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What is neuroscience?

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designates interdisciplinary scientific approaches to the study of the mind and the brain

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What fields does neuroscience include?

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Neurochemistry (brain chemistry), neurophysiology ( brain physiology),neuroanatomy(anatomy of brain), neuropharmacology (how drugs affect the brain), neuropsychology, cognitive neuroscience (study of biological basis of thinking and problem solving)

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What does the term brain-behavior relationship refer to?

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how the brain functions in producing such psychological phenomena as seeing, remembering, feeling pain, solving conceptual problems

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A neuroscientist who studies the memory deficits of human patients with brain damage would most likely identify as a

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Neuropsychologist

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"Psychobiology," behavioral biology, behavioral neuroscience, and _____ can be considered synonyms

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biopsychology

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The study of effects of drugs on the nervous system is called

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neuropharmacology

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The "neurosciences" constitute the study of

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the brain, brain-behavior relationship, neurochemistry and neuropharmacology

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What is the difference between neuroscience and behavioral neuroscience

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behavioral neuroscience is the biological study of behavior and therefore encompasses a specific study while neuroscience encompasses a broader scope of themes such as neurochemistry, neurophysiology, cognitive neuroscience, etc because it is the scientific study of the nervous system

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According to your text, emotion lie, detection and biofeedback are phenomena that are studied by

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psychophysiologists

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Phylogenetic

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pertaining to phyla, or the relationship of all living organisms. A humans phylogenetic history contains all of the hereditary precedents of Homo sapiens and the hereditary relationships to other animals

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Ontogenetic

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pertaining to the development of an individual within a unique environment

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Genes

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Compromised of DNA and in charge of the production of certain proteins that is responsible for thought, behavior and passes on physical characteristics to offspring

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Molecular Approach

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study of changes in molecules, such as chemicals, and their impact on structure and function

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Molar Approach

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analysis of behavior as the smallest unit of observation

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The comparison of brain-behavior relations in different species is called

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the comparative approach

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It is reasonable to assume that the more similar one individuals brains structure is to another individual, the more similar the behavior of the organisms will be

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true

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Species of animals with brains similar to human beings can reasonably be expected to behave more like human beings than species with brains quite different from human beings

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True

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According to the emergent property view of the relationship between the mind and the body:

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Psychological experiences and consciousness result from the organization of large numbers of neurons

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Cognition

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the study of thinking, memory, and other higher aspects of human psychology

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Nurture in nature/nurture

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Learned behaviors

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S-R model

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Stimulus-----> response; best for analyzing ways behavior is produced and controlled in local situations

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Cognitive approach

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Includes a study of the parts of the Brain implicated in perception, language, memory, learning and problem solving

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In the S-R approach, _______variables impinge upon organisms and ___________ are produced by organisms

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stimulus, response `

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Dualism

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mind and brain are separate entities (Aristotle)

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Interactionism

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Mind and brain are separate but interact with one another

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Epiphenmenoalism

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Mind and consciousness are the result of a functioning brain

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Monism

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Brain and mind coexist and are the same thing

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Functionalism

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"machine"doesn't matter, only the "Mind " does

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What assumptions of neuroscientist make as they study the mind and brain?

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Determinism,mechanism,reductionism,emergent property

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Determinism

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neuroscientists assume that the human mind and behavior are the result of the interaction of genes and environment

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Mechanism

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Neuroscientists assume a mechanistic universe where there is a physical basis for everything and mechanisms are knowable

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Reductionism

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neuroscientists assume that the complexities of perception, memory and learning can be broken down and understood in simpler terms, ultimately referenced by chemical activity in the brain

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Emergent property

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Most neuroscientist assume that the human consciousness does not differ radically from the consciousness of other animals

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Neuroscientist and physiological psychologists typically explain phenomena by

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generalization to a theory of behavior

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Neuroscientists assume that the mind and behavior of is determined by their anatomy and physiology

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true

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Neuroscience is characterized by

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a deterministic and mechanistic philosophy, a concern for causality

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Why are both molar and molecular explanations desirable?

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Molar and molecular analyses of a phenomenon together provide a more complete understanding than either alone.

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The autonomic nervous system is part of the

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Peripheral nervous system

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Functional clusters of neural cell bodies in the CNS are called

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Nuclei

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Which of the following is not part of the brain stem?

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Telencephalon

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The______ is comprised of sensory and motor nerves which serve the body

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Parasympathetic division of ANS

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The back of your spinal cord is

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Dorsal

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Gray matter is largely composed of

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Cell bodies of neurons

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How many ventricles are there in the brain

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4

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Dendrites

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short processes emanating from cell body and receives message from other cells

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Axon hillock

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connects the neuron to axon

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Axon

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Passes chemical signal away from cell body to other neurons

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Myelin Sheath

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Fatty covering of axon that speeds up chemical impulses and where ion exchange occurs

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Nodes of Ranvier

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Where action potential is generated

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Buttons

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Releases chemical into synapse

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Synapse

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Where axon and dendrite exert and chemical is released

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Dopamine

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Rewards and motor function; rewards seeking behavior such as gambling, sex and friends. Most drugs affect dopamine levels.

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Acetylcholine

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Causes feelings of relaxation of wellness and affects muscle contractions and brain arousal. Can be affected by nicotine

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Anandamide

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Stimulates hunger and regulates pain; is imitated by THC and affects how neurotransmitters communicate

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Norepinephrine

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Counter to adrenaline and used for basic functions like sleeping, eating and mood.

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GABA

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main inhibitor of neurotransmitters and can stop action potentials; can be affected by alcohol

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Glutamate

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Excites brain for learning and memory; makes everything more likely to be fired

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Serotonin

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Master neurotransmitter that regulates sleep cycles, hunger, mood and aggresiveness

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Epileptic who had his temporal lobes removed in order to reduce the occurrence of his seizures

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H.M. Molaison

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Mr. Harrison is starting to display signals of Parkinson's. Doctors want to track his level of dopamine in his brain. What imaging technique should they use?

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Pet scan

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Synaptic Gap

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tiny space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite or cell body of another

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Regarding a neuron's response to stimulation, the intensity of the stimulus determines

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whether or not an impulse is generated

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Hippocampus

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Memory formation (long and short)

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Amygdala

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Fear and anger

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Hypothalamus

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controls the Four F's (fight, flight,food and f*ck); controls pituitary gland

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Thalamus

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relays sensory informations

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Frontal cortex

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executive function and personality

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Temporal lobes

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auditory and memory

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Occipital

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Vision

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Pariental

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Somatosensory information

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Facial Fusiform Gyrus

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Area of brain that recognizes face

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xx

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female

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xy

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male

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Kleinfelter syndrome

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look male, develop breasts, infertile, mentally disabled, xxy

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Turner syndrome

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XO, looks female, heart defect, infertile, mentally disabled, short

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Double Y

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XYY

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Triple X

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XXX

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Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

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Too little cortisol leads to compensatory excessive release of adrenal androgens in females (too much testosterone)

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Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

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Women who are genotypical male; unable to respond to testosterone, infertile and non-descended testicles

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Facial symmetry and Hormones

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People with more estrogen and testosterone have more facial symmetry

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Neuroprotective effects of Estrogen

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Reduces brain damage,inflmattion,why women live longer than me

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How many pairs of cranial nerves do vertebrates have?

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12

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The caudate, putamen, and globes pallidus compose the

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basal ganglia

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Afferent nerves carry impulses to the

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CNS

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The longitudinal fissures separates the two hemispheres. Which lobe does not border on it?

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Temporal lobe

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Human brains differ substantially from the brains of other mammals in that human brains have

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much more cortex

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The central fissure separates the parietal lobe from the

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frontal lobe

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Human brains

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have two hemispheres, a cerebellum, corpse callous, and much more neocortex than other animals

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Reticular formation

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complex network of 100 tiny nuclei that occupies center core of brain stem and plays a role in arousal, attention, movement.

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Brain stem

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stem on which the cerebral hemispheres sit

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Limbic system

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circuit of midline structures that circle the thalamus and gets involved in the regulation of motivated behavior's such as the four F's

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The corpse callosum is the brains largest

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commissure

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The reticular formation is in the

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brain stem

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In. split brain procedure in both monkeys and huans

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the corpse callosum is cut

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an example of brain-behavior relationship in humans is the observation that the left cerebral hemisphere must be relatively intact for _________, while the right hemisphere seems necessary for

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language, spatial orientation

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A person with a bisected brain on occasion seems to possess two minds

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true

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Focal point epilepsy is so named because vision is lost during an epileptic seizure

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false

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Membrane potential

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electric charge across the membrane cause by an imbalance in electrical charge

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Resting Membrane Potential

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If equal amounts of negative and positive charges are both found inside the outside the cell brane, the resting membrane potential is zero

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pure research

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motivated by the curiosity of the researcher

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applied research

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for the benefit of mankind

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translational research

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translates pure research into useful application for humankind

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case studies

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focus on a single case or subject

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quasiexperimental studies

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studies of groups or subjects who have been exposed to the conditions of interest in the real world

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Coolidge effect

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copulating male who becomes incapable of copulating with one sex partner and needs multiple partners

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Bippsychology

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scientific study of biology of behavior

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neuroanatomy

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structure of the nervous system

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neurochemistry

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study of chemical bases of neural activity

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neuroendocrinology

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study of interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system

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advantages of human subjects?

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cheaper can follow instructions can report subjective experiences human brain!!!!

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advantages of nonhuman

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brains and behavior are simpler comparative approach can perform studies that cannot be done on humans for ethical reasons

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physiological psychology

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studies neural mechanisms of behavior through controlled experiments

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psychopharmacology

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manipulation of neural acitivity and behavior with drugs

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neuropsychology

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psychological effects of brain damage on human patients -most applied of all subdisciplines

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cortex that is most likely to be hurt on an accident?

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cerebral cortex

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cognitive neuroscience

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study neural bases of cognition (higher intellectual processes)

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psychophysiology

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studies relation between physiological activity and psychological processes in human subjects

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autonomic nervous system

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regulates internal environment

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ethological research

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studies of animal in their natural habitat

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converging operations

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different approaches are focused on a single problem- the strength of another makes up for the weakness of anohter

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prefrontal lobes

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large areas, left and right at the front of the brain

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transorbital lobotomy

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insertion of ice-pick device under the eyelid, driving it through the orbit (eye socket) with a dew taps of a mullet and pushing it into the frontal lobes, where it was waved back and forth to sever the connections between the prefrontal lobes and the rest of the brain

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central canal

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small central canal that runs the length of the spinal cord

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cerebral ventricles

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four large interior chambers of the brain

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what supports and cushions the brain

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cerebrospinal fluid

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bb barrier

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impedes the passage of many toxins into the brain

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the peripheral nervous system is located outside the

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skull and spine

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the parts of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the body's internal environment is the

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autonomic nervous system

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nerves that carry sensory messages from the skin, joints, eyes, and ears to the central nervous system are

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afferent nerves

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sympathetic nerves are a part of the

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autonomic nervous system

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_____ nerves stimulate, organize and mobilize energy resources in threatening situations

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sympathetic

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the vagus nerves are the longest

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cranial nerves

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the olfactory nerves and optic nerves are the only two purely sensory

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cranial nerves

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the innermost meninx is the

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pia mater

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the ___ space, made up of large blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid, lies between the arachnoid membrane and Pia mater

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subarachnoid

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the traditional view on cerebrospinal fluid production says that it is made by small blood vessels called the

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choroid plexus

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a tumor near the ____ can produce hydrocephalus

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cerebral aqueduct

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the cells in the brain are tightly packed and act as a ____ to any protein or large molecules

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barrier

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multipolar neuron

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a neuron with more than two processes extending from its cell body -most neurons are multipolar

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unipolar neurons

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only have on process extending from its cell body

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bipolar neuron

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has two processes extending from its cell body

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interneurons

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short axon or no axon at all -integrate neural activity within a single brain structure

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nuclei

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clusters of cell bodies in the central nervous system

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ganglia

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clusters of cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

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tracts

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bundles of axons in the central nervous system

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glial cells of the cns

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oligodendrocytes -extensions that wrap around the axons of some neurons of the cns -rich in myelin

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glia cells of pns

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Schwann cells -only one myelin segment

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microglia

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-third class of glia that respond to injury by multiplying, engulfing entire cells or debris and triggering inflammatory responses

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astrocytes

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fourth class of clia; are the largest ones and are star shaped -cover outer surfaces of blood vessels that course through the brain

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Golgi stain

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stains used to see the overall neuron

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nissl stain

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neural stain procedure that provides number of neurons

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electron microscopy

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neuroanatomical technique that provides the details of neuronal structure

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electron micrograph

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captures neuronal structure in exquisite detail

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scanning electron microscope

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provides spectacular electron micrographs in three dimensions

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anterograde tracing methods

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used when an investigator wants to trace the paths of axons projecting away from cell bodies located in a particular area

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retrogade tracing methods

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used when an investigator wants to trace the paths of axons projecting into a particular area

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gray matter

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composed largely of cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons

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white matter

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composed largely of myelinated axons

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myencephalon

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posterior division of the brain and largely composed of tracts carrying signals between the rest of the brain and the body

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reticular formation

answer

part of the myencephalon complex network of about 100 tiny nuclei

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