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Unconditioned stimulus

answer

Stimulus that normally produces a measurable involuntary response

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Conditioned response

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in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

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unconditioned response

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in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus, such as salivation when food is in the mouth

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conditioned stimulus

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in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

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group polarization

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Shifts or exaggeration in group members' attitudes or behavior as a result of group discussion.

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groupthink

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A situation in which group members seek unanimous agreement despite their individual doubts

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in group

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A social group toward which a member feels respect and loyalty (shared interest and identity)

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out group

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Any group with which an individual does not identify

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Egocentric bias

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Tendency to exaggerate the change between present and past in order to make ourselves look good in retrospect In a 1993 study conducted in Japan, subjects were asked to write down fair or unfair behaviors that they themselves or others did. When writing about fair behavior, they tended to start with the word "I" rather than "others". Likewise, they began unfair behaviors with "others" rather than "I".Considered to be a facet of egocentric bias, the false-consensus effect contributes to people believing that their thoughts, actions, and opinions are much more common than they are in reality. They think that they are more normal and typical than others would consider them

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Attributional bias

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The tendency to attribute one's own negative behavior to external causes and one's positive actions to internal states

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Framing bias

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The two scenarios above are identical, but statistically people will make different decisions based upon how the information is portrayed. We generally respond better to positively portrayed information (98% survival) than to negatively portrayed information (2% mortality). An information-processing bias in which a person answers a question differently based on the way in which it is asked (framed).

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Automation bias

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favor suggestions from automated decision making systems and to ignore contradictory information made without automation, even if it is correct. This bias takes the form of errors of exclusion and inclusion: an automation bias of exclusion takes place when humans rely on an automated system that does not inform them of a problem error of inclusion arises when humans make choices based on incorrect suggestions relayed by automated systems.[2] Automation bias has been examined across many research fields.[1] Some factors leading to an over-reliance on automation include inexperience in a task lack of confidence in one's own abilities a reflexive trust of the automated system a lack of readily available alternative information, as a way of saving time and effort on complex

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fundamental attribution error

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The tendency to attribute other people's behavior to dispositional (internal) causes rather than situational (external) causes.

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Myelin sheath functions

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protect the neuron increase velocity of impulse propagation increase electrical insulation

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efferent neurons

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neurons that take information from the brain to the rest of the body

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afferent neurons

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neurons that take information from the senses to the brain

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interneurons

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neurons that connect afferent and efferent neurons

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Expectation bias

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When we see what we want to see; we seek out confirming information and ignore disconfirming information confirmation bias

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normative social influence

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influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

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informative social influence

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influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality

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Compliance

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Obedience includes normalizing behavior would not include one of the majority changing views

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Construct validity

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Degree to which a test actually measures what it claims to measure

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Internal validity

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The extent to which an experiment shows convincingly that chagnges in behavior are a functon of the independent variable and not a result of uncontrolled or unknown variables.

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Regression to the mean

answer

the mean is the phenomenon that if a variable is extreme on its first measurement, it will tend to be closer to the average on its second measurement—and if it is extreme on its second measurement, it will tend to have been closer to the average on its first. significant consideration in the design of experiments

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researcher bias

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Occurs when a researcher influences the results of a study

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Reliability

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Consistency

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Ecological validity

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the idea that cognition should be measured in settings and conditions that are as realistic as possible and that the abilities measured should be those needed in real life

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subjective personality assessment

answer

testers respond freely and give their own interpretations of stimuli Rorschach Inkblot Test, Thematic Apperception Test (TAT),The House-Tree-Person Test,

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objective personality assessment

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measures specific personality characteristics based on a set of discrete options, such as in the Meyers-Briggs personality assessment. Objective tests involve administering a standard set of items, each of which is answered using a limited set of response options (e.g., true or false; strongly disagree, slightly disagree, slightly agree, strongly agree). Responses to these items then are scored in a standardized, predetermined way. For example, self-ratings on items assessing talkativeness, assertiveness, sociability, adventurousness, and energy can be summed up to create an overall score on the personality trait of extraversion.

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Meyers-Briggs

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Characterizes personality on four different scales

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projective personality assessment

answer

diagnostic personality test using unstructured stimuli to evoke responses that reflect aspects of an individual's personality. Two prominent examples of projective tests are the Rorschach Inkblot Test (Rorschach, 1921) and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) (Morgan ; Murray, 1935). The former asks respondents to interpret symmetrical blots of ink, whereas the latter asks them to generate stories about a series of pictures.

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paranoid schizophrenia

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A type of schizophrenia that is dominated by delusions of persecution along with delusions of grandeur(social importance).

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catatonic schizophrenia

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a type of schizophrenia marked by striking motor disturbances, ranging from muscular rigidity to random motor activity

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undifferentiated schizophrenia

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A catchall term used when schizophrenic symptoms either do not conform to the criteria of any one type of schizophrenia or conform to more than one type.

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disorganized schizophrenia

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type of schizophrenia characterized by severely disturbed thought processes, frequent incoherence, disorganized behavior, and inappropriate affect.

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characteristics of creativity

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openness to experience, new ideas, an internal locus of evaluation, an ability to toy with elements and concepts, perceiving freshly, concern with outside and inside worlds, ability to defer closure and judgment, and skilled performance of the traditional arts, among others.

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convergence

answer

A binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object. The greater the inward strain, the closer the object.

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rigid personality

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Personality disorder: OCD

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differential association theoretical perspective

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a theory that explains deviance as a learned behavior determined by the extent of a person's association with individuals who engage in such behavior

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primary deviance

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the initial act of rule breaking deviance involving occasional breaking of norms that is not a part of a person's lifestyle or self-concept

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secondary deviance

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the process that occurs when a person who has been labeled a deviant accepts that new identity and continues the deviant behavior

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labeling theory

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An approach to the study of deviance that suggests that people become "deviant" because certain labels are attached to their behavior by political authorities and others.

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Strain theory

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theory that deviance is more likely to occur when a gap exists between cultural goals and the ability to achieve these goals by legitimate means

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Wernicke's aphasia

answer

-parietal lobe damage part of the temporal lobe involved in understanding language, problems comprehending speech, expressing meaning

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Broca's area

answer

speech production

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Wernicke's area

answer

comprehend

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expert power

answer

results from one's specialized information or expertise

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referent power

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derived from one's personal attraction

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legitimate power

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power based on one's legitimate status or position

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coercive power

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power based on the ability to punish

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proactive interference

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interference where older information learned interferes with the recall of the more recent information

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confabulation

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the unintended false recollection of episodic memories ex. confusion of an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you, or a belief that you remember something when it never actually happened

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declarative memory

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The ability to learn and consciously remember everyday facts and events.

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procedural memory

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A type of long-term memory of how to perform different actions and skills. Essentially, it is the memory of how to do certain things.

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Korsakoff's syndrome

answer

thiamine deficiency due to chronic alcoholism, damage diencephalic structures (mammillary bodies and medial dorsal nucleus) memoryy impairments

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correlation coefficient

answer

a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1)

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Induce compliance

answer

door in the face A smaller request after a bigger request does improve compliance.

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door in the face

answer

In this persuasive technique, a ridiculous request is made knowing that you will refuse followed by a smaller request that is more acceptable

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foot in the door

answer

Persuasive technique involving making a small request before making a bigger one

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Effort justification

answer

people's tendency to reduce dissonance by justifying the time, effort, or money they have devoted to something that has turned out to be unpleasant or disappointing

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Free choice paradigm

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the more "free" choice one has in the decision making process, the more dissonance they will suffer

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Post decisional conflict

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the dissonance associated with behaving in a counter-attitudinal way. dissonance can be reduced by bringing the attitude into line with the behavior Bettors at a racetrack are more confident in their chosen horse just after placing the bet because they cannot change it

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counter attitudinal

answer

Inconsistent attitude related to cognitive dissonance and talks about binge drinking on 21st birthday (the person binge drinking isn't someone who usually drinks)

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reduce cognitive dissonance

answer

1) Modify our cognition: I don't smoke that much 2)Trivialize : make less important...oh its not that big of a deal 3)Add: adding more cognitions...if i exercise more smoking won't be that bad 4) Deny: Smoking and cancer are unrelated

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informal social control

answer

exercised by a society without stating any rules or laws. It is expressed through norms and customs. Social control is performed by informal agents on their own in an unofficial capacity. Traditional societies mostly embed informal social control culture to establish social order.

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formal social control

answer

Social control that is carried out by authorized agents, such as police officers, judges, school administrators, and employers

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mind control

answer

Process by which freedom of choose and action, either as an individual or a group, is compromised to distort perception, motivation, cognition, and behavior. Ex. Jonestown, Milgram and Zimbardo.

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rational choice

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An approach that assumes people act rationally in their self-interest, seeking to maximize value.

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ingratiation

answer

An impression management strategy that uses flattery to increase social acceptance.

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Internal consistency

answer

The extent to which all the items on an instrument are measuring the same attribut

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attitude polarization

answer

describes changes in attitudes among people in groups - tendency to go to the extreme.

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implicit attitudes

answer

attitudes that influence a person's feelings and behavior at an unconscious level

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explicit attitudes

answer

attitudes that we consciously endorse and can easily report

question

learned helplessness

answer

The behavior of giving up or not responding to punishment, exhibited by people or animals exposed to negative consequences or punishment over which they have no control

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identity moratorium

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An adolescent's choice of a socially acceptable way to postpone making identity-achievement decisions. Going to college is a common example.

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Status quo bias

answer

The tendency to favor the "here and now" and to reject potential change

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Moral hypocrisy

answer

Behaving in a manner so as to appear moral without suffering the consequences

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Cannon-Bard

answer

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion

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James-Lange

answer

A theory of emotion that states that a stimulus results in physiological arousal, which then leads to a secondary response in which emotion is consciously experienced.

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Exchange-rational

answer

refers to the theory that we are rational actors, who perform a cost-benefit analysis of our decisions

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Fixation

answer

the failure to see an issue from a new perspective. Sometimes fixation occurs because of a mental set.

question

Weber Fechner law

answer

dI/ I= K

question

A scientist investigating the Weber-Fechner law detects a just-noticeable difference for a subject when shifting from a 5 kg to an 8 kg mass. When repeating the trial, how many kilograms must be added to a 15 kg mass to replicate the effect?

answer

dI/I=K (8-5)/5 =x/15 15 X 3= 45 5x= 45 x=9 kg

question

8 types of intelligence

answer

linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic

question

linguistic intelligence

answer

language skills

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interpersonal intelligence

answer

Students have the ability to engage and interact with people socially; these students have a strength in making sense of their world through relationships

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intrapersonal intelligence

answer

The ability to understand one's own emotions, motivations, inner states of being, and self-reflection.

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naturalistic intelligence

answer

The ability to work with biology and work with and around natural settings. Students have the ability to observe nature and see patterns

question

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence

answer

View of intelligence; proponents argue that that intelligent behavior arises from a balance between analytical, creative, and practical abilities. Experiential intelligence- Componential intelligence- Contextual intelligence-

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Experiential intelligence

answer

(also known as creative intelligence) the ability to familiarize oneself with new circumstances and form new concepts. For example: If you move to a foreign country and you are able to learn the new language, you are exhibiting experiential intelligence.

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Componential intelligence

answer

(also known as analytical intelligence) the traditional idea of intelligence. Includes ability to logically reason and think abstractly. Also includes the ability to communicate and think mathematically. This type of intelligence can be evaluated by standard tests of intelligence (e.g. IQ tests)

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Contextual intelligence-

answer

(also known as practical intelligence, or "street smarts") this is the ability to apply one's knowledge base to the world around them. Example: You have learned that UV rays from the sun can give you skin cancer, so when the sunlight becomes intense, you move to sit in the shade

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Semantic networks

answer

(also known as frame networks) are neural networks that signify lingual or logical relationships between ideas.

question

Dementia

answer

chronic disorder of mental processes, particularly the ability to recall. It can be caused by an injury or disease of the brain; it is not contagious. In addition to memory loss, other symptoms of dementia include changes in personality and cognitive abilities (e.g. reasoning).

question

Huntington's disease

answer

fatal genetic condition with no cure. Its symptoms include memory loss and dementia, as well as involuntary movements of the limbs. The disease is caused by neurons that are genetically programmed to degenerate over time. neuroleptics and benzodiazepines

question

Decay Theory

answer

if long-term memories are not recalled often, it will become harder and harder (if not impossible) to remember them. It is also theorized that our inability to remember certain pieces of information may be due to the natural physiological death of neurons, especially as we age.

question

Retroactive interference

answer

occurs when the learning of new information prevents someone from remembering information that was learned previously.

question

schema

answer

overall framework of how we remember something (structure and components of the situation, details, etc.). Schemas can skew information. An example of a schema skewing information: being asked to recall the doctor's examining room that you saw as a child. You may remember certain things that were there, but due to your idea of what a doctor's examining room should look like, you may remember things such as tongue depressors, cotton balls, alcohol, etc., regardless of whether or not they were actually there.

question

Imagination inflation

answer

occurs when certain memories are either constructed or exaggerated by the person's imagination. This is one way false memories can be created.

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The Dissociation Theory

answer

states that the hypnosis patient is experiencing a divided state of consciousness. It is thought that if the patient alters their focus and tunes-out their everyday state of consciousness, they will be able to focus on another more specific and directed state of consciousness.

question

Social Influence Theory

answer

says that people under hypnosis are highly vulnerable to social influences. This means that the hypnosis patient may do and say what the hypnotist expects of them without even meaning to.

question

Dialectic behavioral therapy (DBT)

answer

is a type of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). It is prescribed widely among people diagnosed with borderline personality disorder, depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). DBT teaches a number of behavioral skills such as emotional regulation, mindfulness, and distress tolerance. It's goals are to help people be aware and present of the "here and now", and to learn to tolerate negative emotions.

question

Consciousness-altering drugs

answer

depressants, stimulants, opiates, and hallucinogens

question

Depressants

answer

(e.g. alcohol, opiates, benzodiazepines, and barbiturates) Depress the inhibition and reasoning areas of the brain Use leads to delayed reaction time, slurred speech, and poor motor skills Can cause short-term memory loss (blackouts) Affects dopamine (responsible for happy feeling) and GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric acid, responsible for calm feeling) systems

question

Opiates

answer

(e.g. opium, morphine, hydrocodone, oxycodone, heroin) Opiates are byproducts of opium Classified as a type of depressant Opiates behave the same way as our own endorphins, causing users to feel relaxed and joyful Prescribed to relieve severe pain

question

Barbiturates

answer

(e.g. tranquilizers, Mebaral, Butisol, Nembutal) Classified as a type of depressant Prescribed to aid with sleep, anxiety reduction, prevention of seizures Users feel relaxed and tired, sometimes confused Can cause slurred speech, slowed heart beat, and weakness Should never be mixed with alcohol, can be fatal

question

Benzodiazepines

answer

(e.g. Lorazepam, Clonazepam, Xanax, Valium) Prescribed to alleviate excessive anxiety Classified as a type of depressant Can also be used to prevent seizures Stimulates GABA system, creates feeling of calm Should never be mixed with alcohol, can be fatal

question

Hallucinogens

answer

(e.g. Marijuana, LSD, Psilocybin mushrooms) Users see images that do not exist in reality Colors may appear more bright Can cause euphoria and state of relaxation Sometimes user can experience extreme fear (depending on what user is seeing) Not normally prescribed as a therapeutic drug

question

Stimulants

answer

(e.g. amphetamines, caffeine, nicotine, cocaine) Increase the speed of bodily functions (breathing, heart rate, overall increased energy) Users feel energized and hyper alert Often used for purposes such as staying awake and improving physical abilities Prescribed to treat attention deficit disorders such as ADD and ADHD (Adderall).

question

Tactile encoding

answer

involves the use of our tactile senses. It is how we recall how something feels (physically). For example, we can remember silk feels smooth.

question

Semantic encoding

answer

involves encoding sensory information with specific relevance to the person (a phrase, word, image, event, etc.) that can be applied to a particular situation. This type of coding does not use sensory input such as sound, taste etc.

question

functionalism

answer

interactions between parts of society that contribute to function of society ex. comparing how different societies are successful

question

Conflict theory

answer

conflict between groups lead to social change role of power differentials in producing social order self-interests

question

social constructionism

answer

society shared understandings of truth

question

cultural capital

answer

affects social mobility the knowledge, habits, and tastes learned from parents and family that individuals

question

tangible disparities

answer

directly and differentially affect health of different populations

question

social facilitation

answer

task is better when others are watching

question

prejudice

answer

generalizations about people who are not in one's in-group

question

sterotype

answer

A generalized belief about a group of people

question

self- fulfilling prophecy

answer

one's belief driven actions cause belief to become true ...in line with Thomas theorem

question

game theory

answer

mathematical reasoning to guide decision make that is tied to other people

question

social behavior

answer

involve interactions between member of same species ex. mating, non verbal, agression

question

features of behavior

answer

occurs in response to internal and external stimuli biologically influenced neural connection influence

question

primary reinforcer

answer

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need (does not have to be learned) ex. food water

question

neutral stimulus

answer

one that does not elicit a response

question

Escape conditioning

answer

Learning in which the learned behavior allows the subject to escape the unpleasant stimulus (CS) Mouse now knows that if he moves to the left when the box is being shocked he will no longer feel the shock

question

Avoidant conditioning

answer

CS is given before the presentation of an aversive stimulus. Ex. gorilla see angry alpha male gorilla. moves to other side before he hurts her

question

Adverse conditioning

answer

When you give a punishment to get rid of an undesired behavior. Generally, those stimuli are unpleasant or painful.

question

office of the President of the United States

answer

position of power, white-collar position, position of prestige in a social institution

question

causes of the bystander effect

answer

Diffusion of Responsibility and Pluralistic Ignorance

question

Diffusion of Responsibility

answer

reduction in sense of responsibility often felt by individuals in a group; may be responsible for the bystander effect

question

Pluralistic Ignorance

answer

The case in which people think that everyone else is interpreting a situation in a certain way, when in fact they are not

question

cultural relativism

answer

suspend judgement of other cultures and evaluate them on a basis of their own cultural standards

question

multiculturalism

answer

A society in which the cultures and traditions of many different groups coexist and are encouraged

question

purpose of a twin study

answer

determine the degree to which genetic inheritance influences a trait If monozygotic twins are more similar to each other than are dizygotic twins, a genetic influence is indicated. In other words, since environment is shared for both types of twins, the higher genetic relatedness (almost 100%) between monozygotic twins is assumed to explain the elevated similarity. Thus, the classical twin design allows separation of shared environment and genetic influences, as described in choice

question

situational approach to personality

answer

personality is best understood as the tendency to respond to certain situational interpretation in certain ways

question

psychoanalytic perspective

answer

Described by Sigmund Freud; psychoanalysts believe the unconscious mind-a part of our mind that we don't have conscious control over or access to-controls much of our thoughts and actions; psychoanalysts would look for impulses or memories pushed into the unconscious mind through repression;psychoanalysts think we must examine our unconscious mind through dream analysis, word association and other psychoanalytic therapy techniques in order to understand human thought and behavior. role play activities

question

self-efficacy

answer

An individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.

question

self-esteem

answer

a measure of how much you value, respect, and feel confident about yourself

question

self-concept

answer

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

question

superego

answer

According to Freud, the moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong.

question

ego

answer

psychological component of the personality that is represented by our conscious decision-making process.

question

Vygotsky's theory of development

answer

culture is the prime determinant of cognitive development. Social interaction is important. learn new abilities and social roles with the guidance of others (ZPD, scaffolding, private speech)

question

Erikson

answer

Infant; 0-2 years: Trust Vs. mistrust 2. Toddler; 2-3 years: Autonomy Vs shame and doubt 3. Preschool; 3-5 years: Initiative Vs guilt 4. School age; 6-12 years: Industry Vs inferiority 5. Adolescent; 12-18 years: Identity Vs identity (or role) confusion 6. Young adult: 18-25 years: Intimacy Vs isolation 7. Middle adult: 25-45 years: Generativity Vs stagnation 8. Older adult: 45-death: Ego integrity Vs despair

question

the field of attribution theory focuses on

answer

how people consciously and unconsciously form ideas about the casual factors behind behaviors

question

somatic symptom and related disorders

answer

psychiatric conditions defined by the psychological response to bodily symptoms

question

Personality disorders

answer

tendency to endure temporally and across different situations Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.

question

Broca vs Wernicke

answer

Broca's area is in the frontal lobe and the frontal lobe controls voluntary motor function, damage to Broca's area causes expressive (motor) a leads to inability to produce speech - expressive aphasia Wernicke's area is in the temporal lobe and the temporal lobe controls hearing. Therefore damage to Wernicke's area causes receptive (sensory) aphasia, and understand speech

question

belief perseverance

answer

clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

question

overconfidence

answer

the tendency to be more confident than correct

question

cognitive theory

answer

A grand theory of human development that focuses on changes in how people think over time.

question

incentive theory

answer

A theory that states that people are motivated by external rewards.

question

need based theory

answer

Most important is physiology, then safety, then love, then esteem, then self actualization.

question

major components of attitudes

answer

a person's feeling or emotions about an object, person, or event The influence that attitudes have on behavior Beliefs or knowledge about a specific object of interest

question

what influences attitude change?

answer

Knowledge base age willingness to engage with the argument culture

question

signal detection theory

answer

predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus ("signal") amid background stimulation ("noise"). Assumes that there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue Therefore individuals with the same sensitivity to a single can be more or less adept at identifying the signal

question

stagnation

answer

motionlessness; inactivity

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