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LAN

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is usually restricted to spanning a particular geographic location like an office building, a single department within a corpo- rate office, or even a home office.

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WAN

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are communications networks that cover broad geographic areas that still frequently use phone companies (service providers) along with their circuit-switched networks to connect LANs together.

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MAN

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is a computer network that usually spans a city or a large campus. It usually interconnects a number of local area networks (LANs) using a high-capacity backbone technology, such as fiber-optical links, and provides up-link services to wide area networks (or WAN) and the Internet.

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CAN

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is a computer network made up of an interconnection of local area networks (LANs) within a limited geographical area.

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VPN

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just like an VLAN,but for networks that are physically remote and a lot more secure

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VLAN

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is really no different than a LAN or LAN workgroup, except that it's not physi- cally built to look anything like the individual LANs shown in Figure 1.2. Instead, it's built logically. They both work exactly the same way—the hosts, server, and printers are configured exactly the same—and it's even possible that the router will be configured the same way, too.

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Ring

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you'll find that each computer is directly connected to other com- puters within the same network.

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Bus

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The most basic of the bunch/ consists of two distinct and terminated ends, with each of its com- puters connecting to one unbroken cable running its entire length

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Star

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connected to a central point with their own individual cables or wireless connections.

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Mesh

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you'll find that there's a path from every machine to every other one in the network.

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Hybrid

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a combination of two or more types of physical or logical network topologies working together within the same network.

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Point to Point

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you have a direct connection between two routers, giving you one communication path.

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Multipoint

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topology consists of a succession of connections between an interface on one router to multiple destination routers

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Peer to peer

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do not have any central, or special authority—they're all peers, meaning that when it comes to authority, they're all equals.

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Client Server

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are pretty much the polar opposite of peer-to-peer networks because in them, a single server is specified that uses a network operating system for managing the whole network.

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Servers

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are also powerful computers. They get their name because they truly are "at the service" of the network and run specialized software for the network's maintenance and control known as the network operating system.In a good design that optimizes the network's performance, servers are highly specialized and are there to handle one important labor-intensive job. This is not to say that a single server can't do many jobs; but more often than not, you'll get better performance if you dedicate a server to a single task. Here's a list of common dedicated servers:

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Workstations

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are often seriously powerful computers that run more than one central processing unit (CPU) and whose resources are available to other users on the network to access when needed.

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Hosts

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means any network device with an IP address

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Backbone

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It's what all the networks segments and servers connect to and what gives the network its structure.

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Physical

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which does two important things: It sends bits and receives bits. Bits come only in values of 1 or 0—a Morse code with numerical values. The Physical layer communicates directly with the various types of actual communication media

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Data Link

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provides the physical transmission of the data and handles error noti- fication, network topology, and flow control. This means the Data Link layer ensures that messages are delivered to the proper device on a LAN using hardware addresses, and trans- lates messages from the Network layer into bits for the Physical layer to transmit.

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Transport

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segments and reassembles data into a data stream.

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Session

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is responsible for setting up, managing, and then tearing down sessions between Presentation-layer entities. This layer also provides dialogue control between devices, or nodes. It coordinates communication between systems and serves to organize their communication by offering three different modes: simplex, half duplex, and full duplex. To sum up, this layer basically keeps applications' data separate from other applications' data.

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Presentation

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It presents data to the Application layer and is responsible for data translation and code formatting.

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Application

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of the OSI model marks the spot where users actually communicate to the computer. This layer comes into play only when it's apparent that access to the net- work will be needed soon. Take the case of Internet Explorer (IE). You could uninstall

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Network

answer

manages device addressing, tracks the location of devices on the network, and determines the best way to move data, which means that the layer must trans- port traffic between devices that aren't locally attached.

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Three way handshake

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Syn, Syn-ack,syn

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Flow Control

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provides a means for the receiver to govern the amount of data sent by the sender. It prevents a sending host on one side of the connection from overflowing the buffers in the receiving host—an event that can result in lost data.

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Windowing

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The quantity of data segments (measured in bytes) that the transmitting machine is allowed to send without receiving an acknowledgment

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802.3

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CSMA/CD

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802.5

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Token Passing Ring

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802.11

answer

Wireless LAN

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Encapasulation

answer

Data, segment, packet, frame, bits/ When a host transmits data across a network to another device, the data goes through this It's wrapped with protocol information at each layer of the OSI model. Each layer communicates only with its peer layer on the receiving device.

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Coaxial

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referred to as coax, contains a center conductor made of copper that's sur- rounded by a plastic jacket, with a braided shield over it.

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Twisted Pair

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consists of multiple individually insulated wires that are twisted together in pairs.

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Fiber Optic

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transmits digital signals using light impulses rather than electricity, it's immune to EMI and RFI.

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RG 59

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Cable television Low cost, short distance

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RG 6

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Longer distances than RG-59; some power implementations

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BNC Male and Female

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Coax Connectors

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Plenum

answer

fire hazard and gives off poisonous gas when it is burned

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Non Plenum

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high burn temp and doesn't give off as much poisonous gas

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UTP

answer

Unshielded pair cable

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STP

answer

shielded pair cable/ metallic shield covering

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Cat3

answer

Four twisted wire pairs (eight wires) with three twists per foot. This type can handle transmissions up to 16MHz. It was popular in the mid-1980s for up to 10Mbps Ethernet, but it's now limited to telecommunication equipment and, again, is obsolete for networks.

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Cat5

answer

Four twisted wire pairs (eight wires), rated for 100MHz.

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Cat5e

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Four twisted wire pairs (eight wires), rated for 100MHz, but capable of handling the disturbance on each pair that's caused by transmitting on all four pairs at the same time—a feature that's needed for Gigabit Ethernet.

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Cat6

answer

Four twisted wire pairs (eight wires), rated for 250MHz. Cat 6 became a stan- dard back in June 2002. You would usually use it as riser cable to connect floors together. If you're installing a new network in a new building, there's no reason to use anything but Category 6 UTP cabling as well as running fiber runs between floors.

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Single Mode

answer

is a very high-speed, long-distance media that consists of a single strand—sometimes two strands—of fiber glass that carries the signals. Light- emitting diodes (LEDs) and laser are the light sources used with SMF.

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MMF

answer

provides high bandwidth at high speeds over medium distances (up to about 3,000 feet),but beyond that it can be really inconsistent. This is why it is most often used within a smaller area of one building

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Full Duplex

answer

both devices can send and receive communication at the same time.

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Half Duplex

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a device can either send communication or receive communication, but not both at the same time.

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Straight

answer

Pin 1 connects to pin 1 and pin 2 connects to pin 2, etc. They only uses pins 1, 2, 3, and 6.

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Rollover

answer

Pin 1 connects to pin 8 and pin 2 connects to pin 7, etc. Uses pins 1-8

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Crossover

answer

Pin 1 connects to pin 3, Pin 2 connects to Pin 6....uses Pins 1. 2, 3, and 6

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Loopback

answer

use if you are testing a live connection

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MDF

answer

is a wiring point that's generally used as a reference point for telephone lines.

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IDF

answer

is located in an equipment or telecommu- nications room. It is connected to the MDF and is used to provide greater flexibility for the distribution of all the communications lines to the building. It is typically (and better be) a sturdy metal rack designed to hold the bulk of cables coming from all over the building!

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Demarc

answer

is the last point of responsibility of the service provider.

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Demarc Extension

answer

The length of copper or fiber that begins after the demarc but still doesn't reach all the way up to your office

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Collison Domains

answer

The group of devices whose frames could potentially collide with one another. Each interface on a bridge, switch, or router terminates a collision domain. These devices become responsible for recovering from collisions that occur due to their forwarding of frames out other interfaces.

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Broadcast Domains

answer

The collection of all devices that will receive each other's broadcast frames.

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DHCP

answer

assigns IP addresses to hosts with informa- tion provided by a server.

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DNS

answer

DNS - resolves hostnames—specifically, Internet names, such as www.lammle.com, to their corresponding IP addresses.

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LAN traffic congestion

answer

Too many hosts in a broadcast domain Broadcast storms Multicasting Low bandwidth Adding hubs for connectivity to the network

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4 functions of router

answer

Packet switching Packet filtering Internetwork communication Path selection

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2 advantages of routers

answer

They don't forward broadcasts by default. They can filter the network based on Layer 3 (Network layer) information (such as IP address).

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recognize frame boundaries

answer

why are switches better than hubs

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Switch;

answer

Non-Privileged mode

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Switch#

answer

Privileged mode

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Switch(config)#

answer

Global configuration mode (notice the # sign indicates this is only accessible at privileged mode.)

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Switch(config-if)#

answer

Interface level within configuration mode.

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Switch;enable

answer

Command to enter privileged mode.

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Switch# configure terminal

answer

Command to enter the global configuration mode.

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Switch# ?

answer

The question mark will give information on any available commands or options. Example here will give all commands available in privileged mode.

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Router# show ?

answer

Example here will give all options available to the show command.

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switch# dir flash:

answer

To get a directory list of files on a Switch or router The command to upload a new IOS version into a switch.

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switch# archive tar /xtract tftp:///flash:

answer

The command to upload a new IOS version into a switch

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switch(config-if-range)#

answer

Interface level within configuration mode and multiple interfaces.

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Network Segmentation

answer

The answer to fixing a huge but slow network is to break it up into a number of smaller networks

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ST, SC, LC

answer

Fiber Connectors

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