NCE and CPCE Study Guide – Flashcards
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What does CACREP stand for?
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the Council for the Accreditation and Counseling Related Educational Programs
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What does CCE stand for?
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Center for Credentialing and Education, inc
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What does REBT stand for and who is the main theorist associated with it?
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Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy; Ellis.
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Name Freud's Psychosexual stages of development.
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Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, and Genital. (Mnemonic device: Oh, Anthony, Please Let's Go!)
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Describe Erik Erikson's stages.
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Erik Erikson is an Ego psychologist and a disciple of Freud. His 8 stages focus on social relationships, therefore they are called psychosocial. Each stage has a crisis that must be overcome in order to move on to the next stage. His stages are Trust v. Mistrust; Autonomy v. Shame/doubt; Industry v. Inferiority; Initiative vs. Guilt; Identity v. Role confusion; Intimacy v. Isolation; Generativity vs. Stagnation; Integrity vs. Despair. (Mnemonic device: The Air In Iceland Is Icy, Greenland Isn't.)
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define psychometric.
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pertaining to mental testing and measurement
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define psychodiagnostic
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the study of personality through interpretation of behavior and non-verbal cues; or labeling a client in a diagnostic category.
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define psychopharmacology
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the study of the effects drugs have on psychological functions.
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What is the id?
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the basic instinct principle in Freudian theory. It is the seat of aggression and sexual impulse. It is devoid of logic and time orientation. It is chaotic and bodily focused.
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What is the ego?
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this is the reality principle in Freudian theory. It indicates power of reasoning and control over behavior. It helps keep the impulses of the id in check.
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What is the superego?
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the superego is the moralistic and idealistic principle in the Freudian theory.
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Which group of theorists believe "if you can't measure it, it doesn't exist"?
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Behaviorists. They focus on O.O.B. The observable, objective behaviors. (My AP psych teacher in HS called it the O.O.B. tampon. gross, but it helped me remember it!)
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Who is the only psychoanalyst with a developmental theory that covered the entire lifespan?
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Erik Erikson's Psychosocial stages covered the entire lifespan. Each stage has a crisis or turning point.
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What theory is A. A. Brill associated with?
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Career theory
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Milton H. Erickson is associated with...
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Brief psychotherapy and hypnosis.
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What field is Jean Piaget associated with?
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Cognitive Child Development
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Who is Jay Haley and what is the nature of his contribution to counseling?
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Haley is most famous for his work on strategic and problem-solving therapy, more specifically with his use of the paradox technique. He also studied with Milton Erickson.
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Arnold Lazarus
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He is a known behavioral therapist who worked specifically with methods of desensitization and phobias. He is most associated with Multimodal Therapy.
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William Perry
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He is known for his work in adult cognitive development, specifically with college students. He worked a lot with the concept of "dualistic thinking" among college students, where everything is either black or white. (Memory technique: think of Katy Perry's song Hot and Cold to associate Perry with dualism.)
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Ed Neukrug
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Also a cognitive developmentalist. His work is similar to Perry's. He noted that college students initially think that their professor has all the answers (dualistic), but gradually get to a more relativistic way of thinking and realize that answers exist that are relative to a given situation. (Memory technique: "What do you THINK about Ed nuking the rug??" Think= cognitive dev, Ed Neukrug.)
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Robert Kegan
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Yet another adult cognitive developmentalist. SPecifically with interpersonal development. His theory was called the Constructive Model of Development- people construct reality throughout the lifespan.
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What are Piaget's stages of Cognitive Development in order?
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Sensorimotor; Preoperational; Concrete; Formal. These stages must occur in order, but may be experienced at varying ages.
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What is the major critique of Jean Piaget's research?
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He spent too much time observing his own kids, and thus drawing his conclusions from a small, specific, population.
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Who formulated the very first intelligence test?
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Alfred Binet. In France. Oh la la!
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What is a t test?
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Also known as the Student's t, it is a statistical test used in formal experiments to determine if a statistical significance exists between the means of two normally distributed groups.
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Define Conservation.
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A substance's mass, weight, and volume remain the same even if it changes shape. It most likely refers to volume and mass, though. A child who has not mastered this concept will not have flexible thinking. (Mastered during Piaget's Concrete Operational stage 7-11 years)
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Symbolic Schema
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A schema is a system where the child tests out things in the physical world. An example of a symbolic schema is when a child uses a pie plate as a steering wheel (because it fits into the schema they have created for "Steering Wheel") This occurs in the Preoperational Stage.
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David Elkind's research supports what Piagetian concept?
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Elkind's statistical research supports Piaget's principle of conservation, with mass being the first and most easily understood concept for children, followed by weight and volume respectively.
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Lawrence Kohlberg expanded on Piaget's conceptualization of what type of development?
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Moral development.
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Define Epigenetic
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Epigenetic is the biological term borrowed from embryology. Each stage emerges from the one before it. It is systematic and follows a specific order.
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Who is the father of American Behaviorism?
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John B. Watson. He coined the term "behaviorism" in 1912.
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define Reversability.
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the notion that one can undo an action, hence an object can return to its initial shape.
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Lev Vygotsky disagreed with Piaget's theory on what point(s)?
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He did not think that developmental stages take place naturally, rather the stages unfold due to educational intervention.
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What theorists are considered to have epigenetic theories?
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Kohlberg, Erikson, and Maslow.
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Who is the leading theorist of Moral Development?
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Lawrence Kohlberg
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A 6 year old child in Preoperational thought said, "the rain is following me". This is an example of what characteristic?
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Egocentrism: a child cannot view the world from the vantage point of another person.
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Name Kohlberg's stages of moral development.
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Preconventional, Conventional, and Post-Conventional
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The Post-Conventional stage is also called the....
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Personal Integrity, or Morality of Self-Accepted Principles level
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What is the Heinz Story designed to help assess?
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It is part of Kohlberg's morality development model and it is designed to help assess the level of morality a person has achieved by their reactions and reasonings based on the Heinz scenario.
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Who is the father of Analytic Psychology?
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Carl Jung
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Who is the father of Psychoanalysis?
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Sigmund Freud
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What is biofeedback?
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Biofeedback is a technique utilized to help individuals learn to control bodily processes more effectively. The most ground-breaking work in this area occurred at the Menninger Clinic in Kansas, even though it is a traditional psychoanalytic foothold.
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From who's work do we get the term "identity crisis"?
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Erik Erikson, because his psychosocial stages involve a crisis in order to proceed to the next stage.
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RS factors
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RS stands for Religious and Spiritual. RS factors are often examined by counselors who are attempting to integrate the practice of "positive psychology" into their work.
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What is Positive Psychology?
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a term coined by Abraham Maslow (humanistic perspective) and popularized by Martin Segliman, refers to the study of human strengths such as joy, wisdom, altruism, ability to love, and happiness.
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What concept is Martin Segliman known for?
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The concept of Learned Helplessness- in the cases of abuse or maltreatment, humans and animals can be trained to think "there is no way out" even if one is clearly present.
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What branch of psychology is Alfred Adler known for?
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he is the founder of Individual Psychology, and stresses the inferiority complex.
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What are the charateristics of Kohlberg's Preconventional stage of moral development?
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child responds to consequences. Reward and punishment influence behavior.
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What are the charateristics of Kohlberg's Conventional stage?
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individual wants to meet the standards of family, society, and the nation.
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What are the characteristics of Kohlberg's Postconventional stage?
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(also known as self-accepted stage) individual is concerned with universal, ethical principles of justice, dignity, and equality of human rights, where the common good is a key issue. (He did not believe that most people reached this level)
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Approximately how many middle class urban males did Kohlberg think would reach the Postconventional level?
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under 40%.
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What are some examples of people believed to have reached the Postconventional stage of moral development?
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Ghandi, Socrates, Martin Luther King, Jr.
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What is the first stage of Erikson's Psychosocial stages?
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Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 1 year)
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Harry Stack Sullivan
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postulated the stages of infancy, childhood, juvenile, preadolescence, early adolescence, and late adolescence.
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what is Psychiatry of Interpersonal Relations?
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similar to Erikson, biological determination is seen as less important than interpersonal issues and the soci-cultural demands of society
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A person who has mastered Erikson's first 7 stages would then enter into which stage?
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Integrity vs. Despair (60-death) Integrity implies the individual is mostly satisfied with life and feels it has been worthwhile.
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What is a Periodic Fugue State?
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an individual experiencing amnesia leaves home, often with the intention of changing jobs and identities. (I have no idea why we would ever need to know this, unless we decided to quit counseling, move to Hollywood, and become screen writers...)
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Counter-Conditioning
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A behavioristic technique in which the goal is to weaken or eliinate a learned response by pairing it with a stronger or desirable response. (systematic desensitization by Arnold Lazarus is a good example)
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Good boy/good girl orientation
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is a sublevel of the conventional stage of moral development in which a person is concerned with approbation and the ability to please others in order to achieve recognition.
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Hedonism
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a concept that arises in the preconventional stage of moral development. the child thinks, "if I am nice to others, others will be nice and give me what I want".
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What is the Zone of Proximal Development
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pioneered by Lev Vygotsky; describes the difference between a child's performance on a task without the aid of a teacher, and his performance with the aid of a teacher. (natural capacity vs. capacity through learning)
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what theory is organ inferiority associated with?
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Alfred Adler's individual psychology.
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Maturationist Theory
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behavior is guided exclusively by hereditary factors, but certain behaviors will not manifest themselves until the necessary stimuli are present in the environment. ALso suggests that neural development must reach a certain level of maturity for the behavior to unfold.
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What would be the primary goal of a maturationist counselor?
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to unleash the inborn abilities, instincts, and drives of the client. The client's childhood and past are seen as important therapeutic topics.
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John Bowlby
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he is most associated with attachment and bonding theory. HE though that attachment had a survival value, called adaptive significance. He suggested that a child must bond with an adult before the age of 3 in order to live a healthy social life.
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object loss
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Bowlby- if a child does not make an attachment to an adult before the age of 3, he will suffer object loss, which is said to be the breeding ground for abnormal behaviors.
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symbiosis
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Mahler's term for a child's absolute dependence on a female caregiver. Difficulties in symbiotic relationship can result in adult psychosis.
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In what stage and age does the "midlife crisis" occur?
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Erikson's Generativity vs. Stagnation (or Self-Absorption) stage. Occurs between the ages of 35-45 for men and 5 years earlier for women. It begins when they realize their lives are half way over and seek to change the goals and aspirations they have not yet realized. Generativity= productive, happy, looks out for others.
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Daniel Levinson
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wrote Seasons of a Man's Life and Seasons of a Woman's Life. He viewed midlife crises as positive things, stating that those who do not face a midlife crisis could become stagnant later in life- avoiding the crises could lead to a lack of vitality later.
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Harry Harlow
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the researcher known for his work with maternal deprivation and rhesus monkeys. He believed that attachment is an innate tendancy. Monkeys in isolation developed abnormal behaviors, and showed signs of dysfunction when placed with normal monkeys.
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Who continued Harlow's research and provided evidence to support his attachment theories extend to humans?
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Rene Spitz- noted that kids raised in impersonal institutions cried more, had trouble sleeping,had more health-related issues, and developed anaclitic depression.
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Anaclitic Depression
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term coined by Rene Spitz denoting infants that are raising in an isolating environment have trouble forming close relationships in life.
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Arnold Gesnell
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maturationist; pioneer in using 1 way mirrors for observing children. He believed that development was determined by genetics, therefore a child must be ready in order to accept a certain level of education.
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What are Freud's Stages considered?
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Psychosexual (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital)
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What are Erik Erikson's Stages considered?
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Psychosocial (Birth-18 months: Trust vs. Mistrust, 18 months-3 years: Autonomy vs. Shame, 3-5: Initiative vs. Guilt, 6-12: Industry vs. Inferiority, 12-18: Identity vs. Role Confusion, 18-35: Intimacy and Solidarity vs. Isolation, 35-55/65: Generativity vs. Self-absorption or Stagnation, 55/65-Death: Integrity vs. Despair
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What is emphasized in Freudian Theory?
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Instincts
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What is emphasized with Ego psychologist (like Erik Erikson)?
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man's powers of reasoning to control behavior
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Who created a developmental theory that encompasses the entire life span?
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Erik Erikson
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What does Freud also call the pleasure principle and houses the animalistic instincts?
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The id
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What is also known as the reality principle?
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The Ego
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What concept does William Perry stress?
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Dualistic Thinking
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What is Dualistic Thinking?
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common in teens things are conceptualized as good or bad, right or wrong. Very black or white.
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What is relativistic thinking?
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Happens in adulthood where an individual now has the ability to understand not everything is right or wrong, but an answer can exist for a specific situation. There is more then one way to view the world.
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What does Robert Kegan stress?
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A model on Interpersonal Development
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What is Interpersonal Development?
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A "Constructive Model of Development" meaning individuals construct reality throughout the lifespan.
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List Jean Piaget's stages in order.
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Sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, and formal operations.
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What does conservation mean in Piaget's theory?
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the notion that a substance's weight, mass, and volume remain the same even if it changes shape.
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According to Piaget when does a child master conservation?
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During Concrete Operations Stage (7-11 years old). This occurs during the time they are able to count mentally as well.
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Who is the leading theorist in Moral Development?
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Lawrence Kohlberg
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Who expanded on Piaget's conceptualization of Moral Development?
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Lawrence Kohlberg
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According to Lev Vygotsky why do stages unfold?
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Due to educational intervention
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Define Epigenetic.
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Each developmental stage emerges from the one before it.
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Who is the father of American Behaviorism?
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John B. Watson (he coined Behaviorism in 1912).
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Define the concept of reversibility and when does it occur according to Piaget?
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Occurs in the 3rd Stage, Concrete Operations. Says one can undo an action, hence an object can return to it's initial shape.
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How are kids generally in Piaget's Preoperational Thought Stage?
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Egocentric (the rain is following me). The child can not view the world from the vantage point of someone else.
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How many levels of moral development does Kohlberg's Theory have and name them?
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Three Levels. Preconventional, Convential, and Postconventional. (Each level is then broken down into two stages).
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What does the Heinz Story do for Kohlberg?
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It is a way to assess the level and stage of moral development one is at.
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Where does the term "Identity Crisis" come from?
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Erik Erikcon
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What is Alfred Adler the founder of?
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Individual Psychology, which stresses the inferiority complex.
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Describe each of Kohlberg's Level of Morality.
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Preconvential- child responds to consequences, reward and punishment play a big role here. Conventional- individual wants to meet the standards of the family, society, and even the nation. Postconvential- hard to reach. Individual is concerned with universal, ethical principles of justice, dignity, and equality of human rights. A key issue is the common good of society.
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What is Harry Stack Sullivan's Theory?
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Psychiatry of Interpersonal Relations. Biological determination is seen as less important then interpersonal issues and the sociocultural demands of society. (similar to Erik Erikson's)
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In Kohlberg's first or preconvential level what is the individual's moral behavior guided by?
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Consequences
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What did Lev Vygotsky pioneer?
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The Zone of Proximal Development (it describes the difference between a child's performance without a teacher vs. that which he or she is capable of with an instructor).
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What can Frued and Erikson be classified as?
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Maturationists. The client's childhood and past are seen as important therapeutic topics.
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John Bowlby's name is most closely associated with what?
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Bonding and attachment. He believes a child must have a bond with an adult by age 3 and if this bond is lost at an early age it is called "object loss."
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In which Erikson stage does the midlife crisis occur?
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Generativity vs. Stagnation
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What is Harry Harlow known for?
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His work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys. He believed that attachment was an innate tendency and not one which is learned.
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What was Freud's structural Theory of the mind?
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Id, Ego, and Superego
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What does Manifest mean?
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Describes the dream material as it is presented to the dreamer.
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What does Latent content mean?
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Refers to the hidden meaning of the dream (which is seen as far more important by the Freudians).
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When is the fear of death greatest?
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Middle Age
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In Freudian Theory when does attachment being a major factor evolve?
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During the Oral Stage, the first psychosexual stage.
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What did Stanley Coopersmith find?
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That child-rearing methods seem to have tremendous impact on self-esteem.
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Define Cephalocaudal.
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Head to foot.
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What is the Oedipus Complex and when does it occur in Freud's Stages of Development?
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The boy's wish to marry his mother and rage toward his father. It occurs during the phallic stage (ages 3-5 years old).
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Define Electra Complex.
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When the female child fantasizes about sexual relations with the parent of the opposite sex.
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Who is the Father of Psychoanalysis?
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Freud
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What do Empiricists believe?
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That development merely consists of quantitative changes. Scientists can only learn from objective facts. Experience is the source of acquiring knowledge. The forerunner of behaviorism.
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Who thought up Empiricism?
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John Locke
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A theorist who believes developmental strides are qualitative is?
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A Organicism. (Gestalt psychologists)
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According to Piaget, what stage do reflexes play the greatest role in?
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The first one, the Sensorimotor Stage. This is also where "object permanence" is emphasized.
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What does Ethology refer to and whose work is it associated with?
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It means the study of animals behavior in their natural environment. It's associated with Konrad Lorenz.
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Define centration and what stage of Piaget's does it occur in?
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Occurs in the preoperational stage. Characterized by focusing on a key feature of a given object without noticing the rest of it.
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Who is the Father of Reality Theory?
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William Glasser
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During what Piaget Stage do children acquire a symbolic schema?
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Preoperational Stage (2-7 years old).
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Define Negative Reinforcement.
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When the removal of a stimulus increases the probability that an antecedent behavior will occur.
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Define Positive Reinforcement.
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The addition of a stimulus strengthens or increases a behavior.
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What does BASIC-ID stand for and who thought up this acronym?
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Behavior Affective Responses Sensations Imagery Cognitions Interpersonal Relationships Drugs By behaviorist Arnold Lazarus
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Define Animism as it pertains to Piaget's developmental stages in children.
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Occurs when a child acts as if nonliving objects have lifelike abilities or tendencies. It occurs in the Preoperational Period (2-7 years old). A rock or car can talk to them.
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Who is the Father of Analytic Psychology?
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C.G. Jung
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Define Ego Identity as associated with Erik Erikson.
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Associated with is fifth stage, identity vs. role confusion. When an adolescent is able to integrate all his or her previous roles into a single self-concept this is achieved.
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Which theorist was most concerned with Maternal deprivation?
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Harry Harlow (worked with the monkeys)
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Who developed REBT?
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Albert Ellis (teacher clients to think in a more scientific and logical manner)
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Who pioneered the technique of systematic desensitization?
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Joseph Wolpe (a behavioristic technique used to ameliorate phobic reactions)
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Where did Freud believe morality developed from?
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The Superego. (composed of the shoulds, oughts, and musts aka The Parent Ego)
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Who is the Father of Guidance?
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Frank Parsons
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Define imprinting as believed by Konrad Lorenz.
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An instinct in which a newborn will follow a moving object.
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Define Equilibration.
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The balance between assimilation and accommodation. (Piaget)
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As defined by Robert Kegan, what does a "holding environment" mean?
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A place where the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction.
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Name Robert Kegan's 6 Stages of Life Span Development.
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Incorporative, impulsive, imperial, interpersonal, institutional, and interindividual.
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Name 6 things Culture Refers to.
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Customs, Values, Attitudes, belief, art, and language.
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What two theorists believe in the "Innate aggression theory?"
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Freud and Lorenz ("Instinct Theorist")
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Who wrote Seasons of a Man's Life and Season's of a Women's Life?
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Daniel Levinson
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Why was Carol Gilligan critical of Kohlberg's Theory?
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She felt it was more applicable to males then females.
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Define Prognosis
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What a counselor means when they speak of the probable outcome in a case. It refers to the probability that one can recover from a condition.
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Who is the frustration-aggression theory associated with?
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John Dollard and Neal Miller (believe frustration leads to aggression).
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What theory did Festinger come up with?
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Cognitive Dissonance Theory (a popular balance theory in social psychology)
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Define Mores (Social and Cultural Foundations Chapter).
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Beliefs regarding the rightness or wrongness of behavior.
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Explain the difference between Mores and Folkways.
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If you break a Mos (mores is plural form) then you are causing harm to others or threatening the existence of the group (robbing a bank). If you break a Folkway generally it results only in embarrassment (drinking soup out of a communal bowl).
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Define Folkways.
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Correct, normal, or habitual behavior.
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Who is considered the first social reformer (along with their associates) concerned with guidance in the United States?
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Frank Parsons (wrote Choosing a Vocation)
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What does Emory Bogardus' social distance scale evaluate?
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How an individual feels about other ethnic groups.
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Name the two steps of the foot-in-the-door technique.
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Step 1: Get the person to first agree to a less repugnant request Step 2: He or she will be more likely to comply with a request which is even more distasteful.
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How is a culture defined?
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Primarily via norms and values.
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How does a society differ from a culture?
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A society is a self-perpetuating independent group which occupies a definitive territory.
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Define Ethnocentrism.
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when one uses their own culture as a yardstick to measure all others. Conveys the notion that one's own group is superior.
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Define Modal Personality.
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the personality which is characteristic or typical of the group in question.
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What does the Cognitive Dissonance Theory predict?
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The person will look for things which are consistent with his or her behavior.
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What type of model works best with persons who respond well to an authority figure?
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An Active-Directive Model.
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What does Cognitive Dissonance Research deal mainly with?
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Cognition and Attitude formation.
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What type of counseling has been used more then other models to help promote understanding between cultures and races?
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Rogerian Person-Centered counseling.
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What are three major barriers to intercultural counseling?
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1.- Culture-Bond Values 2.- Class-Bound Values 3.- Language Differences
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Define Emic (multicultural counseling).
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This viewpoint emphasizes that each client is an individual with individual differences. Very culture-specific on how you work with each client.
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Define Etic (multicultural counseling).
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This viewpoint adheres to the theory that humans are humans, regardless of background and culture-thus the same theories and techniques can be applied to any client the counselor helps.
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Talk about the difference of autoplastic/alloplastic viewpoints when it pertains to intercultural helping.
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Autoplastic- asserts that change comes from within. Alloplastic- the client can cope best by changing or altering external factors in the environment.
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What did R.H. Allport create?
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The concept of social facilitation.
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What is the concept of social facilitation?
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Proves that a person will perform better at a task when he or she is part of a group. Even when no verbal interaction. (number example in book)
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In social psychology what does the sleeper effect assert?
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That after a period of time, one forgets the communicator but remembers the message. The communication may have more impact after some times has passed.
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What two authors helped to introduce social psychology in America?
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McDougall and Ross.
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Who coined the term Group Therapy?
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Jacob Moreno.
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What noted psychologist is associated with obedience and authority?
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Stanley Milgram (disturbing shock therapy example in book).
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Define Dysthymia as in the DSM.
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A longstanding depressed mood (1 year for children/adolescents and 2 years for adults). AKA neurotic depression or depressive neurosis.
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Name the three basic categories of conflict.
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1.- Approach-Approach Conflict (easiest to help client work through and least anxiety involved) 2.- Approach-Avoidance Conflict (presents a positive factor with a negative factor) 3.- Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict (two negative alternatives)
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What did the "Robbers' Cave Experiment" conclude?
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That the most effective way to reduce hostility between groups is to give them an alternative goal that requires a joint effort by both groups together.
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Define acculturation.
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Integrating one's own cultural beliefs and behaviors with the dominant culture.
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What is converion/reparative therapy intended to do?
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Convert homosexuals to heterosexuals.
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What did Alfred Adler create? Father of what?
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Individual Psychology.
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What did Carl Jung create? Father of what?
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Analytic Psychology.
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Name Eric Berne's (Father of Transactional Analysis) 3 Ego States of Transactional Analysis (TA).
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The Child, the Adult, the Parent.
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In TA what is the conscience, or ego, state concerned with moral behavior? What is it in Freudian Theory?
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Parent in TA Superego in Freudian Theory
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Define Transference.
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When the client displaces emotion felt toward a significant other onto the analyst, counselor, or therapist.
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What is the Ego refered to as by Freudians?
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The executive administrator of the personality and the reality principle. The mediator.
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In Freudian Theory a client who threatens a self-destructive act is being ruled primarily by who?
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Thanatos.
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What means love of the life in Freudian Theory?
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Eros.
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Define Free Association.
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Instructing the client to say whatever comes to mind.
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Dreams have what two forms of content?
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Manifest and latent. Manifest is the surface content. Latent is hidden meaning.
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Describe the little Albert experiment, who did it, and what it showed.
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Little Albert was conditioned to have a fear of furry animals. John Watson did this and it proved a behavioristic concept that fears are learned.
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What type of counseling uses less sessions, no couch, and more face-to-face time then classical psychoanalysis?
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Psychodynamic Counseling
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T or F: Rogerians do not emphasize diagnosis or giving advice.
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True
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What 3 things does Freud's Structural Theory of the personality consist of?
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Id, ego, and the superego.
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What is the Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS)?
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A concept used in forming a hierarchy to perform Wolpe's systematic desensitization (a rating system 0-100 to rate the most threatening situation).
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What is the conscious mind aware of?
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The immediate environment.
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What is the preconscious mind capable of?
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Bringing ideas, images, and thoughts into awareness with minimal difficulty. It can access information from the conscious and unconscious mind.
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What is the unconscious mind composed of?
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Material which is normally unknown or hidden from the client.
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Define Reaction Formation.
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When a person can't accept a given impulse and thus behaves in the opposite manner. when the person acts the opposite of the way he or she actually feels. (porn example in book).
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Define Sublimation.
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When a person acts out an unconscious impulse in a socially acceptable way. For example.: an aggressive person becomes a boxer.
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What defense mechanism occurs when the person attributes unacceptable qualities of his or her own to others?
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Projection.
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What is the oldest major form of therapy?
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Freud's psychoanalysis.
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What is the purpose of interpretation in counseling?
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The make the clients aware of their unconscious processes.
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Whose work relates mainly to Organ Inferiority?
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Alfred Adler's Individual Psychology
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Define Organ Inferiority.
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Organ inferiority was a term coined by Alfred Adler ,the famous psychologist, to describe how people who found themselves born with certain psychical defects develop feelings of inferiority and start taking actions to compensate for their weaknesses.
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Who is the Father of Analytic Psychology?
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Carl Jung.
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Jung used drawings balanced around a center point to analyze himself, his clients, and dreams. What are these called?
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Mandalas.
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Name some Neo-Freudian Counselors.
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Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, Erik Erikson, Harry Stack Sullivan, Erich Fromm.
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What did Neo-Freudians emphasize that contrasted with Freud?
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Social Factors. (Cultural issues, interpersonal relations.
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Define Archetypes.
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The material that makes up the collective unconscious, which is passed from generation to generation. Jung spoke of this.
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What is an Eclectic Counselor?
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One who attempts to choose the best theoretical approach based on the client's attributes, resources, and situation.
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Define Associationism and who are the pioneers?
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This asserts that ideas are held together by associations. John Locke, David Hume, James Mill, David Hartley.
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B.F. Skinner's Reinforcement Theory elaborated on what other theory?
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Edward Thorndike's Law of Effect.
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What is the "law of effect?"
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That responses accompanied by satisfaction will be repeated, while those which produce unpleasantness or discomfort will be stamped out.
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What are the 7 Key Modalities of Lazarus' BASICID?
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B=behavior including acts, habits. and reactions. A=affective responses such as emotions, feelings, and mood S=sensations, including hearing, touch, sight, smell, and taste I=images/the way we perceive ourselves, including memories and dreams C=Cognitions, such as our thoughts, insights, and even our philosophy of life I=interpersonal relationships (the way we interact with others) D=Drugs, that would include alcohol, legal, illegal, and prescription drug usage, diet and nutritional supplementation.
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Who did Classical Conditioning?
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Ivan Pavlov
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An association that Naturally exists is called what?
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Unconditioned.
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What else is Skinner's operant conditioning referred to as?
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Instrumental Learning.
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What is Pavlovian Conditioning referred to as?
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Respondent (reflexes).
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What is Skinner's conditioning referred to as?
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Instrumental/operant.
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A professional counselor determines fees for monthly consultation services on a job-by-job basis. This is an example of which of the following types of reinforcement schedules?
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Variable Ratio
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When persons who are characteristically shy and withdrawn participate in "assertiveness training," initially they experience uncertainty and self-doubt. Counselors refer to this social psychological concept as:
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cognitive dissonance
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Which type of group is more product than process oriented?
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Behavioral
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A counselor who structures a career counseling group to help group members understand a "fields and levels" approach to careers is following the theory of:
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Roe
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The concept of "career maturity" has been described and researched most extensively by:
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Crites
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What is the most effective time interval between the CS and US?
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.5 or 1/2 of a second.
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When does Stimulus Generalization, also called "second order conditioning," occur?
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When a stimulus similar to the CS produces the same reaction.
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T or F.: Behavior Modification is more Skinnerian?
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True
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T of F.: Behavior Therapy is more Pavlovian?
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True.
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A counselor who says they practice depth psychology technically bases their treatment on what hypothesis?
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Freud's topographic hypothesis.
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What is a paradigm?
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A model.
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What is Concreteness also known as and what is the counselors reason for using this?
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Specificity. In an attempt to eliminate vague language.
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What does biofeedback provide the client and helper with?
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Biological Information. These devices teach clients to relax or to control autonomic nervous system functions such as blood pressure, pulse rate, or hand temperature.
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Any behavior that is not elicited by an obvious stimulus is what?
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An operant.
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What does an EEG do?
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Secure feedback related to brain wave rhythms.
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What is the most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish?
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The Variable Ratio.
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What is a back-up reinforcer?
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An item or an activity which can be purchased using tokens.
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Logotherapy means healing through what?
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Meaning.
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What is logotherapy based off of?
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Existentialism.
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Define Existentialism.
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A humanistic form of helping in which the counselor helps the client discover meaning in their life by doing a deed (an accomplishment), experiencing a value (love), or suffering. Stresses growth and self-actualization.
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What three worlds do Existentialists speak of?
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Umwelt-Phyiscal Mitwelt- Relationship Eigenwelt- Identity
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Define Phenomenology?
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The client's internal personal experience of events. (existential).
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Define Ontology?
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The philosophy of being and existing. (existential).
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What is William Glasser the Father of?
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Reality Therapy.
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What does choice theory assert?
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The only behavior we can control is our own.
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Does Glasser and Reality therapist agree with mental illness labels?
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No, they believe it gives clients permission to act sick or irresponsible.
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Who is the Father of REBT and what is it?
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Albert Ellis. It assumes that the client's emotional disturbance is the result of irrational thoughts and ideas and that the cure is a high dose of rational thinking.
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What is the ABC theory of personality as suggested by REBT?
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A- Activating event B- Belief system C- Emotional consequence
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Who is the Father of RBT?
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Maxie C. Maultsby. RBT is similar to REBT but emphasizes a written self-analysis.
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TA therapists are most likely to incorporate what other type of therapy into the treatment process?
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Gestalt Therapy.
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What three Ego States did Eric Berne suggest?
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P- The Parent (composed of values internalized from significant others in childhood). A- The Adult (processes facts not feelings). C- The Child (the little kid within).
