NCE and CPCE Study Guide – Flashcards
247 test answers
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answers 247question
Describe Erik Erikson's stages.
answer
Erik Erikson is an Ego psychologist and a disciple of Freud. His 8 stages focus on social relationships, therefore they are called psychosocial. Each stage has a crisis that must be overcome in order to move on to the next stage. His stages are Trust v. Mistrust; Autonomy v. Shame/doubt; Industry v. Inferiority; Initiative vs. Guilt; Identity v. Role confusion; Intimacy v. Isolation; Generativity vs. Stagnation; Integrity vs. Despair. (Mnemonic device: The Air In Iceland Is Icy, Greenland Isn't.)
Unlock the answer
question
define psychometric.
answer
pertaining to mental testing and measurement
Unlock the answer
question
define psychodiagnostic
answer
the study of personality through interpretation of behavior and non-verbal cues; or labeling a client in a diagnostic category.
Unlock the answer
question
define psychopharmacology
answer
the study of the effects drugs have on psychological functions.
Unlock the answer
question
What is the id?
answer
the basic instinct principle in Freudian theory. It is the seat of aggression and sexual impulse. It is devoid of logic and time orientation. It is chaotic and bodily focused.
Unlock the answer
question
What is the ego?
answer
this is the reality principle in Freudian theory. It indicates power of reasoning and control over behavior. It helps keep the impulses of the id in check.
Unlock the answer
question
What is the superego?
answer
the superego is the moralistic and idealistic principle in the Freudian theory.
Unlock the answer
question
Which group of theorists believe "if you can't measure it, it doesn't exist"?
answer
Behaviorists. They focus on O.O.B. The observable, objective behaviors. (My AP psych teacher in HS called it the O.O.B. tampon. gross, but it helped me remember it!)
Unlock the answer
question
Who is the only psychoanalyst with a developmental theory that covered the entire lifespan?
answer
Erik Erikson's Psychosocial stages covered the entire lifespan. Each stage has a crisis or turning point.
Unlock the answer
question
What theory is A. A. Brill associated with?
answer
Career theory
Unlock the answer
question
Milton H. Erickson is associated with...
answer
Brief psychotherapy and hypnosis.
Unlock the answer
question
What field is Jean Piaget associated with?
answer
Cognitive Child Development
Unlock the answer
question
Who is Jay Haley and what is the nature of his contribution to counseling?
answer
Haley is most famous for his work on strategic and problem-solving therapy, more specifically with his use of the paradox technique. He also studied with Milton Erickson.
Unlock the answer
question
Arnold Lazarus
answer
He is a known behavioral therapist who worked specifically with methods of desensitization and phobias. He is most associated with Multimodal Therapy.
Unlock the answer
question
William Perry
answer
He is known for his work in adult cognitive development, specifically with college students. He worked a lot with the concept of "dualistic thinking" among college students, where everything is either black or white. (Memory technique: think of Katy Perry's song Hot and Cold to associate Perry with dualism.)
Unlock the answer
question
Ed Neukrug
answer
Also a cognitive developmentalist. His work is similar to Perry's. He noted that college students initially think that their professor has all the answers (dualistic), but gradually get to a more relativistic way of thinking and realize that answers exist that are relative to a given situation. (Memory technique: "What do you THINK about Ed nuking the rug??" Think= cognitive dev, Ed Neukrug.)
Unlock the answer
question
Robert Kegan
answer
Yet another adult cognitive developmentalist. SPecifically with interpersonal development. His theory was called the Constructive Model of Development- people construct reality throughout the lifespan.
Unlock the answer
question
What are Piaget's stages of Cognitive Development in order?
answer
Sensorimotor; Preoperational; Concrete; Formal. These stages must occur in order, but may be experienced at varying ages.
Unlock the answer
question
What is the major critique of Jean Piaget's research?
answer
He spent too much time observing his own kids, and thus drawing his conclusions from a small, specific, population.
Unlock the answer
question
Who formulated the very first intelligence test?
answer
Alfred Binet. In France. Oh la la!
Unlock the answer
question
What is a t test?
answer
Also known as the Student's t, it is a statistical test used in formal experiments to determine if a statistical significance exists between the means of two normally distributed groups.
Unlock the answer
question
Define Conservation.
answer
A substance's mass, weight, and volume remain the same even if it changes shape. It most likely refers to volume and mass, though. A child who has not mastered this concept will not have flexible thinking. (Mastered during Piaget's Concrete Operational stage 7-11 years)
Unlock the answer
question
Symbolic Schema
answer
A schema is a system where the child tests out things in the physical world. An example of a symbolic schema is when a child uses a pie plate as a steering wheel (because it fits into the schema they have created for "Steering Wheel") This occurs in the Preoperational Stage.
Unlock the answer
question
David Elkind's research supports what Piagetian concept?
answer
Elkind's statistical research supports Piaget's principle of conservation, with mass being the first and most easily understood concept for children, followed by weight and volume respectively.
Unlock the answer
question
Lawrence Kohlberg expanded on Piaget's conceptualization of what type of development?
answer
Moral development.
Unlock the answer
question
Define Epigenetic
answer
Epigenetic is the biological term borrowed from embryology. Each stage emerges from the one before it. It is systematic and follows a specific order.
Unlock the answer
question
Who is the father of American Behaviorism?
answer
John B. Watson. He coined the term "behaviorism" in 1912.
Unlock the answer
question
define Reversability.
answer
the notion that one can undo an action, hence an object can return to its initial shape.
Unlock the answer
question
Lev Vygotsky disagreed with Piaget's theory on what point(s)?
answer
He did not think that developmental stages take place naturally, rather the stages unfold due to educational intervention.
Unlock the answer
question
What theorists are considered to have epigenetic theories?
answer
Kohlberg, Erikson, and Maslow.
Unlock the answer
question
Who is the leading theorist of Moral Development?
answer
Lawrence Kohlberg
Unlock the answer
question
A 6 year old child in Preoperational thought said, "the rain is following me". This is an example of what characteristic?
answer
Egocentrism: a child cannot view the world from the vantage point of another person.
Unlock the answer
question
Name Kohlberg's stages of moral development.
answer
Preconventional, Conventional, and Post-Conventional
Unlock the answer
question
The Post-Conventional stage is also called the....
answer
Personal Integrity, or Morality of Self-Accepted Principles level
Unlock the answer
question
What is the Heinz Story designed to help assess?
answer
It is part of Kohlberg's morality development model and it is designed to help assess the level of morality a person has achieved by their reactions and reasonings based on the Heinz scenario.
Unlock the answer
question
Who is the father of Analytic Psychology?
answer
Carl Jung
Unlock the answer
question
Who is the father of Psychoanalysis?
answer
Sigmund Freud
Unlock the answer
question
What is biofeedback?
answer
Biofeedback is a technique utilized to help individuals learn to control bodily processes more effectively. The most ground-breaking work in this area occurred at the Menninger Clinic in Kansas, even though it is a traditional psychoanalytic foothold.
Unlock the answer
question
From who's work do we get the term "identity crisis"?
answer
Erik Erikson, because his psychosocial stages involve a crisis in order to proceed to the next stage.
Unlock the answer
question
RS factors
answer
RS stands for Religious and Spiritual. RS factors are often examined by counselors who are attempting to integrate the practice of "positive psychology" into their work.
Unlock the answer
question
What is Positive Psychology?
answer
a term coined by Abraham Maslow (humanistic perspective) and popularized by Martin Segliman, refers to the study of human strengths such as joy, wisdom, altruism, ability to love, and happiness.
Unlock the answer
question
What concept is Martin Segliman known for?
answer
The concept of Learned Helplessness- in the cases of abuse or maltreatment, humans and animals can be trained to think "there is no way out" even if one is clearly present.
Unlock the answer
question
What branch of psychology is Alfred Adler known for?
answer
he is the founder of Individual Psychology, and stresses the inferiority complex.
Unlock the answer
question
What are the charateristics of Kohlberg's Preconventional stage of moral development?
answer
child responds to consequences. Reward and punishment influence behavior.
Unlock the answer
question
What are the charateristics of Kohlberg's Conventional stage?
answer
individual wants to meet the standards of family, society, and the nation.
Unlock the answer
question
What are the characteristics of Kohlberg's Postconventional stage?
answer
(also known as self-accepted stage) individual is concerned with universal, ethical principles of justice, dignity, and equality of human rights, where the common good is a key issue. (He did not believe that most people reached this level)
Unlock the answer
question
Approximately how many middle class urban males did Kohlberg think would reach the Postconventional level?
answer
under 40%.
Unlock the answer
question
What are some examples of people believed to have reached the Postconventional stage of moral development?
answer
Ghandi, Socrates, Martin Luther King, Jr.
Unlock the answer
question
What is the first stage of Erikson's Psychosocial stages?
answer
Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 1 year)
Unlock the answer
question
Harry Stack Sullivan
answer
postulated the stages of infancy, childhood, juvenile, preadolescence, early adolescence, and late adolescence.
Unlock the answer
question
what is Psychiatry of Interpersonal Relations?
answer
similar to Erikson, biological determination is seen as less important than interpersonal issues and the soci-cultural demands of society
Unlock the answer
question
A person who has mastered Erikson's first 7 stages would then enter into which stage?
answer
Integrity vs. Despair (60-death) Integrity implies the individual is mostly satisfied with life and feels it has been worthwhile.
Unlock the answer
question
What is a Periodic Fugue State?
answer
an individual experiencing amnesia leaves home, often with the intention of changing jobs and identities. (I have no idea why we would ever need to know this, unless we decided to quit counseling, move to Hollywood, and become screen writers...)
Unlock the answer
question
Counter-Conditioning
answer
A behavioristic technique in which the goal is to weaken or eliinate a learned response by pairing it with a stronger or desirable response. (systematic desensitization by Arnold Lazarus is a good example)
Unlock the answer
question
Good boy/good girl orientation
answer
is a sublevel of the conventional stage of moral development in which a person is concerned with approbation and the ability to please others in order to achieve recognition.
Unlock the answer
question
Hedonism
answer
a concept that arises in the preconventional stage of moral development. the child thinks, "if I am nice to others, others will be nice and give me what I want".
Unlock the answer
question
What is the Zone of Proximal Development
answer
pioneered by Lev Vygotsky; describes the difference between a child's performance on a task without the aid of a teacher, and his performance with the aid of a teacher. (natural capacity vs. capacity through learning)
Unlock the answer
question
what theory is organ inferiority associated with?
answer
Alfred Adler's individual psychology.
Unlock the answer
question
Maturationist Theory
answer
behavior is guided exclusively by hereditary factors, but certain behaviors will not manifest themselves until the necessary stimuli are present in the environment. ALso suggests that neural development must reach a certain level of maturity for the behavior to unfold.
Unlock the answer
question
What would be the primary goal of a maturationist counselor?
answer
to unleash the inborn abilities, instincts, and drives of the client. The client's childhood and past are seen as important therapeutic topics.
Unlock the answer
question
John Bowlby
answer
he is most associated with attachment and bonding theory. HE though that attachment had a survival value, called adaptive significance. He suggested that a child must bond with an adult before the age of 3 in order to live a healthy social life.
Unlock the answer
question
object loss
answer
Bowlby- if a child does not make an attachment to an adult before the age of 3, he will suffer object loss, which is said to be the breeding ground for abnormal behaviors.
Unlock the answer
question
symbiosis
answer
Mahler's term for a child's absolute dependence on a female caregiver. Difficulties in symbiotic relationship can result in adult psychosis.
Unlock the answer
question
In what stage and age does the "midlife crisis" occur?
answer
Erikson's Generativity vs. Stagnation (or Self-Absorption) stage. Occurs between the ages of 35-45 for men and 5 years earlier for women. It begins when they realize their lives are half way over and seek to change the goals and aspirations they have not yet realized. Generativity= productive, happy, looks out for others.
Unlock the answer
question
Daniel Levinson
answer
wrote Seasons of a Man's Life and Seasons of a Woman's Life. He viewed midlife crises as positive things, stating that those who do not face a midlife crisis could become stagnant later in life- avoiding the crises could lead to a lack of vitality later.
Unlock the answer
question
Harry Harlow
answer
the researcher known for his work with maternal deprivation and rhesus monkeys. He believed that attachment is an innate tendancy. Monkeys in isolation developed abnormal behaviors, and showed signs of dysfunction when placed with normal monkeys.
Unlock the answer
question
Who continued Harlow's research and provided evidence to support his attachment theories extend to humans?
answer
Rene Spitz- noted that kids raised in impersonal institutions cried more, had trouble sleeping,had more health-related issues, and developed anaclitic depression.
Unlock the answer
question
Anaclitic Depression
answer
term coined by Rene Spitz denoting infants that are raising in an isolating environment have trouble forming close relationships in life.
Unlock the answer
question
Arnold Gesnell
answer
maturationist; pioneer in using 1 way mirrors for observing children. He believed that development was determined by genetics, therefore a child must be ready in order to accept a certain level of education.
Unlock the answer
question
What are Freud's Stages considered?
answer
Psychosexual (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital)
Unlock the answer
question
What are Erik Erikson's Stages considered?
answer
Psychosocial (Birth-18 months: Trust vs. Mistrust, 18 months-3 years: Autonomy vs. Shame, 3-5: Initiative vs. Guilt, 6-12: Industry vs. Inferiority, 12-18: Identity vs. Role Confusion, 18-35: Intimacy and Solidarity vs. Isolation, 35-55/65: Generativity vs. Self-absorption or Stagnation, 55/65-Death: Integrity vs. Despair
Unlock the answer
question
What is emphasized in Freudian Theory?
answer
Instincts
Unlock the answer
question
What is emphasized with Ego psychologist (like Erik Erikson)?
answer
man's powers of reasoning to control behavior
Unlock the answer
question
Who created a developmental theory that encompasses the entire life span?
answer
Erik Erikson
Unlock the answer
question
What does Freud also call the pleasure principle and houses the animalistic instincts?
answer
The id
Unlock the answer
question
What is also known as the reality principle?
answer
The Ego
Unlock the answer
question
What concept does William Perry stress?
answer
Dualistic Thinking
Unlock the answer
question
What is Dualistic Thinking?
answer
common in teens things are conceptualized as good or bad, right or wrong. Very black or white.
Unlock the answer
question
What is relativistic thinking?
answer
Happens in adulthood where an individual now has the ability to understand not everything is right or wrong, but an answer can exist for a specific situation. There is more then one way to view the world.
Unlock the answer
question
What does Robert Kegan stress?
answer
A model on Interpersonal Development
Unlock the answer
question
What is Interpersonal Development?
answer
A "Constructive Model of Development" meaning individuals construct reality throughout the lifespan.
Unlock the answer
question
List Jean Piaget's stages in order.
answer
Sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, and formal operations.
Unlock the answer
question
What does conservation mean in Piaget's theory?
answer
the notion that a substance's weight, mass, and volume remain the same even if it changes shape.
Unlock the answer
question
According to Piaget when does a child master conservation?
answer
During Concrete Operations Stage (7-11 years old). This occurs during the time they are able to count mentally as well.
Unlock the answer
question
Who is the leading theorist in Moral Development?
answer
Lawrence Kohlberg
Unlock the answer
question
Who expanded on Piaget's conceptualization of Moral Development?
answer
Lawrence Kohlberg
Unlock the answer
question
According to Lev Vygotsky why do stages unfold?
answer
Due to educational intervention
Unlock the answer
question
Define Epigenetic.
answer
Each developmental stage emerges from the one before it.
Unlock the answer
question
Who is the father of American Behaviorism?
answer
John B. Watson (he coined Behaviorism in 1912).
Unlock the answer
question
Define the concept of reversibility and when does it occur according to Piaget?
answer
Occurs in the 3rd Stage, Concrete Operations. Says one can undo an action, hence an object can return to it's initial shape.
Unlock the answer
question
How are kids generally in Piaget's Preoperational Thought Stage?
answer
Egocentric (the rain is following me). The child can not view the world from the vantage point of someone else.
Unlock the answer
question
How many levels of moral development does Kohlberg's Theory have and name them?
answer
Three Levels. Preconventional, Convential, and Postconventional. (Each level is then broken down into two stages).
Unlock the answer
question
What does the Heinz Story do for Kohlberg?
answer
It is a way to assess the level and stage of moral development one is at.
Unlock the answer
question
Where does the term "Identity Crisis" come from?
answer
Erik Erikcon
Unlock the answer
question
What is Alfred Adler the founder of?
answer
Individual Psychology, which stresses the inferiority complex.
Unlock the answer
question
Describe each of Kohlberg's Level of Morality.
answer
Preconvential- child responds to consequences, reward and punishment play a big role here. Conventional- individual wants to meet the standards of the family, society, and even the nation. Postconvential- hard to reach. Individual is concerned with universal, ethical principles of justice, dignity, and equality of human rights. A key issue is the common good of society.
Unlock the answer
question
What is Harry Stack Sullivan's Theory?
answer
Psychiatry of Interpersonal Relations. Biological determination is seen as less important then interpersonal issues and the sociocultural demands of society. (similar to Erik Erikson's)
Unlock the answer
question
In Kohlberg's first or preconvential level what is the individual's moral behavior guided by?
answer
Consequences
Unlock the answer
question
What did Lev Vygotsky pioneer?
answer
The Zone of Proximal Development (it describes the difference between a child's performance without a teacher vs. that which he or she is capable of with an instructor).
Unlock the answer
question
What can Frued and Erikson be classified as?
answer
Maturationists. The client's childhood and past are seen as important therapeutic topics.
Unlock the answer
question
John Bowlby's name is most closely associated with what?
answer
Bonding and attachment. He believes a child must have a bond with an adult by age 3 and if this bond is lost at an early age it is called "object loss."
Unlock the answer
question
In which Erikson stage does the midlife crisis occur?
answer
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Unlock the answer
question
What is Harry Harlow known for?
answer
His work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys. He believed that attachment was an innate tendency and not one which is learned.
Unlock the answer
question
What was Freud's structural Theory of the mind?
answer
Id, Ego, and Superego
Unlock the answer
question
What does Manifest mean?
answer
Describes the dream material as it is presented to the dreamer.
Unlock the answer
question
What does Latent content mean?
answer
Refers to the hidden meaning of the dream (which is seen as far more important by the Freudians).
Unlock the answer
question
When is the fear of death greatest?
answer
Middle Age
Unlock the answer
question
In Freudian Theory when does attachment being a major factor evolve?
answer
During the Oral Stage, the first psychosexual stage.
Unlock the answer
question
What did Stanley Coopersmith find?
answer
That child-rearing methods seem to have tremendous impact on self-esteem.
Unlock the answer
question
Define Cephalocaudal.
answer
Head to foot.
Unlock the answer
question
What is the Oedipus Complex and when does it occur in Freud's Stages of Development?
answer
The boy's wish to marry his mother and rage toward his father. It occurs during the phallic stage (ages 3-5 years old).
Unlock the answer
question
Define Electra Complex.
answer
When the female child fantasizes about sexual relations with the parent of the opposite sex.
Unlock the answer
question
Who is the Father of Psychoanalysis?
answer
Freud
Unlock the answer
question
What do Empiricists believe?
answer
That development merely consists of quantitative changes. Scientists can only learn from objective facts. Experience is the source of acquiring knowledge. The forerunner of behaviorism.
Unlock the answer
question
Who thought up Empiricism?
answer
John Locke
Unlock the answer
question
A theorist who believes developmental strides are qualitative is?
answer
A Organicism. (Gestalt psychologists)
Unlock the answer
question
According to Piaget, what stage do reflexes play the greatest role in?
answer
The first one, the Sensorimotor Stage. This is also where "object permanence" is emphasized.
Unlock the answer
question
What does Ethology refer to and whose work is it associated with?
answer
It means the study of animals behavior in their natural environment. It's associated with Konrad Lorenz.
Unlock the answer
question
Define centration and what stage of Piaget's does it occur in?
answer
Occurs in the preoperational stage. Characterized by focusing on a key feature of a given object without noticing the rest of it.
Unlock the answer
question
Who is the Father of Reality Theory?
answer
William Glasser
Unlock the answer
question
During what Piaget Stage do children acquire a symbolic schema?
answer
Preoperational Stage (2-7 years old).
Unlock the answer
question
Define Negative Reinforcement.
answer
When the removal of a stimulus increases the probability that an antecedent behavior will occur.
Unlock the answer
question
Define Positive Reinforcement.
answer
The addition of a stimulus strengthens or increases a behavior.
Unlock the answer
question
What does BASIC-ID stand for and who thought up this acronym?
answer
Behavior Affective Responses Sensations Imagery Cognitions Interpersonal Relationships Drugs By behaviorist Arnold Lazarus
Unlock the answer
question
Define Animism as it pertains to Piaget's developmental stages in children.
answer
Occurs when a child acts as if nonliving objects have lifelike abilities or tendencies. It occurs in the Preoperational Period (2-7 years old). A rock or car can talk to them.
Unlock the answer
question
Who is the Father of Analytic Psychology?
answer
C.G. Jung
Unlock the answer
question
Define Ego Identity as associated with Erik Erikson.
answer
Associated with is fifth stage, identity vs. role confusion. When an adolescent is able to integrate all his or her previous roles into a single self-concept this is achieved.
Unlock the answer
question
Which theorist was most concerned with Maternal deprivation?
answer
Harry Harlow (worked with the monkeys)
Unlock the answer
question
Who developed REBT?
answer
Albert Ellis (teacher clients to think in a more scientific and logical manner)
Unlock the answer
question
Who pioneered the technique of systematic desensitization?
answer
Joseph Wolpe (a behavioristic technique used to ameliorate phobic reactions)
Unlock the answer
question
Where did Freud believe morality developed from?
answer
The Superego. (composed of the shoulds, oughts, and musts aka The Parent Ego)
Unlock the answer
question
Who is the Father of Guidance?
answer
Frank Parsons
Unlock the answer
question
Define imprinting as believed by Konrad Lorenz.
answer
An instinct in which a newborn will follow a moving object.
Unlock the answer
question
Define Equilibration.
answer
The balance between assimilation and accommodation. (Piaget)
Unlock the answer
question
As defined by Robert Kegan, what does a "holding environment" mean?
answer
A place where the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction.
Unlock the answer
question
Name Robert Kegan's 6 Stages of Life Span Development.
answer
Incorporative, impulsive, imperial, interpersonal, institutional, and interindividual.
Unlock the answer
question
Name 6 things Culture Refers to.
answer
Customs, Values, Attitudes, belief, art, and language.
Unlock the answer
question
What two theorists believe in the "Innate aggression theory?"
answer
Freud and Lorenz ("Instinct Theorist")
Unlock the answer
question
Who wrote Seasons of a Man's Life and Season's of a Women's Life?
answer
Daniel Levinson
Unlock the answer
question
Why was Carol Gilligan critical of Kohlberg's Theory?
answer
She felt it was more applicable to males then females.
Unlock the answer
question
Define Prognosis
answer
What a counselor means when they speak of the probable outcome in a case. It refers to the probability that one can recover from a condition.
Unlock the answer
question
Who is the frustration-aggression theory associated with?
answer
John Dollard and Neal Miller (believe frustration leads to aggression).
Unlock the answer
question
What theory did Festinger come up with?
answer
Cognitive Dissonance Theory (a popular balance theory in social psychology)
Unlock the answer
question
Define Mores (Social and Cultural Foundations Chapter).
answer
Beliefs regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior.
Unlock the answer
question
Explain the difference between Mores and Folkways.
answer
If you break a Mos (mores is plural form) then you are causing harm to others or threatening the existence of the group (robbing a bank). If you break a Folkway generally it results only in embarrassment (drinking soup out of a communal bowl).
Unlock the answer
question
Define Folkways.
answer
Correct, normal, or habitual behavior.
Unlock the answer
question
Who is considered the first social reformer (along with their associates) concerned with guidance in the United States?
answer
Frank Parsons (wrote Choosing a Vocation)
Unlock the answer
question
What does Emory Bogardus' social distance scale evaluate?
answer
How an individual feels about other ethnic groups.
Unlock the answer
question
Name the two steps of the foot-in-the-door technique.
answer
Step 1: Get the person to first agree to a less repugnant request Step 2: He or she will be more likely to comply with a request which is even more distasteful.
Unlock the answer
question
How is a culture defined?
answer
Primarily via norms and values.
Unlock the answer
question
How does a society differ from a culture?
answer
A society is a self-perpetuating independent group which occupies a definitive territory.
Unlock the answer
question
Define Ethnocentrism.
answer
when one uses their own culture as a yardstick to measure all others. Conveys the notion that one's own group is superior.
Unlock the answer
question
Define Modal Personality.
answer
the personality which is characteristic or typical of the group in question.
Unlock the answer
question
What does the Cognitive Dissonance Theory predict?
answer
The person will look for things which are consistent with his or her behavior.
Unlock the answer
question
What type of model works best with persons who respond well to an authority figure?
answer
An Active-Directive Model.
Unlock the answer
question
What does Cognitive Dissonance Research deal mainly with?
answer
Cognition and Attitude formation.
Unlock the answer
question
What type of counseling has been used more then other models to help promote understanding between cultures and races?
answer
Rogerian Person-Centered counseling.
Unlock the answer
question
What are three major barriers to intercultural counseling?
answer
1.- Culture-Bond Values 2.- Class-Bound Values 3.- Language Differences
Unlock the answer
question
Define Emic (multicultural counseling).
answer
This viewpoint emphasizes that each client is an individual with individual differences. Very culture-specific on how you work with each client.
Unlock the answer
question
Define Etic (multicultural counseling).
answer
This viewpoint adheres to the theory that humans are humans, regardless of background and culture-thus the same theories and techniques can be applied to any client the counselor helps.
Unlock the answer
question
Talk about the difference of autoplastic/alloplastic viewpoints when it pertains to intercultural helping.
answer
Autoplastic- asserts that change comes from within. Alloplastic- the client can cope best by changing or altering external factors in the environment.
Unlock the answer
question
What did R.H. Allport create?
answer
The concept of social facilitation.
Unlock the answer
question
What is the concept of social facilitation?
answer
Proves that a person will perform better at a task when he or she is part of a group. Even when no verbal interaction. (number example in book)
Unlock the answer
question
In social psychology what does the sleeper effect assert?
answer
That after a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message. The communication may have more impact after some times has passed.
Unlock the answer
question
What two authors helped to introduce social psychology in America?
answer
McDougall and Ross.
Unlock the answer
question
Who coined the term Group Therapy?
answer
Jacob Moreno.
Unlock the answer
question
What noted psychologist is associated with obedience and authority?
answer
Stanley Milgram (disturbing shock therapy example in book).
Unlock the answer
question
Define Dysthymia as in the DSM.
answer
A longstanding depressed mood (1 year for children/adolescents and 2 years for adults). AKA neurotic depression or depressive neurosis.
Unlock the answer
question
Name the three basic categories of conflict.
answer
1.- Approach-Approach Conflict (easiest to help client work through and least anxiety involved) 2.- Approach-Avoidance Conflict (presents a positive factor with a negative factor) 3.- Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict (two negative alternatives)
Unlock the answer
question
What did the "Robbers' Cave Experiment" conclude?
answer
That the most effective way to reduce hostility between groups is to give them an alternative goal that requires a joint effort by both groups together.
Unlock the answer
question
Define acculturation.
answer
Integrating one's own cultural beliefs and behaviors with the dominant culture.
Unlock the answer
question
What is converion/reparative therapy intended to do?
answer
Convert homosexuals to heterosexuals.
Unlock the answer
question
What did Alfred Adler create? Father of what?
answer
Individual Psychology.
Unlock the answer
question
What did Carl Jung create? Father of what?
answer
Analytic Psychology.
Unlock the answer
question
Name Eric Berne's (Father of Transactional Analysis) 3 Ego States of Transactional Analysis (TA).
answer
The Child, the Adult, the Parent.
Unlock the answer
question
In TA what is the conscience, or ego, state concerned with moral behavior? What is it in Freudian Theory?
answer
Parent in TA Superego in Freudian Theory
Unlock the answer
question
Define Transference.
answer
When the client displaces emotion felt toward a significant other onto the analyst, counselor, or therapist.
Unlock the answer
question
What is the Ego refered to as by Freudians?
answer
The executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle. The mediator.
Unlock the answer
question
In Freudian Theory a client who threatens a self-destructive act is being ruled primarily by who?
answer
Thanatos.
Unlock the answer
question
What means love of the life in Freudian Theory?
answer
Eros.
Unlock the answer
question
Define Free Association.
answer
Instructing the client to say whatever comes to mind.
Unlock the answer
question
Dreams have what two forms of content?
answer
Manifest and latent. Manifest is the surface content. Latent is hidden meaning.
Unlock the answer
question
Describe the little Albert experiment, who did it, and what it showed.
answer
Little Albert was conditioned to have a fear of furry animals. John Watson did this and it proved a behavioristic concept that fears are learned.
Unlock the answer
question
What type of counseling uses less sessions, no couch, and more face-to-face time then classical psychoanalysis?
answer
Psychodynamic Counseling
Unlock the answer
question
T or F: Rogerians do not emphasize diagnosis or giving advice.
answer
True
Unlock the answer
question
What 3 things does Freud's Structural Theory of the personality consist of?
answer
Id, ego, and the superego.
Unlock the answer
question
What is the Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS)?
answer
A concept used in forming a hierarchy to perform Wolpe's systematic desensitization (a rating system 0-100 to rate the most threatening situation).
Unlock the answer
question
What is the conscious mind aware of?
answer
The immediate environment.
Unlock the answer
question
What is the preconscious mind capable of?
answer
Bringing ideas, images, and thoughts into awareness with minimal difficulty. It can access information from the conscious and unconscious mind.
Unlock the answer
question
What is the unconscious mind composed of?
answer
Material which is normally unknown or hidden from the client.
Unlock the answer
question
Define Reaction Formation.
answer
When a person can't accept a given impulse and thus behaves in the opposite manner. when the person acts the opposite of the way he or she actually feels. (porn example in book).
Unlock the answer
question
Define Sublimation.
answer
When a person acts out an unconscious impulse in a socially acceptable way. For example.: an aggressive person becomes a boxer.
Unlock the answer
question
What defense mechanism occurs when the person attributes unacceptable qualities of his or her own to others?
answer
Projection.
Unlock the answer
question
What is the oldest major form of therapy?
answer
Freud's psychoanalysis.
Unlock the answer
question
What is the purpose of interpretation in counseling?
answer
The make the clients aware of their unconscious processes.
Unlock the answer
question
Whose work relates mainly to Organ Inferiority?
answer
Alfred Adler's Individual Psychology
Unlock the answer
question
Define Organ Inferiority.
answer
Organ inferiority was a term coined by Alfred Adler ,the famous psychologist, to describe how people who found themselves born with certain psychical defects develop feelings of inferiority and start taking actions to compensate for their weaknesses.
Unlock the answer
question
Who is the Father of Analytic Psychology?
answer
Carl Jung.
Unlock the answer
question
Jung used drawings balanced around a center point to analyze himself, his clients, and dreams. What are these called?
answer
Mandalas.
Unlock the answer
question
Name some Neo-Freudian Counselors.
answer
Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erik Erikson, Harry Stack Sullivan, Erich Fromm.
Unlock the answer
question
What did Neo-Freudians emphasize that contrasted with Freud?
answer
Social Factors. (Cultural issues, interpersonal relations.
Unlock the answer
question
Define Archetypes.
answer
The material that makes up the collective unconscious, which is passed from generation to generation. Jung spoke of this.
Unlock the answer
question
What is an Eclectic Counselor?
answer
One who attempts to choose the best theoretical approach based on the client's attributes, resources, and situation.
Unlock the answer
question
Define Associationism and who are the pioneers?
answer
This asserts that ideas are held together by associations. John Locke, David Hume, James Mill, David Hartley.
Unlock the answer
question
B.F. Skinner's Reinforcement Theory elaborated on what other theory?
answer
Edward Thorndike's Law of Effect.
Unlock the answer
question
What is the "law of effect?"
answer
That responses accompanied by satisfaction will be repeated, while those which produce unpleasantness or discomfort will be stamped out.
Unlock the answer
question
What are the 7 Key Modalities of Lazarus' BASICID?
answer
B=behavior including acts, habits. and reactions. A=affective responses such as emotions, feelings, and mood S=sensations, including hearing, touch, sight, smell, and taste I=images/the way we perceive ourselves, including memories and dreams C=Cognitions, such as our thoughts, insights, and even our philosophy of life I=interpersonal relationships (the way we interact with others) D=Drugs, that would include alcohol, legal, illegal, and prescription drug usage, diet and nutritional supplementation.
Unlock the answer
question
Who did Classical Conditioning?
answer
Ivan Pavlov
Unlock the answer
question
An association that Naturally exists is called what?
answer
Unconditioned.
Unlock the answer
question
What else is Skinner's operant conditioning referred to as?
answer
Instrumental Learning.
Unlock the answer
question
What is Pavlovian Conditioning referred to as?
answer
Respondent (reflexes).
Unlock the answer
question
What is Skinner's conditioning referred to as?
answer
Instrumental/operant.
Unlock the answer
question
A professional counselor determines fees for monthly consultation services on a job-by-job basis. This is an example of which of the following types of reinforcement schedules?
answer
Variable Ratio
Unlock the answer
question
When persons who are characteristically shy and withdrawn participate in "assertiveness training," initially they experience uncertainty and self-doubt. Counselors refer to this social psychological concept as:
answer
cognitive dissonance
Unlock the answer
question
Which type of group is more product than process oriented?
answer
Behavioral
Unlock the answer
question
A counselor who structures a career counseling group to help group members understand a "fields and levels" approach to careers is following the theory of:
answer
Roe
Unlock the answer
question
The concept of "career maturity" has been described and researched most extensively by:
answer
Crites
Unlock the answer
question
What is the most effective time interval between the CS and US?
answer
.5 or 1/2 of a second.
Unlock the answer
question
When does Stimulus Generalization, also called "second order conditioning," occur?
answer
When a stimulus similar to the CS produces the same reaction.
Unlock the answer
question
T or F.: Behavior Modification is more Skinnerian?
answer
True
Unlock the answer
question
T of F.: Behavior Therapy is more Pavlovian?
answer
True.
Unlock the answer
question
A counselor who says they practice depth psychology technically bases their treatment on what hypothesis?
answer
Freud's topographic hypothesis.
Unlock the answer
question
What is a paradigm?
answer
A model.
Unlock the answer
question
What is Concreteness also known as and what is the counselors reason for using this?
answer
Specificity. In an attempt to eliminate vague language.
Unlock the answer
question
What does biofeedback provide the client and helper with?
answer
Biological Information. These devices teach clients to relax or to control autonomic nervous system functions such as blood pressure, pulse rate, or hand temperature.
Unlock the answer
question
Any behavior that is not elicited by an obvious stimulus is what?
answer
An operant.
Unlock the answer
question
What does an EEG do?
answer
Secure feedback related to brain wave rhythms.
Unlock the answer
question
What is the most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish?
answer
The Variable Ratio.
Unlock the answer
question
What is a back-up reinforcer?
answer
An item or an activity which can be purchased using tokens.
Unlock the answer
question
Logotherapy means healing through what?
answer
Meaning.
Unlock the answer
question
What is logotherapy based off of?
answer
Existentialism.
Unlock the answer
question
Define Existentialism.
answer
A humanistic form of helping in which the counselor helps the client discover meaning in their life by doing a deed (an accomplishment), experiencing a value (love), or suffering. Stresses growth and self-actualization.
Unlock the answer
question
What three worlds do Existentialists speak of?
answer
Umwelt-Phyiscal Mitwelt- Relationship Eigenwelt- Identity
Unlock the answer
question
Define Phenomenology?
answer
The client's internal personal experience of events. (existential).
Unlock the answer
question
Define Ontology?
answer
The philosophy of being and existing. (existential).
Unlock the answer
question
What is William Glasser the Father of?
answer
Reality Therapy.
Unlock the answer
question
What does choice theory assert?
answer
The only behavior we can control is our own.
Unlock the answer
question
Does Glasser and Reality therapist agree with mental illness labels?
answer
No, they believe it gives clients permission to act sick or irresponsible.
Unlock the answer
question
Who is the Father of REBT and what is it?
answer
Albert Ellis. It assumes that the client's emotional disturbance is the result of irrational thoughts and ideas and that the cure is a high dose of rational thinking.
Unlock the answer
question
What is the ABC theory of personality as suggested by REBT?
answer
A- Activating event B- Belief system C- Emotional consequence
Unlock the answer
question
Who is the Father of RBT?
answer
Maxie C. Maultsby. RBT is similar to REBT but emphasizes a written self-analysis.
Unlock the answer
question
TA therapists are most likely to incorporate what other type of therapy into the treatment process?
answer
Gestalt Therapy.
Unlock the answer
question
What three Ego States did Eric Berne suggest?
answer
P- The Parent (composed of values internalized from significant others in childhood). A- The Adult (processes facts not feelings). C- The Child (the little kid within).
Unlock the answer
