Nichols chapter 13 – Comparative Analysis – Flashcards
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Bowenian
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Founded by Murray Bowen. Key theoretical constructs: differentiation of self. Core problematic dynamic: triangles and emotional reactivity. Key Techniques: Genogram, process questions
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Strategic
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Founder: Don Jackson and Jay Haley Key Theoretical Constructs: Homeostasis and feedback loops Core Problem Dynamic: More-of-the-same solutions Key Techniques: Reframing directives
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Structural
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Founder: Salvador Minuchin Key Theoretical Constructs: Subsystems, boundaries Core Problem Dynamic:Enmeshment/ disengagement Key Techniques: Enactments, boundary making
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Experiential
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Founder: Virginia Satir and Carl Whitaker Key Theoretical Constructs: Authenticity, self-actualization Core Problem Dynamic: Emotional suppression, mystification Key Techniques: Confrontation, structured exercises
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Psychodynamic
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Founder: Nathan, Ackerman, Henry Dicks, Ivan Bozormenyi-Nagy Key Theoretical Constructs: Drives, self objects, internal objects Core Problem Dynamic: Conflict, projective identification, fixation and regression Key Techniques: Silence, interpretation
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Cognitive-Behavioral
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Founder: Gerald Patterson, Robert Liberman, Richard Stuart Key Theoretical Constructs: Reinforcement, extinction, schemas Core Problem Dynamic: inadvertent reinforcement, aversive control Key Techniques: functional analysis, teaching positive control
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Solution-Focused
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Founder: Steve de Shazer, Insso Kim Berg Key Theoretical Constructs: Language creates reality Core Problem Dynamic: Problem talk Key Techniques: Focusing on solutions, identifying exceptions
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Narrative
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Founder: Michael White, David Epston Key Theoretical Constructs: Narrative theory, social constructionism Core Problem Dynamic: Problem-saturated stories Key Techniques: Externalization, identifying unique outcomes, creating audiences of support.
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Theoretical Purity and Technical Eclecticism
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In practice, the different systems of family therapy tend to be more alike than their theoretical positions might suggest. Over time, most family therapists tend to become more eclectic and integrative
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Family therapist - Artist or Scientist?
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a. Is family therapy more of an art or science? Should therapy consist of collaborative conversation or expert advice? Is there a way to balance warmth, respect and collaboration with expert understanding and skillful intervention? b. begniing therapists should concentrate on one theory c. more mature therapists should extemporize by adding more theoretical principles
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Families as systems - while therapists vary in the extent to which they incorporate systems thinking into their practice, most embrace the concept that a family is a system
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Behavioral and experienctial vs. Bowenian, communications, strategic, Milan and structural
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Postmodern approaches to family therapy are de-emphasizing systems thinking in favor of a focus on how individuals construct meaning
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narrative, constructive
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Stability and change - Families are both rule governed - tending toward stability - and flexible - capable of adapting to changing circumstances
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communications, structural, strategic
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Stability and change - Some approaches view families as flawed and take a long-term view of change
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Psychoanalytic, experiential, intergenerational
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Stability and change - Some approaches change as relatively easy
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solution-focused
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Those models that see the determinants of behavior as residing primarily with a person tend to focus more on the past
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Bowenian, experiential, psychoanalytic
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Those modesl that see the determinants of behavior as function of interpersonal circumstances tend to focus more on the present
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communications, family group, strategic, structural
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Most of the newer models of family therapy seek to strike a balance between past and present
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narrative, internal family systems
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Therapy that tends to be oriented primarily in the future
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Solution-focused
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Communication: Behaviorists
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communication is a skill that can be taught
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Communication: Postmodern therapies
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focus on communication as a means of telling and hearing personal stories
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Communication: Communications
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focus on levels of communication, Metacommunication - report and command functions
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Communication: Structural
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patterns of communication create family structure and organization
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Communication: strategic
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communication is a method through which one gains power and expresses love in interpersonal relationships - symptoms can be communication
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Communication: Experiential
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two laters of communication including expressed surface content and underlying unexpressed feelings
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Communication: Bowen
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communication is a vehicle for opening up relationships 0 taking "I" positions, open up cutoff relationships, communicate directly to avoid triangulation
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Communication: Psychoanalytic
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views communication metaphorically, manifest content conveys hidden needs and feeling, defenses
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Content/Process: Behaviorists
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generally neglect process and focus on content
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Content/Process: narrative-construcivists
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less interested in process and more interested in expanding people's stories
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Content/Process: Psychoanalytic and experiential
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sometimes loves sight of process while concentrating on individual's and past experiences
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Content/Process: Bowen
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Emphasize process both interactionally - triangulating - and emotionally - emotional process
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Content/Process: strategic
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emphasize process by identifying and interrupting interactional sequences - seek to maintain a dual goal of content-oriented goals - solve presenting problem - and process-oriented interventions - directives
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Content/Process: structural
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emphasize process by working to realign a family's emotional boundaries and strengthen hierarchical organziation
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Monodic
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some will emphasize the intrapsychic processes of the individual and view family relationships as a product of internalized experiences from the past - psychoanalytic experiential. Others will focus on the identified patient and seek to solve the presenting problems - behaviorists
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dyadic
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emphasizes how two people define themselves in their interactions with each other - projective identification, quid pro quo, double bind, complementarity/symmetry, pursuer-distancer, behavioral contracts
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Triadic
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conceptualizes behavior as contextually and relationally based - triangles, enmeshment and disengagement as a reciprocal function of a third relationship
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Families are open systems that interact with extra familial systems that may be included in diagnosing or treating
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structural, Bowenian and some extent strategic
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focus primarily on the nuclear family without considering outside influences
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psychoanalytic, behavioral, communications, solution-focused
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Influenced by feminists, many therapists are preferring advocacy over neutrality
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narrative, internal family systems
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Boundaries
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one of the most useful concepts in family therapy in describing relationship of individuals win the context of their families and families in the context of their communities
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Boundaries: Bowen
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described boundaries as ranging from fusion to differentials to cutoff
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Boundaries: Minuchin
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described boundaries in terms of diffuse or rigid, which result in enmeshment or disengagement
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Normal family development: Bowen and psychoanalytic
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- introjected object images based on early attachment figures - Triangle b/w mother, father and child is crucial determinant of all later development - spouses marry at the same level of differentiation
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Normal family development: structural
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Minuchin distinguishes normal from abnormal by looking at the clarity of boundaries and family structure, especially its flexibility in accommodating to life-cycle trasitions
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Normal family development: communications
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clear rules of communication are needed to ensure family stability and flexibility
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Normal family development: behaviorists
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equatable exchange of interpersonal costs and benefits - reciprocal reinforcement
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Normal family development: strategic
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flexibility in family system that allows for adjustments to changing circumstances
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Decisive Interventions: Psychoanalytic
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interpretation, silence
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Decisive Interventions: family group
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confrontation and encouragement of open communication
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Decisive Interventions: experiential
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confrontation, personal disclosure, and structured exercieses
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Decisive Interventions: behavioral
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observation and teaching
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Decisive Interventions: Bowenian
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teaching differentiation, avoiding triangulation and re-opening cutoff relationships
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Decisive Interventions: communications
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making covert communication overt and using directives
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Decisive Interventions: strategic
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reframing, use of directives and positive connotations
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Decisive Interventions: structual
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enactments and boundary making - realignment
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Decisive Interventions: solution-focuesd
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focusing on successful solutions
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Decisive Interventions: narative
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externalizing problems and questioning
