Nationalism triumphs in europe – Flashcards
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Rhine Confederation/Napoleon territorial changes
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between 1806 and 1812, Napoleon I: -annexed lands along the Rhine River -dissolved HRE by forcing emperor of Austria to agree to lesser title of king -organized number of German States into Rhine Confederation
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Zollverein
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economic union created by Prussia that dismantled tariffs between German states in order to take the first steps in German unification
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Frankfurt Assembly
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1848: Liberals met at Frankfurt Assembly and demanded political unity; offered the throne of united Germany to Frederick William IV of Prussia; he refused the notion of a throne offered by "the people"
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Otto von Bismarck -give background information about him
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-Came from Prussia's junker class (conservative, land owning nobles) -First served Prussia as diplomat in Russia and France -King William I made him the prime minister (chancellor) in 1862
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Define: realpolitik
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realistic politics based on the needs of the state
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1) Bismarck's early attempts to unify germany; 2) what were his motives?
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1.) Motives: -not a German nationalist; primary loyalty to the Hohenzollerns, the ruling dynasty of Prussia; through unity of Germany, he belived his could bring more power to this monarchy 2.) Early attempts: -Strengthening the army: used money collected for other purposes -alliance with Austria in 1864
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War with Denmarck (describe)
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Involved in an alliance with Austria, the two countries quickly seized the provinces of Schleswig and Holstein from Denmark. Prussia and Austria "liberated" the two provinces; Austria recieved Holstein
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Austro-Prussian war
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1866-Bismarck invented an excuse to attack Austria. the war lasted onlu 7 weeks and ended in a decisive Prussian victory -Prussia annexed several north german states -Bismarck dissolved Austrian-led German confederation and created a new confederation dominated by Prussia -Austria and 4 other states remained independent
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Franco-Prussian war (describe)
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Prussian victory over Austria angered France. Bismarck played up French menace in order to spur German nationalism. He then rewrote a telegram from William I in order to make it seem like the king was insulting the French people. Napoleon III declared war immediately and Prussia won against badly organized and poorly supplied French troops in a matter of weeks. France surrendered and was forced to accept a humiliating peace.
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After the Franco-Prussian war, what happened?
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-William I took the title of kaiser (emperor) -January 1871, german nationalists celebrated the birth of the second reich, or empire (rebirth of HRE)
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Constitution written by Bismarck set up...
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...a 2 house legislature Bundesrat: upper house; appointed by the rulers of German states Reichstag: lower house; elected by universal male suffrage
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What were some conflicts with the new legislature?
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The Bundesrat could veto any bills of the Reichstag, therefore real power remained in the hands of appointed officials.
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German scientific and economic development...
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New products: -synthetic chemicals and dyes -industrialists, as well as the government, supported research and scientific development in the universities and hired trained scientists to solve technological problems in the factories Economic development: -reorganized banking system -developed one currency -coordinated railroads
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two groups Bismarck campaigned against?
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Roman Catholic Church: -wanted first loyalty to be to the state, not the church -Bismarck launched the Kulterkampf (battle for civilization) which lasted from 1871-1878 -goal: to make Catholics put loyalty to Germany before the church -catholic education supervised, expelled Jesuits from Prussia Socialists: -passed laws to dissolve socialist groups, shut down their newspapers, and ban meetings -after his attempts failed when workers were unified in support of the socialist cause, he decided to try and gain their favor -passed health, accident, old age insurance
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William II (kaiser)
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-asked Bismarck to resign because he wanted to put his own stamp on Germany -social welfare: programs to help certain groups of people -government provided services like cheap transportation and electricity -excellent system of public education -lavished funds on the German military; launched ambitious campaign to expand German navy and win an overseas rival to those of Britain and France
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Guiseppe Mazzini/ Young Italy
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-nationalist leader who founded Young Italy -goal of secret society was to "constitue Italy, one, free, independent, republican nation
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Count Camillo Cavour
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1852; Victor Emmanuel II (constitutional monarch of Sardinia) made Count Camillo Cavour his prime minister -flexible, shrewd, ruthless politician who belived in realpolitik to achieve goals
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What were some of Cavour's first reforms? What was his long-term goal?
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-improved agriculture -railroads built -encouraged commerce by supporting free trade Long term goal: end Austria's power in Italy and annex the provinces of Lombardy and Venetia
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What war was Sardinia involved in that sparked the attention of France?
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1855, Sardinia joined Britian and France in the Crimean war. The nation gained the attention of Napoleon III who promised to aid Sardinia in case it faced a war with Austria. Later, Cavour provoked a war with Austria. With help from France, Austria was defeated and Sardinia annexed Lombardy
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What are the "red shirts" ?
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Under Giuseppe Garibaldi, the red shirts were a group of fighters from the 2 Sicilies in southern Italy. they fought for Italian unification
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What were some problems that made it hard for Italy to remain unified?
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-regional differences between north and south (north = rich, prosperous; south = rural, poor) -hostility between Italy and the Roman Catholic Church---popes resented the seizure of papal territory (later granted the Vatican) -the legislature set up by Victor Emmanuel was unfair because the upper house (elected by the king) could veto ano bill of the lower house (elected). Also only a certain number of males had the right to vote
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Congress of Vienna
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Metternich pointed out that a united Germany would require dismantling the government of each German state. Insteadm peacemakers created the German Confederation, a weak alliance headed by Austria
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18 year old who inherited the Hapsburg throne
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Francis Joseph
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Ferenc Deak
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moderate Hungarian leader that helped to work out a compromise that created the dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary
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Nationalism
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Unite cause people are all the same
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Florence
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Shipping port from Italy to milan
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Risorgimento
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Revival of unification
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Nation- State
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Is a region with a single goverment and a united group of people
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Genoa
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where Mazzini was from, italy state
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Victor Emmanuel II
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first king of italy: charles alberts son in 1849 becomes king of sardinia
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Charles Albert
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King of Sardinia, led revolt @ Austria, earned respect of people, died in 1849, Victor Emmanuel II son took over
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Sardinia
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joined French and British side in Crimean War- looking for alliances
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Mazzini Inspired Nationalism/ revolt
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founded young italy: 1 nationality rather than several
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War with Austria
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France will aid Sardinia in war (if attacted), cavour wants to attack Sardinia, France will now help them
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Giuseppe Garibaldi
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member of Young Italy, led revolution, he went to South America and became an expert of Guerilla Warfare, Army of Red- Shirts, United South Italy
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Guerilla Warfare
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hit and run tactics
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King of 2 Sicilles
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part in France
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Venetia
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under 1 govt
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German Confederation
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buffer states against French expansion:created by congress of Vienna
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William I
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becomes king of Preussia after Frederick William I
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Junkers
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business class (aristocrats)
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Schleswig
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where invasion took place, part of german and part danish population. Prussia took this and Holstein
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Holestein
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entirely German population. Prussia took this and Schleswig
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King Christain IX
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proclaimed schleswig, a danish province
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Seven Weeks War
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Prussian Victory after 7 weeks, was Austria vs. Prussia, to separate Austria from Germany
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Franco- Prussian War
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South German allied with Prussia, Bismarck gained support from all German States
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Kaiser
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german word for King
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Chancellor
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german word for Chief
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Bismarck and the Church
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thought catholics were anti- nation: struggle between church and state
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Kulturkampf
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culture war between church and state
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Papal Infallibility
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Holy Father free from error in his teaching of doctrine/morality
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Bismarck and Socialism
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didnt like socialism (founded by La Salle)
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Ferdinand Lassalle
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writer and labor leader, founded universal German working mans association
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Fall of Bismarck
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when Bismarck threatened to resign his offer was granted and he left Germany
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Alexander I
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urged Holy Alliance of Christain Monarchs to suppress future revolutions
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Alexander II and Reforms
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set system of local govt, elected assemblieds, eased censorship, military service terms reduced, encouraged growth of industries was finally assasinated
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Emancipation
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freeing of serfs
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Zemstvos
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elected assemblies
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Anarchy
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people who wanted to abolish all govt
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Alexander III
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son of Alexander II, he made secret police have more power to wipe out liberals. restored strict censorship and exiled critics to Siberia, wanted 1 language and culture, a lot of persecution
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Pogroms
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viloent mob attacks on jewish people
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Revolution of 1905
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peasents wanted land in countryside, took over local govt, Nicholas said that he would promise freedom but it would have to go through the Duma
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Empress Alexandra
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Married Nicholas II. Had affair with Rasputin
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Mensheviks
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means minority in Russian, opposed working class and peasentry who were in open revolt
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Bolsheviks
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means majority, wanted to establish socialism
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Lenin
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revolutionary, wanted socialism
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Soviets
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councils of workers and soldiers
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Duma
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elected national legislature
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Austrian Revolution of 1848
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Metternich censored the press, books were smuggle to schools throughout the empire. Students demanded change. When workers joined students on streets in Vienna, Metternich resigned and fled
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Magyars of Hungary
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ethnic group that controlled pats of slovakia and Romania
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Dual Monarchy
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govt of Austria- Hungary
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Bohemia
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didnt want Dual Monarchy
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Powder Keg in the Balkans
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name given to area cause of so many wars there
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Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania
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In Blakans, Serbia won autonomy in 1830, Bulgaria and Romaina lived (national groups in Balkans
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Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Austria -Hungary took control of these provinces. It angered the Serbs
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Balkan Conflict
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the balkan league declared war on turkey, causing the ottoman empire to loose all their European territory excpet Istabul. Fighting ended with the Treaty if Bucharest and the disputed land was redistributed.
