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5 Themes of Geography

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Location,Place,Region,Movement,Human-Enviromental Interaction

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Formal/Uniform Region

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An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics.

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Functional/Nodal Region

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A region defined by the particular set of activities or interactions that occur within it.

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Perceptual/Vernacular Region

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A region that only exists as a conceptualization or an idea and not as a physically demarcated entity.

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Sequent Occupance

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the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape

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Relocation Diffusion

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The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another.

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Expansion Diffusion

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The spread of an innovation or an idea through a population in an area in such a way that the number of those influenced grows continuously larger, resulting in an expanding area of dissemination.

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Contagious Diffusion

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The distance-controlled spreading of an idea, innovation, or some other item through a local population by contact from person to person - analogous to the communication of a contagious illness.

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Hierarchial Diffusion

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a form of diffusion in which an idea or innovation spreads by passing first among the most connected places or peoples down to others

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Malthus

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person who believes food production = linear; human reproduction = geometric; despite natural checks (famine, disease) ... will always be overpopulation; he brought up the point that we may be outrunning our supplies because of our exponentially growing population.

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Natural increase

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Crude death rate subtracted from crude birthrate

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Demographic Transition Cycle

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A sequence of stages that has been observed in the population records of several European contries. Its 4 stages are: 1)high stationary stage; 2)early expanding stage; 3)late expanding stage; and 4)low stationary stage.

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Ernst Ravenstein

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5 laws of migration and gravity model, the laws are: 1. Long-range migrants usually move to urban areas 2. Each migration provides a movement in the opposite direction (although not necessarily of the same value) 3. Rural dwellers are more migratory than urban dwellers 4. Within their own country, females are more migratory than males, but males are more migratory over long distances 5. Most migrants are young adults (20-30)

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Population Policies

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policies designed to influence the overall growth rate or ethnic ratios within the population Three types: *Restrictive- affects population by decreasing *Eugenic- affects population by making it hold too much of one ethnic group *Expansive- affects population by making it expand

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Hidden Hunger

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people who may consume enough calories to survive, but lack certain nutrients - specifically protein (protein deficiency in the first three years can cause permanent damage; both to mental capacity & physical growth).

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Rust/Sun Belt

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rust: industrial decline, decaying of the factories in the 1960s sun: the southern part of the US grew economically due to immigration from mexico and an agricultural boom

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Chain Migration

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Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there.

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Sound Shifts

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slight change in a word across languages within a subfamily or through a language family from the present backward towards its origin

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Deep Reconstruction

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technique using the vocabulary of an extinct language to re-create the language that preceded it.

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Conquest Theory

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the theory that early Proto-Indo-European speakers spread westward on horseback, overpowering earlier inhabitants and beginning the diffusion and differentiation of Indo-European tounges

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Colin Renfrew Model

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a model that proposed that three source areas of agriculture (Fertile Crescent, Israel, Turkey) each gave rise to a great language family.

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Greenberg Hypothesis

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proposed that there are three families of indigneous American languages, each corresponding to a major wave of migration into W Hemisphere; oldest: Amerind, next oldest: Na-Dene, last: Eskimo-Aleut

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Major World Religions

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Can I Have Blessings--Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism. Judaism is generally accepted as the next most popular world religion, but it really is a tie between Judaism and other smaller religions like Shintoism.

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Animistic Religions

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The belief that inanimate objects, such as hills, trees, rocks, rivers and other elements of the natural landscape, possess souls and can help or hinder human efforts on Earth.

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Zoroastrianism

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Persian religion founded by Zoroaster; taught that humans had the freedom to choose between right and wrong, and that goodness would triumph in the end

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5 Pillars of Islam

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belief in Allah, prayer 5 times a day, fasting during Rammadan, charity, and pilgrimage to Mecca

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Brahman

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in Hinduism he was the universal soul, and in the trinity of gods in Hinduism he was the Creator

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Diaspora

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scattering of people

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Interfaith/Intrafaith Boundaries

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Interfaith boundaries refer to boundaries between the world's major faiths. Intrafaith boundaries refer to boundaries within a single major faith

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Irredentism

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The assertion by the government of a country that has a minority living outside its formal borders belongs to it historically and culturally.

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Forward Capitals

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relocation of captial cities used to achieve national aims and promote change (Ex. Brasilia)

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3 Boundary Stages

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Definition-decides where the boundary is Delimitation-puts the boundary on the political map Demarcation-physically marks the boundary in the real world

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Boundary Disputes

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Remember--LOAD!! Locational-over interpretation. Operational-over the function of the boundary. Allocational-over the distribution of natural resources. Definitional-over legal language.

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Supranationalism

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Association of three or more states.

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Territorial Sea

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A strip of ocean, 12 nautical miles wide, adjacent to land over which the coastal nation has control over the passage of ships

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Exclusive Economic Zone

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enerally a state's EEZ extends to a distance of 200 nautical miles (370 km) out from its coast. The exception to this rule occurs when EEZs would overlap; that is, state coastal baselines are less than 400 nautical miles apart. When an overlap occurs, it is up to the states to delineate the actual boundary.[1] Generally, any point within an overlapping area defaults to the most proximate state

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Median Line Principle

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The system of drawing a political boundary midway between two states' coastlines when the territorial seas or EEZ are narrower than twice the standard or adopted limit.

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Gateway State

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A state, by virtue of its border location between geopolitical power cores, that absorbs and assimilates cultures and traditions of its neighbors without being dominated by them.

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Alfred Wegener

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credited with the theory of Continental Drift

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Cambrian Explosion

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A burst of evolutionary origins when most of the major body plans of animals appeared in a relatively brief time in geologic history; recorded in the fossil record about 545-525 million years ago

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KT Boundary

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extinction at end of Cretaceous period; all non-avian dinosaurs die off; reptiles and mammals appear to do just fine, KT= Cretaceous-Tertiary (dunno why C became K but it did)

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Post-Glacial Optimum

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Started about 6000 years ago and marked the time when global environmental conditions became rather like those familiar to us today. FIRST Optimum.

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Medieval Optimum

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medieval warm period; a time of warm weather (around 800-1300 CE(AD)) during the Eruopean Medieval period. The effect may largely have been focused in the Northern Atlantic. SECOND OPTIMUM.

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Industrial Optimum

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Post-1850 phase; glaciers are retreating; global temperatures are warming; agriculture has expanded. The Industrial Optimum was interrupted by cooler decades from 1940-1970 (this led to the green revolution); but temperatures are rising again. THIRD optimum

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Environmental Stress

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The threat to environmental security by human activity such as atmospheric and groundwater pollution, deforistation, oil spills, and ocean dumping.

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Pelagic Species

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fish that live at or near the ocean's surface and migrate long distances, such as swordfish, tuna, and many species of sharks.

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Montreal Protocol

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meeting in 1987 where a group of nations met in Canada and agreed to take steps to fight against Ozone Depletion-CFC's banned

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Carl Sauer

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Geographer from the University of California at Berkeley who defined the concept of cultural landscape as the fundamental unit of geographical analysis. This landscape results from interaction between humans and the physical environment. Sauer argued that virtually no landscape has escaped alteration by human activities.

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Von Thunen

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Created the concentric zone model that states that perishable goods are located near market area as well as heavy items, while crops that are able to be shipped long distances without spoiling were located farther away.

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5 Village Forms

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Linear, Clustered, Walled, Round, Grid

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Cadastral

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Relating to the surveying of land for tax purposes

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Metes and Bounds

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method of describing real estate using boundary lines with terminal points and angles

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Long Lot Survey System

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distinct regional approach to land surveying found in the Canadian Maritimes, parts of Quebec, Louisiana, and Texas whereby land is divided into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals

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Agribusiness

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General term for the businesses that provide the vast array of goods and services that support the agriculture industry

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Location theory

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a logical attempt to explain the locational pattern of economic activities & the manner in which its producing areas are interrelated

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Friction of Distance

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The increase in time and cost that usually comes with increasing distance.

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Alfred Weber

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Least cost theory of industrial location

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Four Tigers

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South Korea (largest), Taiwan (moving towards high tech), Singapore (Center for information and technology), Hong Kong(Break of Bulk Point): Because of their booming economies.

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Maquiladora Districts

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a factory district in Latin America that imports materials and equipment on a duty-free and tariff-free basis for assembly or manufacturing and then re-exports the assembled product

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Immanuel Wallerstein

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Creator of world system theory and the term world economy

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World Systems Theory

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Wallersteins theory of the core, semi periphery, periphery, and external areas. The core benefited the most from the development of a capitalist world economy. Semi periphery was the buffer between the core and periphery. Periphery are states that lack strong central gov'ts or are controlled by other states. External areas are states that maintained their own economic system and for the most part, remained outside of the capitalist world economy

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Liberal/Structuralist Models

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this model shows the liberal (optimistic) side, and the structuralist (pessimistic) side, in which both sides give their input on if a country will ever reach a developed stage like the United States of America

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Walt Rostow

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Created the Modernization Model--(1950's) theory gives 4 (5) stages of economic growth. 1) Traditional/pre-modern 2) Pre-conditions for take-off 3) Take-off 4) Drive to mass consumption ( 5--Age of mass consumption)

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Neo-Colonialism

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is a term used by post-colonial critics of developed countries' involvement in the developing world. Writings within the theoretical framework of neocolonialism argue that existing or past international economic arrangements created by former colonial powers were or are used to maintain control of their former colonies and dependencies after the colonial independence movements of the post-World War II period.

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Foreign Direct Investment

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investment in the economies of LDCs by transnational corporations based in MDCs. However, all countries are not recipients of this investment. Brazil, China and Mexico were the LDCs that received most of the investment.

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New International Division of Labor

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Transfer of some types of jobs, especially those requiring low-paid less skilled workers, from more developed to less developed countries.

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Manufacturing Export Zones

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A feature of economic development in peripheral countries whereby the host country establishes area with favorable tax, regulatory, and trade arrangements in order to attract foreign operations.

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Backwash Effect

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The negative effects on one region that result from economic growth (agglomeration) within another region.

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Agglomeration

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A process involving the clustering or concentrating of people or activities. The term often refers to manufacturing plants and businesses that benefit from close proximity because they share skilled-labor pools and technological and financial amenities.

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Ancillary Activities

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Economic activities surrounding and supporting large-scale industries like shipping and food service. ex. companies that produce airplane engines are ANCILLARY to the aircraft industry

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Gideon Sjoberg

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Looked at cities in 4 categories: 1. Folk preliterate- Ancient (prehistory) 2. Futile-Middle Ages 3. Preindustrial- Religion and gov (before IR) 4. Urban Industrial (industry creates primate cities)

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Primate City

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A country's largest city-ranking atop the urban hierarchy-most expressive of the national culture and usually (but not always) the capital as well.

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Urban Hierarchy

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A ranking of settlements (hamlet, village, town, city, metropolis) according to their size and economic functions.

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Burgess

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Concentric Zone Model

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Concentric Zone Model

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Model that describes urban environments as a series of rings of distinct land uses radiating out from a central core, or central business district.

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Hoyt

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Sector Model

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Sector Model

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A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district (CBD).

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Harris

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Multiple-Nuclei Model

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Multiple-Nuclei Model

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A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities. In short, instead of one CBD, there are multiple. Think LA.

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Multiplier Effect

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An effect in economics in which an increase in spending produces an increase in national income and consumption greater than the initial amount spent.

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Economic Reach

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maximum distance people can be from a central place and still be attracted to it for business purposes

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Walter Christaller

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German geographer who in the early 1930s first formulated central-place theory as a series of models designed to explain the spatial distribution of urban centers. Crucial to his theory is the fact that different goods and services vary both in threshold and in range.

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Central Place Theory

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HEXAGONAL--The theory proposed by Walter Christaller that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market area for services, larger. Settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther. HEXAGONAL.

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Urban Realms

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Areas functioning separately in certain ways but are still linked together in a greater metropolitan sphere.

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Conurbation

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a continuous, extended urban area formed by the growing together of several formerly separate, expanding cities

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Latin-American City Model

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Griffin-Ford model. Developed by Ernst Griffin and Larry Ford. Blends traditional Latin American culture with the forces of globalization. The CBD is dominant; it is divided into a market sector and a modern high-rise sector. The elite residential sector is on the extension of the CBD in the "spine". The end of the spine of elite residency is the "mall" with high-priced residencies. The remaining concentric zones are more poor, including the outermost zone and the disamenity sector. The disamenity sector is usually run by gangs or drug lords. The two final sectors are the industrial park and the gentrification zone, where historic buildings are preserved.

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Southeast Asian City Model

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The Southeast Asian City Model is similar to the Latin American (Griffin-Ford) City Model in that they each feature high-class residential zones that stem from the center, middle-class residential zones that occur in inner-city areas, and low-income squatter settlements that occur in the periphery. - The main difference between the two models is that the Southeast Asian City Model features middle-income housing in suburban areas. FAN SHAPE.

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African City Model

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shows 3 CBDs (colonial, traditional, bazaar) with ethnic neighborhoods extending outwards from them; beyond that are mining, MFG zones, and squatter settlements; most lack transportation. Satellite townships.

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Urban Decay

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The process whereby a previously functioning city, or part of a city, falls into disrepair and decrepitude.

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Ellsworth Huntington

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environmental determinism- the physical environment rather than social conditions determines culture

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Gravity Model

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Formulated by Ernst Ravenstein--A model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service.

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Sir Halford MacKinder

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"heartland theory" founding father of geopolitics and geostrategy...the one with best real estate wins: Euroasia & Heartland (eastern & central europe) Note: Doesn't take into account US & UK

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Heartland Theory

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hypothesis proposed by Halford Mackinder that held that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world

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Nicholas Spykman

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Creator of the "Rimland Theory". The northern part of the world is always more important in the world. 'Both sea and land power is important.' Crescent-inner part: He who controls the waterways, controls the crescent, controls the world., Rimland Theory: Eurasian Rim not the Heartland is/was the key to Global Power who controls the Rimland rules Eurasia who rules Eurasia controls the destinies of the world

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Rimland Theory

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(Nicholas Spykman) mid 20th c. theory that the domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia (the "rimland") would provide the base for world conquest (not the "heartland").

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