
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The equal, independent chance of being selected
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Random Assignment
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Random allocation of subjects to a specific group within the study EX> trial drug group versus control drug group
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Stratified Random Sampling
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Process of selecting a sample to identify subgroups in the population that are represented in the sample EX> Polish immigrants divided into the time periods in which they migrated. They still share population characteristics.
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Cluster Sampling
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-Groups, not individuals, are randomly selected -Used commonly with very large populations -Populations with similar characteristics at different locations EX> Different states AKA multistage sampling
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Systematic Sampling
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Individuals or elements of the population are selected from a list by taking the Kth individual
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Convenience Sampling
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-Collection of data from subjects easily available not from a set population -Data is taken from whomever -Possible sampling bias may occur, inability to generalize and may not represent the larger population AKA accidental or nonrandom sampling
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Snowball Sampling
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-Current participants of a study with a very specific and difficult set of traits to find, inform others with the same traits about the study and they participate -By word of mouth -The population is very difficult to find and has limited resources to help find subjects
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Quota Sampling
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Identifies the strata of a population based on specific characteristics and computed proportionally/non-proportionally to the population under study.
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Purposive Sampling
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-The researcher handpicks certain subjects to be in a study -Individuals picked are considered to be the best subjects to represent a phenomenon of a population -Individuals are considered the ones to provide the most useful information for the study -Most commonly used for qualitative research -AKA judgmental or theoretical sampling
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Sample Size
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-There are no set rules for the number of participants necessary for a study -You use as many participants to provide adequate amount of data and information not the studied topic -Sample=subset of a population
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Criteria for Sample Size
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Take into Consideration when determining Sample Size: Purpose of the study Research Design Sampling Method Data Analysis
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Sample Size-Qualitative Research
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-Sample size is usually smaller -Focus on discussing meanings and phenomena
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Sample Size-Quantitative Research
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-Sample size is usually larger -The belief that a large sample size produces more valid data -Focus on data collection and data analysis
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Two Critical Questions for Determining Sample Size
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1.) How representative is the sample to the larger population? 2.) To whom does the researcher wish to generalize the results of the study?
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External Validity
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-The extent to which study results can be generalized from the study sample to other subjects, populations, measuring instruments, and settings -The extent to which the results of a study can be generalized from a study sample to the larger population
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Discrepancies in External Validity
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1.If a participant is invited and refuses participation. 2.When members of different settings agree to participate. 3.The ability to generalize results to different periods in the past or future.
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Measurement
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Systematic assignment of numeral values to concepts to reflect properties of those concepts
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Nominal Level of Measurement
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-Lowest level of measurement; numbers classify subjects into categories -Data simply show the frequency of subjects or objects in each category -Numbers have no numerical importance in results
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Ordinal Level of Measurement
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-Specifies the order of items being measured without specifying how far apart they are -Classify categories incrementally and rank-order the specific characteristics of each category EX>Household Incomes
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Interval Level of Measurement
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-Combination of nominal and ordinal but with equal interval size based on actual unit of measurement -Does not have a true zero point -Can compute averages EX>Temperature
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Ratio Level of Measurement
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-Highest level of measurement -Categories are different, ordered, and separated by a constant unit of measurement -Does have an absolute zero -Can compute a mean and a standard deviation EX>Weight, height, and Age
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Continuous Variable
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One that takes on an infinite number of different values presented a continuum
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Errors with Measurement
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-Refers to how well or how poor a particular instrument performs in a given population during a study ***The instruments used to measure variables in a study must provide high reliability and high validity***
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Operational Definition
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Assigns meaning to a variable and the terms or procedures by which it is to be measured
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Instrument
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-A device that tests and measures a concept or variable of interest EX> questionnaire, surveys, and rating scales
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Reliability
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Refers to the level of consistency with which an instrument or test measures whatever it is supposed to measure
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Test-Retest Reliability
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A researcher measures a group of individuals twice with the same measuring instrument or test, with the two testings separated by a particular period of time; scores are consistent over time
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Internal Consistency Reliability
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A researcher administers a measuring instrument to a group of individuals, they get scored and a statistical procedure examines the extent to which all times in the instrument measure the same concept
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Interrater Reliability
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Researchers collect data by having raters evaluate a particular situation, if the raters agree on that a particular item belongs in a given category
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Validity
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The accuracy with which an instrument or test measures what it is supposed to be measured
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Content Validity
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The extent to which an instrument or test measures an intended content area
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Criterion-Related Validity
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A measure of how well an instrument measuring a particular concept compares with a criterion, providing, more quantitative evidence on the accuracy of the instrument
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Concurrent Validity
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When a new instrument is administered at about the same time that data are collected on the criterion, a comparison between the results obtained from one sample with the results of some criterion measured from a different sample
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Predictive Validity
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The ability to predict future events, behaviors, or outcomes
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Construct Validity
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The extent to which an instrument measures an intended hypothetical concept construct
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Internal Validity
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-Refers to whether the independent variable actually made a difference -Did the interventions lead to results, or were the results a response to extraneous variables?
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Factors that Affect Internal Validity
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-Anything out of the researchers control that occurs in history that can affect the research/study -Biological or psychological processes that occur with the passage of time and are independent of any external events -Pretesting or repeated testing on the dependent variable -Instrumentation -Mortality/Attrition meaning the loss of test subjects
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Descriptive Design
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-Gather information about conditions, attitudes, or characteristics of individuals or groups of individuals -Goal describe the meaning of existing phenomena -A type of Non-experimental Design
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Correlational Design
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-Arises from a level of knowledge needing further refinement of a variable measurement or clarification of relationships among variables -Explicate causal relationships -Investigates the relationship among variables -Used to describe, predict or test relationships -Can be conducted retrospectively and prospectively
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Descriptive Correlational Design
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Used to describe and explain nature and magnitude of existing relationships, without necessarily clarifying the underlying causal factors in the relationship
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Historical Research
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Focus is to shed light on present events through analysis of cause, effects, and trends of historical events
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Secondary Analysis
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Uses previously gathered data to test new hypotheses, explore new relationships among variables, or create new insights
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Meta-Analysis Research
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Technique that uses the findings from several studies to create a data set that may be analyzed as a single piece of datum
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Epidemiological Research
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Studies the distribution and determinants of disease and injury frequency in human populations, concerned primarily with with mortality and morbidity from infectious disease
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Grand Theories
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Complex and broad in scope, has lots of concepts but is not grounded in empirical data
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Borrowed Theories
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Theories borrowed from other disciplines and applied to nursing questions
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Practice Theories
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Important in developing a science of nursing practice, helps produce more protocols for practice
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Philosophy
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Statement encompassing ontological claims about a phenomena of central interest to a discipline
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Concept
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A phrase that summarizes properties of a phenomena
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Proposition
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A statement about a concept or a relationship between concepts
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Empirical Data
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Documenting objective data through direct observation
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Population
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The entire set of subjects, objects, events or units beings studied
