Nervous Tissue – Flashcards
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CNS and PNS
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Anatomical divisions of nervous tissue
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Sensory (afferent)
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Transmit impulses to the CNS
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Motor (efferent)
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Transmit impulses away from the CNS to the body
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Somatic and autonomic systems
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Motor neurons division
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Neurons
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Conduct impulses
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Neuroglia cells
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Give support, nurture, and protect neurons
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Perikaryon
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Cell body of a neuron
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nucleus, golgi, RER, microtubules, and neurofilaments
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Components of the cell body
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Lipofuscin granules and Nissl bodies
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Name two distinguishing characteristics of neurons
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Neurofilaments and microtubules
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Name the structural parts of the neurons
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RER
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Nissl bodies are found where
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Dendrites
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Transmits impulses to the cell body of neurons
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Golgi
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Which organelle(s) are absent in dendrites
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Arborized terminals
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Name the distinguishing chacteristic(s) of dendrites
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Permit stimuli of one neuron to be transmitted to other neurons
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Purpose of the arborized terminals
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RER, nucleus, neurofilaments, and microtubules
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Components of dendrites
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one
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How many axons per neuron
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Axon
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Conducts impulses away from the perikaryon
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Axon hillock
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Origin of the axon
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lacks organelles except microtubules and neurofilaments
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Key characteristic of axons
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Telodendria
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The axon terminates in many branches as what
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Synapse with dendrites or cell bodies of other neurons or form special contacts with other cell types like muscle
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Purpose of telodendria
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Single process, rare in vertebrates, and in developing nervous tissue
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Describe unipolar neurons
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Bipolar neurons
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Has 1 axon, 1 dendrite, go to sensory organs
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Multipolar neurons
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Has 1 axon, more than 1 dendrite, and most common type
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Single process that branches into axon and dendrite, and present in cranial and spinal ganglia
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Pseudounipolar
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Pseudounipolar
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This type of neuron is found in dorsal root ganglia
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Olfactory, retina, and auditory
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Give three examples of where bipolar neurons go
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Support, nurture, and protect
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Purpose of the neuroglia cells
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Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Microglia, Ependymal cells
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Name the four types of neuroglia cells in the CNS
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Protoplasmic (gray matter), Fibrous (white matter), surrounds blood vessels, forms part of the blood-brain barrier, and has feet like processes
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Describe astrocyte cells in the CNS
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Oligodendrocytes
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Particular type of neuroglial cell in the CNS that function in the survival of neurons, found in gray and white matter, and make myelin for axons
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Microglia cells
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This type of neuroglial cell are small and phagocytic, derived from monocytes, they have condensed and elongated nuclei, may be confused for epithelial cells
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Line neural tubes and ventricles of the brain, associated with the formation of the CSF, have cilia which move CSF
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Ependymal cells
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Schwann cells
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Type of neuroglial cell found in the PNS around axons
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Located around axons in the PNS, makes myelin sheath for only one axon
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Describe the characteristics of schwann cells
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Schwann cells make myelin sheath for only one axon and oligodendrocytes make myelin for several axons
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The major difference in oligodendrocytes and schwann cells
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Synapse
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Site where signals are transmitted from one neuron to another neuron or a muscle cell
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Axodendritic, axosomatic, and axoaxonic
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Name the different types of synapses
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Axodendritic
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Which synapses are the most common
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Axoaxonic
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Which synapses are rare
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Acetylcholine, Norepinephrine, glutamic acid, gammaaminobutyric acid, dopamine, serotonin, and glycine
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Name the different neurotransmitters
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Myeneural junctions, all parasympathetic synapses, and preganglionic sympathetic processes
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Location of Ach is released
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Norepinephrine
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This neurotransmitter is released at postganglionic sympathetic synapses
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Neuronal spaces in the brain
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Glutamic acid, dopamine, serotonin, glycione are released here
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Neuroglial cells
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Nerve fiber are surrounded by myelin sheaths produced by these type of cells that differ in certain locations
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Nodes of ranvier
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These structures lack myelin sheath, run along nerve fibers, are discontinuities between adjacent neuroglial cells
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Saltatory conduction
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Function of nodes of ranvier
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Allows jumping of the action potential from one node to the next via many Na pumps present at nodes on the axolemma
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What is saltatory conduction
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Type A, type b, and type c
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Name the types of Nerve fibers
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Type c
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These type of nerve fibers are unmyelinated and thin that may or may not be covered by schwann or oligodendrocytes, and impulses are conducted the slowest
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Moderate myelination and impulse conduction
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Type B
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Thick myelination and fastest speed of conduction
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Describe Type A nerve fibers
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Surrounds nerves
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Epineurium
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Perineurium
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This surrounds fascicles
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Surrounds nerve fibers
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Endoneurium
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Ganglia
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Aggregations of neuronal cell bodies outside of the CNS
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dorsal root (sensory) and autonomic/ ventral root (motor)
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Types of ganglia
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Reflex arc
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Consists of 5 parts and usually has two or more neurons
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Receptors, afferent limb, intergrating center, efferent limb, and effector
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Name the reflex arc parts
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Brain and spinal cord
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Components of the CNS
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spinal cord, cerebellum, and cerebrum
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The CNS includes these 3 parts specifically
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nerve fibers and neuroglia cells
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White fiber components
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Gray matters
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Neurons, nerve fibers, and neurogli cells are found here
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White and gray matter
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Covers the spinal cord, cerebellum, and cerebrum
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duramater, arachnoid, and piamater
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Name the meninges
