NSC Ch. 1 – Neurochemistry – Flashcards
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Neuroscience
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Interdisciplinary scientific approaches to the study of the mind and brain
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Biopsychology
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Aimed at study of biological determinants of behavior
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Another term for physiological psychology
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Biopsychology
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6 fields of neuroscience
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Neurochemistry, neurophysiology, psychophysiology, neuroanatomy, neuropharmacology, neuropsychology
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Neurochemistry
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study of chemistry of neuronal function
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neurophysiology
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physiology of neurons, e.g., study of hormones
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psychophysiology (psych. stimulant)
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Study of brain by making recordings from the brain and body
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neuroanatomy
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basic parts of the brain
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neuropharmacology
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how drugs interact with neural tissue
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Two other terms for neuropharmacology
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behavioral pharmacology and psychopharmacology (therapeutic effect)
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neuropsychology
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the study and diagnosis of brain damage and therefore brain mechanisms (assessment)
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Interdisciplinary
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between or among fields of study; seeking relationships across disciplines
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Brain-behavior relationship
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how the brain functions in producing such psychological phenomena as seeing, remembering, feeling pain, experiences emotions, etc.
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Four approaches to behavioral neuroscience
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Evolutionary/Genetic/Comparative; Anatomical/Physiological; Learning; Behavioral; Perceptual/Cognitive
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emotion, lie detection and biofeedback are studied by
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psychophysiologists
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physiological psych
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studies neural mechanisms of perception and behavior through direct manipulation of the brains of non-human animal subj. in controlled experiments
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psychopharmacology
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effects of drugs on the mind and behavior
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psychophysiology
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way mind and body interact
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comparative psychology
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studying brain and behavior of non-humans in order to understand human function better
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Evolutionary Theory
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theory that discusses the integration of all life forms
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Genes code for what
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proteins
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what do proteins shape
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species-typical behavior
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Genes determine what
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the unique arrangement of proteins that make up individuals including brains
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Phylogenetic
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Hereditary, nature
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ontogenetic
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environmental, nurture
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What three things do we study in order to understand the behavior of an individual organism
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1. the individual 2. the species and 3. making comparisons among species
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Comparative approach
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the study of biological processes by comparing different species
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Central State Identity Theorist
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assumption that brain and the mind are the same thing and that no mind exists apart from the brain
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The search for brain mechanisms underlying mind and behavior includes what kind of approaches
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Molecular; neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, neuropharmacology and genetics
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what is the goal of anatomical/physiological approach
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to understand what the smallest parts of the brain are and how they are connected
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What is neurochemistry aimed at understanding
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what chemical changes accompany emotion, memory storage, and behavioral pathology
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genes
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comprised of DNA, part of a chromosome that, during the reproductive process, influences the inheritance and development of physical characteristics in the offspring
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Molecular approach
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Small units: How changes in molecules, such as chemicals, effect larger changes in structure and function
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Molar approach
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Large units: Analysis of behavior as the smallest unit of observation
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Examples of Molecular Level of Analysis
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Pharmacology, Neurochem, Genetics and Neurotransmitters
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Ex. of Molar Level Analysis
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Cognitive Explanations, Behavioral Explanations, Brain-Behavior relationships, Behavioral Genetics
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The comparison of brain-behavior relations in difference species is called
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the comparative approach
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According to the "emergent property" view of the relationship between the mind and body
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psychological experiences and consciousness result from the organization of large numbers of neurons
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The Stimulus-Response (S-R) is best for analyzing what (aka Black Box)
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ways that behavior is produced and controlled in local situations
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cognition
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the study of thinking, memory, and other higher aspects of human psychology
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In the S-R approach____ variables impinge upon organisms, and ____ variables are produced by organisms
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Stimulus, Response
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According to Patton, what determines if something has a brain
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Anything that makes a rational decision. Ex. Coke machine makes decision to give you coke
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Hypothetical construct
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can't be measured. ex. Love, gravity--only measured by effects on something else
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Mind Neuroscientists
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Consider "private experiences" thoughts, wishes etc. as chemical and physiological events, no different from body or brain
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Dualism; who; problem
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Aristotle; mind and brain are separate entities; not in body; if you damage your head it affects your mind
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Interactionism; who; problem
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Cartesian dualism, Descartes, Eccles; mind and brain are separate but they necessarily interact. violates physics
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Epiphenomenonology
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Mind and consciousness are merely the side-effects of the function brain [mind is an Emerging Property of brain function but they are in essence the same just talk about them differently], Two sides of a coin
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Monism AKA Central State Identity Theorists
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Mind and brain are the same thing, not separate entities. All mental events are collapsible into neuroanatomical and neurochemical events; Your mind is your brain; mind is an illusion
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Functionalism; Who
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Fodor; mind is al that is important whether it is the mind of an animal or a coke machine the physical substrate is unimportant [extension of Black box approach]
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95% of neuroscientists are what; favored point of view
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Monists or Central State Identity Theorists and for them there is no mind-body problem--favored point of view
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Monists believe everything you do is what
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Neurochemistry
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Determinism
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Every event has a cause; fundamental to science; Neuroscientist assume that the human mind and behavior are the result of (determined by) the interaction of genes (heredity) and environment.
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Mechanism
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Mechanistic universe, there is a physical basis for everything No accidents or miracles rather whatever happens occurs by some natural mechanism that can be studied known defined modeled and used to predict
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Reductionism
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Summe that the complexities of perception, memory, learning etc should be broken down and understood in simpler more molecular terms. Pieces of a whole broken down continuously
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emergent property
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Most neuroscientists assume that human consciousness does not differ radically from the consciousness of other animals--rather that slight differences in brain organization result in slightly differing levels of consciousness
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Materialism
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All we can study scientifically is matter and every; E=mc^2; anything other than matter and energy is out of the realm of science and cannot be studied
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Molar level
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Behavior of a whole, intact organism is studied
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Molecular level
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Parts of brain or which chemicals are involved when a particular behavior occurs; reductionism
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Main points of Determinism
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Distal causation, Distant and remote
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Teleolgy
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Ultimate causation, science can't study it; ex. Why are we here
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Neuroscientsts and physiological psych typically explain phenomena by
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a generalization t oa theory or behavior
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Neuroscience is characterized by what:
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Derministic philosophy, mechanistic philosophy, and concern for causality
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Molar explanation
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Must learn to develop a complex discrimination
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Molecular explanation
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explain behavior
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Latent Variable
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Variable that often cannot be seen or measured directly ex. Learning, personality or alcoholism
