Myer’s’ Ap Psychology Unit One – Flashcards
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Psychological science seeks to do what?
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It seeks to answer questions about how people think, feel, act as they do.
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What did Socrates and Plato conclude? Who disagreed with them and what did he believe?
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These Greek philosophers concluded that the mind is seperate from the body and that knowledge is innate. One of their students, Aristotle, disagreed, arguing that knowledge grows from the experiences stored in our memories.
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Who was the French philosopher and what did he believe?
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René Descartes; He believed that animal spirits flow from the brain through what we call nerves to the muscles, enabling body movements.
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What did John Locke believe and argue?
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This English philosopher argued that the mind at birth is a blank slate, or tabula rasa. His ideas, together with those of his countryman Francis Bacon, helped form empiricism.
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Who founded the first psychological laboratory, when, and what did he do?
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Wilhelm Wundt founded it in 1879.
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Who introduced structuralism?
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Wilhelm Wundt's student, Edward Titchner introduced structuralism and brought it to the United States.
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Who was under the influence of Charles Darwin and what did he believe?
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William James; He assumed that that thinking developed because it was adaptive. He founded the school of functionalism.
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What did Mary Calkins do and who did she study under?
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; She was the first female president of the American Psychological Association.
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Who did Margret Floyd Washburn work under and what did she do?
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; She was the first woman to receive a PhD in psychology.
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What do the historical roots of psychology include (fields)?
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It includes the fields of biology and philosophy.
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What did Ivan Pavlov do?
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He pioneered the study of learning.
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What did Sigmund Freud do?
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He was a personality theorist.
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What did Jean Piaget do?
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He studied children.
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What was psychology defined as n the earliest years?
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It was defined as the science of mental life.
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What was psychology defined as from the 1920s into the 1960s?
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Psychology in America was redefined as the science of observable behavior.
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Who responded to Freudian psychology and what did they do?
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Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow; They forged humanistic psychology.
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What change was made in psychology during the 1960s?
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Psychology underwent a cognitive revolution as it began to recapture interest in how our mind processes and retains information.
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In psychology's definition, "behavior" and "mental processes" refers to what?
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Behavior refers to any actions that we observe and record. Mental processes refer to the internal, subjective experiences we infer from behavior.
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As a science, psychology is less a set of findings than a way of what?
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A way of asking and answer questions
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Is the number of psychologists nationwide increasing or decreasing? why?
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increasing; This is because of international publications and meetings. Psychological science is also globalizing.
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The nature-nurture issue is the controversy over what?
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It is over the relative contributions of biology and experience.
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What did Charles Darwin do?
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This naturalist in 1859 explained species variation by proposing the process of evolution, which works through the principle of natural selection.
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__1__ works on what __2__ endows and that every __3__ event is simultaneously a __4__ event
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1- nurture 2- nature 3- psychological 4- biological
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Each person is a complex __1__ that is part of a larger __2__ and at the same time composed of smaller systems.
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1- system 2- social system
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What three main levels of analysis do psychologists work from?
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biological, psychological, and social-cultural; which together form an integrated biopsychological approach to the study of behavior and mental processes
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What does it look like when a psychologist works from a biological perspective?
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Psychologists who study how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences.
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What does it look like to work from the evolutionary perspective?
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Psychologists who study how natural selection influences behavior tendencies.
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What does it look like to work from the psychodynamic perspective?
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Psychologists who believe that behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts.
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What does it look like to work from the behavioral perspective?
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Psychologists who study the mechanism by which observable responses are acquired and changed.
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The cognitive perspective explores what?
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It explored how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information.
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What do psychologists who work from the historically important humanistic perspective do?
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These psychologists explore how people attempt to fulfill their potential.
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What does it look like to work from the social - cultural perspective?
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Psychologists who study how thinking and behavior vary in different situations are working from this perspective.
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Do the different perspectives on the big issues contradict or compliment one another?
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compliment
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What might psychologist be involved in (two researches)?
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They might be involved in conducting basic research, which builds psychology's knowledge base, or applied research which seeks solutions to practical problems.
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What do developmental psychologists study?
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These people study our changing abilities from womb to tomb
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What do educational psychologists study?
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They study influences on teaching and learning.
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What is the difference between personality and social psychologists?
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Psychologists who investigate our persistent traits are personality psychologists, where those who explore how we view and affect one another are social psychologists.
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What is the difference between counseling and clinical psychologists?
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Psychologists who help people cope with problems in living are called counseling psychologists. Psychologists who study, assess, and treat troubled people are called clinical psychologists.
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What do psychiatrists do?
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They are medical doctors who provide psychotherapy and treat physical causes of psychological disorders.
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What must you do to master any subject?
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actively process it
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What are the 5 study tips in the text other than the SQ3R method?
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a. distribute the study time b. learn to think critically c. listen actively in class d. overlearn material e. be a smart test-taker
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In its earliest days, psychology was defined as the..?
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science of mental life
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Who would be most likely to agree with the statement, "Psychology should investigate only behaviors that can be observed"...?
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John B Watson
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Today, psychology is defined as....?
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science of behavior and mental processes
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Who introduced the early school of structuralism...?
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Edward Titchener
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Who wrote the early textbook Principles of Psychology...?
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William James
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The seventeenth century philosopher who believed that the mind is a blank at birth and that most knowledge comes through sensory experience is...?
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John Locke
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Which psychological perspective emphasizes the interaction of the brain and body in behavior....?
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biological
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A psychologist who explores how Asian and North American definitions of attractiveness differs is working from the ____ perspective...
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social - cultural
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A psychologist who conducts experiments solely intended to build psychology's knowledge base is engaged in...?
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basic research
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Psychologists who study, assess, and treat troubled people are called...?
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clinical psychologists
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Today, psychology is a discipline that...?
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connects with a diversity of other fields
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The first psychology laboratory was established when and by who...?
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Wundt; 1879
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Who would be most likely to agree with the statement, "Psychology is the science of mental life"...?
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Wilhelm Wundt
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In psychology, behavior is best defined as...?
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any action we can observe and record
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Carl Rodgers and Abraham Maslow are most closely associated with..?
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humanistic psychology
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In defining psychology, the text notes that psychology is most accurately described as a...?
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way of asking and answering questions
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Two historical roots of psychology are the disciplines of...?
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philosophy and biology
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The Greek philosopher who believed that intelligence was inherited was...?
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Plato
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The way we encode, process, store, and retrieve information is the primary concern of the...?
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cognitive perspective
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What is also a physician?
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a psychiatrist
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Dr. Jones' research centers on the relationship between changes in our thinking over the life span and changes in moral reasoning. Dr. Jones is most likely a..?
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developmental psychologist
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Which subfield is most directly concerned with studying human behavior in the workplace...?
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industrial-organizational psychology
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Dr. Ernst explains behavior in terms of different situations. Dr. Ernst is working from the...?
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social-cultural perspective
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Which perspective emphasizes the learning of observable responses...?
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behavioral
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A psychologist who studies how worker productivity might be increased by changing office layout is engaging in...?
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applied research
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The biopsychosocial approach emphasizes the importance of...?
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different levels of analysis in exploring behavior and mental processes
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Define empiricism:
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-the view that science should rely on observation and experimentation
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Define structuralism:
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-explored the basic elements of mind using the method of introspection -this method proved unreliable
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Define functionalism:
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-focused on how mental and behavioral processed enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish
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Define humanistic psychology:
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-emphasized the growth potential of healthy people
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Define the SQ3R study method:
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5 steps: survey, question, read, review, and reflect
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Define psychometrics:
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-the branch of psychology devoted to measuring our abilities, attitudes, and traits
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Define natural selection:
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- the principles that traits contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
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Define cognitive neuroscience:
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-the study of brain activity linked with mental activity
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Define psychology:
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-scientific study of behavior and mental processes
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Define experimental psychology:
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-these people explore thinking and behavior by conducting expirements
