NURS 305- Fundamentals/P&P Ch. 11 Developmental Theories – Flashcards
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Development refers to
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the biological, cognitive, and socioemotional changes that begin at conception and continue throughout a lifetime.
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Young children grow more quickly than older children, and by adulthood what ceases?
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growth in height
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The ability for an individual to progress through each developmental phase influences their
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overall health
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If an individual experiences repeated developmental failures
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inadequacies sometimes result
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A child who does not walk by 20 months may demonstrate what?
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a delayed gross motor ability that slows exploration and manipulation of the environment
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Biophysical development is
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how our bodies grow and change
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Understanding normal growth and development helps nurses do what?
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predict, prevent, and detect deviation from the patients' expected patterns
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An example of a biophysical development theory is
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Gesell's theory of development
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Which developmental theory states that each child's pattern of growth is unique and this pattern is directed by gene activity?
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Gesell's theory of development
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Psychoanalytical theories explain development as
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primarily unconsious and influenced by emotions
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Freud's psychoanalytical model of personality development states that
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individuals go through 5 stages of psychosexual development and that each stage is characterized by sexual pleasure in parts of the body
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Freud believed that adult personality is the result of
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how an individual resolved conflicts between the sources of pleasure and the mandates of reality
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What are the 5 stages of Freud's theory?
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Oral, anal, phallic or oedipal, latency, and genital
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During Freud's oral stage of development what does an infant begin to realize?
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that the mother or parent is something separate from self
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Freud's theory: Birth to 18 months is the age time span for which stage of development?
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oral
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Freud's theory: 12-18 months to 3 years is the age time span for which stage of development?
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anal
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Freud's theory: 3-6 years is the age time span of which stage of development?
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phallic or oedipal
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What is the age time span for the latency stage of development?
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6-12 years
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Freud's theory: puberty through adulthood is the age time span for which stage of development?
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genital
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According to Freud, unresolved conflicts from prior stages of development usually surface during
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adolescence
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According to Freud, the ID is
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basic instinctual impulses driven to achieve pleasure
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According to Freud, the most primitive part of personality that originates in the infant
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id
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According to Frued, this component of personality helps people judge reality accurately, regualte impules, and make good decisions
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ego
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According to Freud, the ego
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represents the reality component, mediating conflicts between environment and the forces of the id
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According to Freud, the superego
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performs regulating, restraining, and prohibiting actions
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Which component is often referred to as the conscience
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superego
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Freud believed that the components of the human personality develop in stages and regulate behavior: these components are
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id, ego, and superego
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Erik Erikson maintained that
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development occurred throughout the life span and focused on psycosocial stages
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Erikson's theory of psychosocial development states that
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individuals need to accomplish a particular task before successfully mastering the stage and progressing to the next stage
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Erikson's first stage of development is
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trust vs mistrust
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What is the age time span for Erikson's "trust vs mistrust" stage
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birth - 1 year
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The formation of trust during the "trust vs mistrust" stage results in
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faith and optimism
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Trusting the parent leads to
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the child trusting them self, and the world
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The trust vs mistrust stage requires
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a consistent caregiver who meets the child's needs
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Erikson's second stage of development is
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autonomy vs sense of shame and doubt
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What is the age time span for Erikson's "autonomy vs sense of shame and doubt" stage
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1 - 3 years
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By what stage in Erikson's theory has a child usually become more accomplished in walking, feeding, and toileting?
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autonomy vs sense of shame and doubt
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According to Erikson's second stage of development (autonomy vs sense of shame and doubt), how does a toddler develop autonomy
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by making choices
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According to Erikson's "autonomy vs sense of shame and doubt" stage, limiting choices and/or enacting harsh punishment leads to
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feelings of shame and doubt
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A child who successfully masters the "autonomy vs sense of shame and doubt" stage achieves
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self-control and willpower
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What is Erikson's third stage of development
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initiative vs guilt
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What is the age time span for Erikson's "initiative vs guilt" stage?
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3 - 6 years
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At what stage of Erikson's theory do children begin to develop their superego (conscience)?
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initiative vs guilt
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During Erikson's "initiative vs guilt" stage conflicts often occur between
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the child's desire to explore and the limits placed on his or her behavior which sometimes leads to frustrations or guilt
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Guilt can occur during Erikson's "initiative vs guilt" stage if
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caregivers responses are too harsh
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Successful completion of Erikson's "initiative vs guilt" stage results in
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direction and purpose
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Teaching a child ___ and __ helps family members avoid the risks of altered growth and development during the "initiative vs guilt" stage.
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impulse control & cooperative behaviors
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What is the fourth stage of Erikson's theory
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industry vs inferiority
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What is the age time span for Erikson's "industry vs inferiority" stage
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6 - 11 years
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According to Erikson's theory, when do children develop a sense of inadequacy & inferiority
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when children do not have proper support for learning new skills or if skills are too difficult
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During which stage of Erikson's theory are children eager to apply themselves to learning socially productive skills and tools and learning to play and work with their peers?
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industry vs inferiority
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The fifth stage of Erikson's theory is
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identity vs role confusion
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What is the age time span for Erikson's "identity vs role confusion" stage
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puberty
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What stage does dramatic physiological changes associated with sexual maturation occur?
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identity vs role confusion
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Mastering the "identity vs role confusion" stage results in
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devotion and fidelity to others and to their own ideals
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What is the sixth stage of Erikson's theory
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intimacy vs isolation
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Erikson portrayed intimacy as
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finding the self and losing the self in another
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Isolation usually results during the "intimacy vs isolation" stage because he/she
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fears rejection and disappointment if companionship and intimacy is not established
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What is the seventh stage of Erikson's theory?
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generativity vs self-absorption and stagnation
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What is the age time span for Erikson's "generativity vs self-absorption and stagnation" stage?
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middle age
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What is the eighth stage of Erikson's theory?
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integrity vs despair
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What is the age time span for Erikson's "integrity vs despair" stage?
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old age
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Temperament is
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a behavioral style that affects an individual's emotional interactions with others
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The 3 basic classes of temperament are
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the easy child, difficult child, and slow to warm up child
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Cognitive development theories stress how
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people learn to think and make sense of their world
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Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development includes
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4 periods that are related to age and demonstrate specific categories of knowing and understanding
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During which period of Piaget's theory is object permanence learned
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sensorimotor
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Completion of which of Piaget's stages leads to greater exploration of a child?
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sensorimotor
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Period I of Piaget's theory is also called the ___ stage
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sensorimotor
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Piaget's "sensorimotor" period involves which age time span?
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birth to 2 years
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During the sensorimotor period of Piaget's theory children develop
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schemas
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Schemas are
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actions for dealing with the environment
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Schemas that children often exhibit during the sensorimotor period are
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hitting, looking, grasping, and kicking
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Period II of Piaget's theory is also called the ___ stage
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preoperational
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Piaget's "preoperational" period involves which age time span?
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2 to 7 years
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During what period of Piaget's theory do children learn to think with the use of symbols and mental images
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preoperational
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During what period of Piaget's theory do children exhibit egocentrism and animism
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preoperational
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During the preoperational period of Piaget's theory children's thinking is grealty influenced by
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fantasy and magical thinking
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During the preoperational period children have difficulty
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conceptualizing time
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During what period of Piaget's theory are children finally able to describe a process without actually doing it
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concrete operations
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During the concrete operations period of Piaget's theory children exhibit reversibility which is when
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they can mentally picture steps and reverse the steps to get back to the starting point
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Period III of Piaget's theory is also called the ___ stage
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concrete operations
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Piaget's "concrete operations" period involves which age time span?
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7 to 11 years
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During which period of Piaget's theory is seriation and conservation achieved?
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concrete operations
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Period IV of Piaget's theory is also called the ___ stage
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formal operations
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Piaget's "formal operations" period involves which age time span?
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11 years to adulthood
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During the transition from the concrete operational period to formal operational period, what is prevalent?
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egocentrism
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The proposed fifth stage of cognitive development is
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postformal thought
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Moral development refers to
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changes in a person's thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that influence beliefs about what is right and wrong
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Kohlberg's theory of moral development involves what 3 levels?
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preconventional reasoning, conventional reasoning, postconventional reasoning
