NSC 1306 Exam 1 ?’s – Lecture Notes – Flashcards
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What is the difference between "neuroscience" and "behavioral neuroscience"? (CHAPTER 1)
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Responses may vary. see page 13 of lecture notes for reference
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According to your text, emotion, lie detection, and biofeedback are phenomena that are studied by... (CHAPTER 1) a. physiological psychologists b. neuropsychologists c. psychophysiologists d. neurochemists e. psychopharmacologists
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c. psychophysiologists
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The comparison of brain-behavior relations in different species is called: (CHAPTER 1) a. the comparative approach b. ethology c. biopsychology d. evolutionary biology e. neuroscience
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a. the comparative approach
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It is reasonable to assume that the more similar one individual's brain structure is another's brain structure, the more similar the behavior of the two organisms will be. (CHAPTER 1) a. true b. false
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a. true
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Species of animals with brains similar to human beings can reasonably be expected to behave more like human beings than species with brains quite different from human brains. (CHAPTER 1) a. true b. false
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a. true
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According to the "emergent property" view of the relationship between the mind and body (CHAPTER 1) : a. mind and body are simply two different descriptors of the same entity b. psychological experiences and consciousness result from the organization of large numbers of neurons c. the mind is an accidental by-product of brain function d. mind and brain are separate entities
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b. psychological experiences and consciousness result from the organization of large numbers of neurons
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In the S-R (black box) approach, _______ variables impinge upon organisms, and ______ variables are produced by organisms (CHAPTER 1) a. dependent, independent b. stimulus, response c. response, stimulus d. thought, response e. none of the above
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b. stimulus, response
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Neuroscientists and physiological psychologists typically explain phenomena by (CHAPTER 2): a. generalization to a theory or behavior b. experimentation c. reduction, explaining in terms of simpler phenomena d. all of the above e. none of the above
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a. generalization to a theory of behavior
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Neuroscientists assume that the mind and behavior of humans is determined by their anatomy and physiology. (CHAPTER 2) a. true b. false
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a. true
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Neuroscience is characterized by (CHAPTER 2) a. a deterministic philosophy b. a mechanistic philosophy c. a concern for causality d. both a and c are correct e. all the above are correct
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e. all the above are correct
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What is the difference between Darwin's original fomulation of evolution, and what is now known as Neoevolutionary Theory?
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Responses may vary. see page 31 in lecture notes for reference
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List the seven factors which comprise basic neoevolutionary theory. (CHAPTER 2)
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1. Environment (cosmology, physics, geology) 2. Life (biology) 3. Heredity (genetics) 4. Continuity (genetics) 5. Sex (genetics, also biology, psychology, and socioculutre) 6. variability & speciation (genetics) 7. natural selection (Darwin's Theory)
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Which of the following did Charles Darwin NOT wirte about? (CHAPTER 2) a. heredity b. speciation c. genetics d. natural selection e. none of the above
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c. genetics
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Darwin's most important evolutionary concept is (CHAPTER 2): a. genetics b. heredity c. speciation d. natural selection e. none of the above
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d. natural selection
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According to Darwin's theory, all humans are genetically related. (TRUE) a. true b. false
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a. true
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According to NeoDarwinian theory, there is a biological basis for the sexual interest humans express towards each other. (CHAPTER 2) a. true b. false
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a.true
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Darwin's theory of Natural Selection is that the "selection " of individuals who will produce the next generation is determined primarily by which ones overcome selective pressures in the envrionment (i.e., in "nature"), and hence survive long enough to reproduce. (CHAPTER 2) a. true b. false
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a. true
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Neo-Darwinian Evolution has six basic components. Which does NOT belong? (CHAPTER 2 ) a. natural selection b. mutation c. heredity d. sex. e. environement
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b. mutation
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The factors, or characterisitics, that promote survival and reproductive success in an individual all contribute to that individual's _______________. (CHAPTER 2) a. natural selection b. adaptation c. heredity d. inclusive fitness e. geographical isolation
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d. inclusive fitness
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Natural selection produces more offspring that does artificial selection. (CHAPTER 2) a. true b. false
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b. false
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What is the only way to introduce yourself? (Dr. Weaver - CHAPTER 2)
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I have always thought I am a product of my genetic predispositon and envrionment in which I find myself and an interaction between the two.
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What are the two underlying principles under behavioral genetics? (Dr. Weaver - CHAPTER 2)
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environment and genetic predisposition
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What is the only disease that is purely genetic? (Dr. Weaver - CHAPTER 2)
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Huntington's Disease
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What two relations are useful to behavioral geneticists? (Dr. Weaver - CHAPTER 2)
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1. monozygotic (identical) twins 2. adopted children
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What does h^2 tell us when measuring genetic and environmental influences? (Dr. Weaver - CHAPTER 2)
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It is a number that tells us a proportion of variance explained witithin a POPULATION
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In a given _______ I can assign a certain proportion of "responsibility" to genetic factors. (Dr. Weaver - CHAPTER 2)
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POPULATION
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What is the "Gold Standard" of measuring behavioral genetics? (Dr. Weaver - CHAPTER 2)
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Adopted Children
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How can we assess the relative contribution of genetic and environmental influences? (Dr. Weaver - CHAPTER 2)
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You need to find individuals who share... 1. genetic factors 2. environmental influences 3. both 4. neither AND COMPARE THEIR BEHAVIOR
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What are the three strong conclusions of behavioral genetics? (Dr. Weaver - Chapter 2)
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1. Degree of Genetic Influences (h^2) typically b/w .4 & .7 2. Effects of Family Environment minimal (Es < .10, usually close to 0) 3. A significant proportion of behavior can be attributed neither to genetic factors nor the family, and is presumably caused by unique environmental factors (Ens approx. = .5)
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What is the most important environmental factor for many behaviors? (Dr. Weaver - CHAPTER 2)
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The influence of peers.
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What are the 3 misconceptions of behavioral genetics? (Dr. Weaver - CHAPTER 2)
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1. It is caused by a single gene 2. Path from genes to behavior is simple 3. Behavior cannot be changed
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Muscle tension is monitored by (CHAPTER 5)
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electromyography
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The patient is injected with 2-deoxyglucose before (CHAPTER 5)
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positron emission tomography (PET)
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Subcortical electrodes are accurately implanted in specific target structures by (CH 5)
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stereotaxic surgery
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What cannot be performed in the living brain? (CH 5)
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histology
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EEG (deep)
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SCALP
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EPs
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BRAIN
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EMG
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MUSCLE
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EOG
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EYE
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SCL; (GSR)
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SKIN
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ECG; EKG
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HEART
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What neuroscience techniques have been helpful in determining the location of language areas in the brain? (CH 5)
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PET scan clinical (brian injured) human subjects evoked potentials
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The test of general intelligence used most commonly by neuropsychologists: (CH 5)
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WAIS
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The sodium amytal test and dichotic listening test are tests of (CH 5)
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language lateralization
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The open-field test is usually conducted in (CH 5)
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a large, barren chamber
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In the self-stimulation paradigm, the reinforce is: (CH 5)
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electrical brain stimulation
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The radial arm maze has been used to study (CH 5)
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rats foraging for food spatial abilities memory
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The autonomic nervous system is part of the (CH 3)
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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Functional clusters of neural cell bodies in the CNS are called
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nuclei
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Which of the following is NOT part of the brain stem? (CH 3) a. medulla b. telencephalon
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b. telencephalon
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The ______________ is comprised of sensory and motor nerves which serve the body. (CH 3)
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somatic division of the PNS
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The back of your spinal cord is (CH 3)
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dorsal
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Gray matter is largely composed of (CH 3)
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cell bodies of neurons
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How many ventricles are there in the brain? (CH 3)
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FOUR
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How many pairs of cranial nerves do vertebrates have? (CH 3)
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12
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The caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus compose the (CH 3)
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basal ganglia
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Afferent nerves carry sensory information (CH 3)
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to the CNS
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The longitudinal fissure separates the two hemispheres. Which lobes does not border on it? ( CH 3)
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temporal lobe
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Human brains differ substantially from the brains of other mammals in that human brains have ___________.(CH 3)
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much more cortex
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The central fissure separates the parietal lobe from the ____________. (CH 3)
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frontal lobe
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Human brains ____________. (CH 3)
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have two hemispheres have a cerebellum and a corpus callosum have much more neocortex than other animals
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The corpus callosum is the brain's largest ____________. (CH 3)
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commissure
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The reticular formation is in the __________. (CH 3)
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brain stem
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In the split-brain procedure in both monkeys and humans, ________________________. (CH 3)
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the corpus callosum is cut
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An example of a "brain-behavior relationship" in humans is the observation that the left cerebral hemisphere must be relatively intact for __________, while the right cerebral hemisphere seems to be necessary for _______________. (CH 3)
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language, spatial orientation
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TRUE OR FALSE. A person with a bisected brain on occasion seems to possess two minds. (CH 3)
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TRUE
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TRUE OR FALSE. Focal point epilepsy is so named because vision is lost during an epileptic seizure. (CH 3)
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FALSE
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Sensory nerves are _____________. They carry signals from the _________ to the ____________.
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Afferent Body Brain
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Motor nerves are __________. They carry signals from the ___________ to the _________.
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Efferent Brain Body
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Major function of Occipital Lobe (CH 3)
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I SEE WITH THIS 1. vision, visual consciousness
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Major functions of Temporal Lobe (CH 3)
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I HEAR WITH THIS 1. Audition 2. Memory 3. Spatial Skills/ Somatosensory function
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Major functions of Frontal Lobe (CH 3)
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I THINK WITH THIS 1. qualitative changes in consciousness 2. slowing of thought and behavior 3. Movement 4. Voluntary, intentional behavior 5. emotional blunting 6. Intentionality and planning 7. Broca's Area - speech
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Major functions of Parietal Lobes (CH 3)
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I FEEL WITH THIS 1. Sensory homunculus (primary cortex for touch) 2. Rear and lower portions of lobe interface with visual and auditory association 3. Cross-modal-mapping 4. Sensory neglect
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What are the 4 F's of the hypothalamus
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Fighting fleeing feeding fornicating
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What are the eating and drinking functions of the hypothalamus? (CH 3)
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Major center of motivation Major center for sensing nutrients Major center for homeostasis ( temperature, hormones, blood fat and sugar) Master of the master gland --the pituitary - and therefore of the entire neuroendocrine system
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What does the thalamus do? (CH 3)
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sensory and motor signal relay and the regulation of consciousness and sleep
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What is the brain stem consisted of? (CH 3)
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Many nuclei and tracts
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What are the 5 major parts of the brain IN ORDER? (CH 3)
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1.Telecephalon 2. DIencephalon 3. Mesencephalon 4. Metecephalon 5. Myelencephalon
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What are the subcortical structures of the telecephalon? (CH 3)
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Limbic system - emotion, motivated behaviors Basal ganglia - motor system, striatum (caudate+nucleus+putamen)
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What are the subcortical structures of the diencephalon? (CH 3)
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Thalamus - sensory relay Hypothalmsu - 4 F's
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What are the subcortical structures of the mesencephalon? (CH 3)
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Midbrain - tectum, inferior & superior colliculi - tegmentum, periaqueductal gray, substantia nigra, and red nucleus
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What are the subcortical structures of the metecephalon? (CH 3)
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Pons - ventral surface cerebellum - coordination
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What are the subcortical structures of the myelencephalon? (CH 3)
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Medulla - composed largely of tracts - origin of the reticular formation
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