Music Sec 2 Spring 2014 – Flashcards
415 test answers
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musical epoch 1400-1600
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Renaissance
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musical epoch 1600-1750
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Baroque
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why is the end of the Baroque era placed at 1750
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that is when Bach died
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Bach' life
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1685-1750
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why do some historians believe that Classical period was already underway prior to Bach's death in 1750
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Bach's approach to composition was seen as very old fashioned by the time of his death
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"Romantic" innovations appeared as early as when
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1800
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people composed music in the classical style as late as
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1830
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when did Romantic music begin to dominated
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1850
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music characterized by rich harmonies and lush expressiveness
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Romantic
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when was Modernism born
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1900
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word for a musical epoch that means "misshapen" or "distorted"
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Baroque
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post-Romantics
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Mahler Strauss Vaughan Williams Rachmaninoff
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life of Gustav Mahler
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1860-1911
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life of Richard Strauss
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1864-1949
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life of Ralph Vaughan Willians
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1872-1958
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life of Sergei Rachmaninoff
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1873-1943
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what features of nineteenth century Romantic music did post-Romantics often employ
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-CPT w/ extended chords -emphasis on expressiveness and long-ranging melodic flow -rich array of timbres (tone colors)
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conductor of the Philadelphia Orchestra that was particularly influential in shaping American tastes
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Leopold Stokowski (1882-1977)
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what did Stokowski consistently emphasize in his repertory that other orchestras in the US followed suit in doing
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European works
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increased concert and opera activities in the early twentieth century in American increased the demand for what
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good training programs
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when did American music conservatories begin to flourish
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1850 onward
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Baltimore conservatory founded in 1857
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Peabody
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Boston conservatory founded in 1867
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New England Conservatory
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New York conservatory founded in 1905
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Institute of Musical Art
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what is the Institute of Musical Art known as today
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Julliard
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innovations in instrument building in the nineteenth century
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-valves and pistons for brass -improved key designs for woodwinds -iron frames for pianos
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brand new instruments manufactured in the nineteenth century
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-saxophone -piccolo -tuba
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Italian inventor who achieved a breakthrough in wireless technology in the last years of the 19th century
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Guglielmo Marconi (1874-1937)
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what did innovators of wireless technology first focus on
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sending Morse code signals
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when was speech transmitted for the first time
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Dec 23, 1900
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who presented the first "public" radio broadcasts Jan 12 and 13, 1910
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Lee De Forest (1873-1961)
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what were the first "public" radio broadcasts Jan 12-13 1910
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De Forest transmitted two performances of NY's Metro Opera including the voice of Enrico Caruso (1873-1921)
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what was being referred to when one radio engineer on board a ship in the Atlantic reported "The reception was excellent"
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the first "public" radio broadcasts
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when were the first "public" radio broadcasts
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Jan 12 and 13, 1910
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who did the Titanic send an SOS signal to but their radio operator was off duty
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SS Californian
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in response to the Titanic, what law did the US pass
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Radio Act of 1912
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two requirements of the Radio Act of 1912
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1) all seagoing vessels needed to hire enough radio operators so that distress frequencies could be monitored continuously 2) all US radio stations needed to be licensed by the federal government
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why did the Radio Act of 1912 require that all US radio stations needed to be licensed by the federal gov't
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there had been incidents of amateur radio operators sending out false distress signals
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what power did the Radio Act of 1912 give the president
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power to close radio stations in the time of war
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who shut down all private radio operations in the US April 7, 1917
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Dept of Commerce
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why was shutting down all radio stations in 1917 not that big of a deal
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commercial broadcasting had not started yet
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when did commercial broadcasting start
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1920
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what song did Edison record onto tinfoil in 1877
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Mary Had a Little Lamb
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who recorded Mary Had a Little Lamb onto tinfoil in 1877
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Edison
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Edison recorded Mary Had a Little Lamb in 1877 onto what invention
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cylinder "phonograph"
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after the invention of the cylinder phonograph in 1877, what did Edison spend time developing instead
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electric light
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when did Edison return to his audio device after working on electric light
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1888
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what did Edison consider the purpose of his phonograph
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dictation machine used for business offices
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what invention did Columbia introduce while Edison was marketing his phonograph
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graphophone
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what material did both the phonograph and graphophone use (as opposed to Edison's earlier tinfoil)
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wax cylinders
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when did it become easy for customers to purchase recordings of musicians
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1890
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what invention followed the graphophone and phonograph and played flat-disc recordings instead of cylinders
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gramophone
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for how long did the graphophone/gramophone/phonograph coexist
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25 years
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pros to the gramophone
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easier to mass produce
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by what year were 78 rpm discs common in affluent houses
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1910
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in 1913, the Berlin Philharmonic recorded what
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the complete Fifth Symphony by Beethoven
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how many discs was the Berlin Philharmonic's Beethoven's Fifth Symphony
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8 bound into an "album"
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what introduced the term "album" into the recording vocabulary
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the Berlin Philharmonic recording the Beethoven's Fifth required 8 discs that were bound into an "album"
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when did Caruso begin making recordings
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1904
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what were Caruso's average yearly sales up to 1920
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$115k
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what manufacturer marketed one of its portable gramophones as the "trench model"
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Decca
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grieving musician whose brother had been killed in 1916 that found solace in the gramophone
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Arthur Bliss
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"I have suddenly found solace in the gramophone"
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Arthur Bliss
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who had an entertaining experience with a gramophone that played "The End of a Perfect Day"
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Corporal A. D. Pankhurst
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about to be overrun, what English battery commander set up a record containing a defiant anti-German song on the gramophone in his trench and then fled the dugout
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Captain Parrish
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what German lieutenant first entered the trench having just lost four men and crashed Captain Parrish's gramophone to the ground
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Ernst Junger
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recorded more than 2k Native American melodies in the US
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Frances Densmore
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early Hungarian ethnomusicologists who were not only scholars but also composers
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Zoltan Kodaly (1882-1967) and Bela Bartok (1881-1945)
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Kodaly and Bartok often used the music they were collecting as their inspiration for new compositions, illustrating what
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nationalism
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in additions to his innovations with sound, who was one of the first to experiment successfully with moving pictures
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Edison
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Edison's 1891 invention that allowed one person at a time to view (silent) images
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Kinetoscope
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when was the Kinetoscope uneveiled
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1891
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invention equipped with a phonograph inside the Kinetoscope cabinet thus allowing sound to be played via headphones while the moving images were being viewed
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Kinetophone
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coordinating a phonograph or gramophone with the projector for film
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sound on disc
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creating a soundtrack in which the sound was imbedded onto the filmstrip itself for film
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sound on film
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drawback to both sound on disc and sound on film technology
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could not amplify the sound sufficiently
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when did Lee De Forest and other American inventors perfect a vacuum tube that permitted louder sound amplification
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1920
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first spoken dialogue in a film
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The Jazz Singer (1927)
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French composer of avant-garde music whose compositions tried to shake off past practices and start anew who was critiqued by Debussy
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Erik Satie (1866-1925)
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how did Satie respond to Debussy's critique that his music was shapeless and lacked "form"
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Three Pieces in the Form of a Pear (1903)
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became famous for his drip paintings in which he poured or threw paint over his canvas
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Jackson Pollock (1912-56)
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composer who achieved early notoriety for works such as The Tides of Manaunaun (1912)
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Henry Cowell (1897-1965)
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The Tides of Manaunaun made use of what technique
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tone clusters
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blocks of sound were produced by using a fist of even the entire forearm on the piano keyboard, introducing a very new performance technique
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tone clusters
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when did Monet exhibit Impression: soleil levant
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1872
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French artists experimenting along the same lines as Money
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Manet, Degas, Renoir, JMW Turner
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"Wallpaper in its embryonic state is more finished than that seascape." who said this/what was it about
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Louis Leroy/Impression: Sunrise
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first person to place the label "Impressionists" on the painters
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Jules-Antoine Castagnary (1830-88)
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"They render not the landscape but the sensation produced by the landscape" who said this/what is it about
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Castagnary/Impressionism
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scale with no half-steps at all
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whole-tone scale
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what is often deemphasized in Impressionism
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rhythmic pulse
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Impressionist composers often explored new what
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tone colors/timbres
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what kind of tone do antique cymbals have
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bell-like
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what unusual instruments/techniques were used by Impressionist composers
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antique cymbals and choirs with closed lips
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historians see parallels between musical Impressionism and what earlier French poetry movement
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symbolism
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symbolist poets
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Baudelaire Mallarme Verlaine Giraud
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Belgian symbolist poet
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Giraud
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symbolist poets emphasized what over narrative structure
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imagery
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symbolist poets interrupted syntax or "breaks" in the flow contribute to what atmosphere
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vague/dreamlike
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famous Impressionist composition based on Symbolist poem by Mallarme
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Debussy's Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun (1894)
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first woman to win the Prix de Rome
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Lili Boulanger (1893-1918)
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what did the winner of the Prix de Rome have the opportunity to do
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study in Italy for a year
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how old was Boulanger when she won the Prix de Rome
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a teenager
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Italian Impressionist composer of Fountains of Rome (1916)
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Ottorino Respighi (1879-1936)
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Life of Impressionist composer Ravel
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(1875-1937)
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English composer who lived in France until WWI and wrote several Impressionist pieces until his departure
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Frederick Delius (1862-1934)
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helped introduce Impressionist ideas to the US with "The White Peacock"
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Charles Griffes (1884-1920)
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The White Peacock came from which of Griffes's collections
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Roman Sketches of 1915-1916
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who always hated the term Impressionism
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Debussy
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"I am trying to make something new - realities, as it were: what the imbeciles call 'impressionism.'"
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Debussy
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composer of Preludes, Book I, No. 2 "Voiles"
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Debussy
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year Voiles was composed
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1909
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how many "Preludes" books are there
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2
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how many total "Preludes" works are there
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24 (a dozen in each book)
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two of the most famous Preludes
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-"The Sunken Cathedral" -"The Girl with the Flaxen Hair"
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what instrument are Debussy's "Preludes" for
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solo piano
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genre of "Preludes", obvious because of their descriptive titles
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character pieces
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when did character pieces become popular
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Romantic period
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character pieces are often called this because they are quite short
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miniature
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purpose of character pieces
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to express the imagery suggested by their titles
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original meaning of the word "prelude"
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used in reference to a piece that led to some other piece
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who composed the many paired "Preludes and Fugues"
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J. S. Bach
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Romantic composer who challenged listeners' expectations by putting together entire sets of character pieces that he labeled "preludes" though they did not have a preludial function
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Chopin (1810-49)
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who was Debussy making a tribute to with his books of Preludes in the 1900s
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Chopin
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when was Preludes Book I published and why
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1910, centennial anniversary of Chopin's birth
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how did Debussy title his Preludes
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put the title at the end of each piece, within parentheses and preceded by ellipses
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what differed between Chopin's and Debussy's Preludes
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Chopin's did not assign individual titles to each of his Preludes
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how is the title "Voiles" ambiguous
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is it the plural of "le voile" (the veil) or of "la voile" (the sail)?
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structure of Voiles
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ABA
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how does USAD label the structure of Voiles
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suggests a labeling that focuses on the different scales
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opening of Voiles (A) is drawn from what scale
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whole-tone
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motifs Debussy crafts from the whole tone scale in (A)
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-downward cascade (beginning) -figure that climbs slowly upward -oscillating motif that follows a gentle "zigzag" motion
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which scale does Debussy use for the middle portion (B) of this character piece
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pentatonic
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how does Debussy go through the pentatonic notes in (B) of Voiles
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glides upward in a glissando
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rapid gesture that resembles the sweeping motion of a harp
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glissando
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how are the whole tone pitches at the beginning (A) different from the final (A) in Voiles
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now they are set to glissandos that distinguish the start of the pentatonic section
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in what order does Debussy reintroduce motifs that have been heard before in the final (A) of Voiles
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-climbing figure -cascades
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how do the final cascades of Voiles sound to many ears
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"conclusive"
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Debussy's teacher
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Ernest Guiraud
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"The music will begin where the words are impotent; music is made for this 'inexpressible.' I would like it to appear as though it came from a shadow and that from time to time it will return there."
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Debussy
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"The French composers of today work on small canvases but each stroke of the brush is of vital importance."
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Ravel
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artistic movement that confronts human reality rather than offering an escape from it
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expressionism
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seek to depict emotional responses - especially strong (sometimes distorted) responses
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expressionist artists
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common feature of Expressionism is that it reflects
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uneasiness
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characteristics of Expressionism
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-non-naturalistic colors -exaggerated/distorted shapes
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" a violent storm of emotion beating up from the unconscious mind"
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Expressionism
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most prominent Expressionist painters working in Germany and Austria
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Franz Marc Max Beckmann Egon Schiele
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Russian born Expressionist who came to Germany to hone his craft
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Kandinsky
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how did Munch reproduce "The Scream" (1893)
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twice in oil twice in pastel many prints and woodcuts
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pioneer of musical expressionism who also painted
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Schoenberg
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"Art comes not only from ability but from necessity."
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Schoenberg
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first style that comes to mind when the term "avant-garde" is mentioned
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Expressionism
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musical characteristics of Expressionism
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-clear cadences -balanced phrases -indistinguishable forms -erratic rhythm -forceful rhythm -CPT or atonality
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when did Schoenberg develop 12 tone serialism
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1920s
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hub of musical Expressionists
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Vienna
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earliest Expressionist composer
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Schoenberg
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1909 landmark achievement of Schoenberg's featuring one singer accompanied by an orchestra narrating an experience of searching for her lover at night, stumbling through a dark forest, finding his corpse, and suffering a mental breakdown
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Erwartung (1909)
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most renowned followers of Schoenberg
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Anton Webern (1883-1945) and Alban Berg (1883-1935)
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collective nickname for Schoenberg, Berg, and Webern
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Second Viennese School
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though Webern did not write many Expressionist pieces; what is the best example of his
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Five Pieces for Orchestra (Op. 10) (1911-13)
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Berg's most celebrated Expressionist work
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Wozzeck (1917-22)
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what kind of work is Wozzeck
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opera
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composer of Pierrot lunaire, Op. 21, No. 8 "Nacht" (1912)
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Schoenberg
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year of "Nacht"
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1912
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central feature in Pierrot lunaire, Op. 21
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madness
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Pierrot lunaire translates as what
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Moonstruck Pierrot
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the name "Pierrot" is drawn from what traditional character
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commedia dell'art
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when did commedia dell'arte performers travel throughout Italy, acting out comic scenario and often improvising their dialogue during the skits to suit the locale
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sixteenth century
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commedia dell'arte stock characters
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Harlequin Columbine
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which commedia dell'art character was the love interest
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Columbine
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what is Pierrot known as in other languages
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Petrushka Pagliacci
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stock character mischief maker who would repeatedly get into trouble but would always manage to land on his feet
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Pierrot
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costume of Pierrot
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heavy white make-up and a white costume, image of a lunar/moonstruck clown
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Symbolist poet who published a set of 50 poems in French that described various adventures of Pierrot
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Albert Giraud
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who translated the Symbolist poems about Pierrot
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Otto Erich Hartleben
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how many poems were in Giraud's Pierrot collection
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50
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when did Giraud publish his Pierrot poems
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1884
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when did Schoenberg select some of Giraud's poems to create a song cycle
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1912
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how many poems did Schoenberg select for his song cycle
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21
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a set of vocal pieces that are connected in some way, sometimes by musical motifs, and sometimes by the text
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song cycle
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who commissioned Schoenberg to write the song cycle about Pierrot
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the cabaret performer Albertine Zehme
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what instrument did Zehme expect Schoenberg would compose Pierrot for
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piano accompaniment only
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how many players were in the Pierrot group
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5
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how many instruments did the Pierrot group play
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8
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instruments in Pierrot
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-cello -piano -flute/piccolo -clarinet/bass clarinet -violin/viola
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which of the Pierrot songs uses all 8 instruments
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only the final one
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what does Schoenberg call the singer
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reciter
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what vocal technique does the singer in Nacht use
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Sprechstimme (spoken song)
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what are instrumentalists asked to produce in Nacht to add to the unsettle atmosphere
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unusual timbres
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how does Schoenberg divide the 21 songs
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3 sets of 7 each
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why does it seem like night to Pierrot acc. to the poem
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the sun has been obscured by the giant wings of enormous, black moths
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translations for the word "Riesenfalter"
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moths butterflies
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what are the Riesenfalter headed toward in Pierrot
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human hearts
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in all of the poems, what pattern does Giraud use
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rondo ABACA
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how did Schoenberg divide the poetry for Nacht
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into 2 large chunks with no obvious repetition in the vocal melody
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how does Schoenberg create unity in the course of the song
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passacaglia
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subtitle of Nacht
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passacaglia
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from what period does the term passacaglia stem
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Baroque
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a variation form in which new melodies appear over a repeating bass line
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passacaglia
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how many notes in Schoenberg's passacaglia bass line
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3
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what thirds does Schoenberg's passacaglia bass line employ
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rising minor third followed by a descending major third, usually E-G-Eb
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ostinato in English
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obstinate
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short pattern that repeats many times
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ostinato
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passacaglia bass line is sometimes referred to as what
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basso ostinato
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first thing played by the piano's left hand in a very low register in Nacht
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ostinato
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which word of Nacht is truly sung
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verschwiegen
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pervasiveness of the ostinato in Nacht is a subtle depiction of what
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inescapable black moths
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which instruments are used in Nach
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piano cello bass clarinet
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what does the fermata signal and depict in Nach
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-end of intro -instruments are "frozen in fear"
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command telling the cellist to draw the bow directly over the instrument's bridge instead of the usual bowing location, which is slightly offset from the bridge
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on the bridge
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the wooden piece the elevates the strings away from the instrument's body
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the bridge
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when playing on the bridge, the strings cannot vibrate freely meaning the cello's timbre sounds how
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glassy and chilly
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word painting can be found as early as when
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Renaissance
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why has word painting most likely endured
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it is fun to perform
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setting the music so that it illustrates the literal meaning of a particular word
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word painting
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word painting is a subset of the broader concept of what
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text expression
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where does Schoenberg use an upward leap in Nach
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"Duft" (fragrance)
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how is "vershcwiegen" word painted in Nacht
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after the singer finishes singing the word, a silence is prolonged by a fermata: all the performers have been briefly "muted"
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called Nacht "the solar plexus of the twentieth century"
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Stravinsky
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who painted Landscape on La Dominique (1905)
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Paul Gaugin
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use bold colors and simple lines to present exotic juxtapositions of humans and nature
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Primitivist artworks
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"desire to start again, unhindered by history, by abandoning a contemporary sophistication"
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Primitivism
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subject matter of Primitivism
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primal or ancestral images
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Gauguin, one of the most famous Primitivist painters, was inspired by his journeys to where
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Martinique, Tahiti, various Pacific islands
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artists who visited ethnographic museums to learn about non-western art
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Kirchner and Picasso
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Primitivist who employed such simplicity in depicted landscapes that his work are sometimes labeled "naive art"
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Rousseau
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used Primitivist techniques to simplify the human form, both in his paintings and his sculptures
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Matisse
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Primitivist composers tried to make their music sound ancient by emphasizing what
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percussive rhythms often in ostinato patterns
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excellent illustration of the Primitivist approach by Bela Bartok
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Allegro barbaro (1911)
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most famous example of Primitivism
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The Rite of Spring (1913)
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what are the USAD selected portions of RoS
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Adoration of the Earth: Intro and Omens of Spring
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when was RoS composed
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1913
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where was Stravinsky living in 1910
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Paris
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chief money-manager and decision-maker for artistic organizations such as ballet companies and opera troupes
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impresario
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when did Diaghilev introduce his Ballets Russes to Paris
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1909
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what were the Ballets Russes' initial performances in 1909/1910
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preexisting Russian music such as Rimsky-Korsakov's Scheherazade
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first "custom" ballet score for Ballets Russes by Stravinsky
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The Firebird
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how were the first performances by the Ballets Russes received by the French
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with wild enthusiasm
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second commissioned ballet score from Diaghilev to Stravinsky
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Petrushka (1911)
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which dancer did Petrushka showcase
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Vaclav Nijinsky (1890-1950)
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Slavic culture expert/painter who helped Stravinsky with the scenario and stage sets/costumes for the ballet
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Nikolai Roerich (1874-1947)
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outfits of the dancers for RoS
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outfits based on the attire of medieval Russian peasants, often compared to Native American tribe clothing
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who choreographed RoS
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Nijinsky
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what is Part I of RoS
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Adoration of the Earth
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what is Part II of RoS
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the Sacrifice
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first notes heard in RoS are played by what instrument
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solo bassoon
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how is the solo bassoon at the beginning of RoS asked to play
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in a shockingly high register which distorts the usual timbre to the point that it is almost unrecognizable as a bassoon
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from what did Stravinsky derive the bassoon's opening melody in RoS
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old Lithuanian wedding tune, which is another dimension of Primitivism
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scholars have found how many quoted folk tunes in the course of RoS
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at least a dozen
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transition of textures through RoS
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monophony to homophony to polyphony
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"My idea was that the Prelude should represent the awakening of nature, the scratching, gnawing, wiggling of birds and beasts."
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Stravinsky on RoS
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because Stravinsky envisioned a primeval, barbaric landscape, he did all he could to avoid any suggestion of what
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CPT
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what scale does Stravinsky use during the intro of RoS
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octatonic
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Stravinsky's "new" chord
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polychord consisting of two distinct harmonies playing simultaneously lower perform Fb major triad (Fb-Ab-Cb, sounds like E major E-G#-B). upper perform Eb dominant seventh chord (Eb-G-Bb-Db)
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pattern of uneven accented percussive notes in RoS
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9-2-6-3-4-5-3
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eighteen in Russian
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vosemnadsat
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how many different ostinatos play a role in the selected portion of RoS
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3
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what introduces the first ostinato in RoS
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tiny sing song motif intro'd by the violins that follows a duple meter pulse
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the sing song quality of ostinato I in RoS is a common motif in what kind of music
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Slavic folk
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what instrument plays Ostinato 2 in RoS
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bassoons; fast descending and ascending pitches fall into a triple meter pattern
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who plays Ostinato 3 in RoS
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cellos; ascending and descending more slowly than 2, another duple meter ostinato
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when all three ostinatos in RoS play together, the result is what Primitivist feature
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polymetric passage
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who drew an impression of a 1913 RoS rehearsal w/ Stravinsky at hte piano
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Jean Cocteau
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what is the large-scale form to the overall ballet of RoS
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there is none
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intro of Part I in RoS might be viewed as loosely in what form
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ternary
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why might the intro of Part I in RoS be viewed loosely as ternary form
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monophonic bassoon returns at the end to interrupt the dense polyphony that has developed, shifting our attention to the just-raised curtain and dancers who are about to begin their ritual festivities
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climax of the RoS
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Sacrificial Dance, when the Chosen One is driven by the incessant music to dance herself to death
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date of the Riot of Spring
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May 29, 1913
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where did RoS debut
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Paris
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issues going on the night of the RoS premiere
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-warm summer evening, no AC in the venue -many disliked the new venue b/c Germanic architecture -audience irked at notion of Nijinsky choreography
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which previous piece that had been choreographed by Nijinsky did audiences hate before RoS
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Debussy's Jeux two weeks earlier
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where was the premiere of RoS
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Theatre des Champs-Elysees
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why did the riotous reaction take everyone by surprise at premiere of RoS
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dress rehearsal on the preceding day had been enthusiastically applauded
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where did the Ballets Russes travel to perform the RoS a couple weeks later where it was very well receive
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London at the Theatre Royal Drury Lane
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who decided to perform the RoS in Paris again a year after the incident as a concert work
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Pierre Monteux
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which young American historian spent over 20 years interviewing dancers and doing research to reconstruct Nijinsky's lost choreography
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Millicent Hodson
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how much of the original RoS dance was Hodson able to recapture
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80%
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who reconstructed the Nijinsky version of the ballet in 1987
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Joffrey Ballet
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which era's composers were frequently concerned with nationalism?
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Romanticism
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how many sovereign nations were there in 1900
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55
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how many sovereign nations were there by 2000
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192
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who founded the Societe Nationale Musique after the Franco-Prussian war
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Cesar Franck (1822-90
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purpose of Societe Nationale de Musique (1871)
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rebuild national pride after a loss of Alsace-Lorraine
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what was the motto of Societe Nationale de Musique
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"Ars gallica" (French Art) since it sought to promote French music and reject the Germanic traditions of composers like Beethoven, Schubert, and Schumann
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Societe nationale de Musique was an emotional ancestor of who
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Le Six
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Le Six
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group of French composers who developed an informal coalition in 1917, shared ambition to write music devoid of German characteristics, as well as Impressionists like Debussy and Ravel and also Schoenberg and Stravinsky
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associations in England that were founded that were devoted to specific repertories for nationalism
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-Purcell Society -Plainsong and Mediaeval Music Society -Musical Antiquarian Society
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English Renaissance composers
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-William Byrd -Orlando Gibbons -Thomas Tallis -Thomas Weelkes -John Wilbye
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used old English materials as the foundation for many of his works such as "Fantasia on a Theme of Thomas Tallis" (1910)
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Ralph Vaughan Williams
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Holst's composition that showcased geographic features of England
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Somerset Rhapsody (1906-07)
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composer who galvanized his nation with "Finlandia" (1900)
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Jean Sibelius
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in 1900 who controlled Finland
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Russia
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how did Russia inadvertently make Finlandia more popular
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banned it
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when did Finland officially declare its independence
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1917
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composers of Iberia (1905-08)
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Debussy Isaac Alebniz
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composer of Rapsodie espagnole (1907-08)
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Ravel
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composer of Bolero (1928)
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Ravel
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how did Ravel have some claim to Spanish heritage
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his mother was born in the Basque region that straddles the border between France and Spain
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composer of Nights in the Gardens of Spain (1909-16)
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Manuel de Falla
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composer of piano suite Goyescas (1911)
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Enrique Granados
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tribute to one of SPain's greatest painters, Francisco Goya that was regarded as the composer's finest composition. Piano suite.
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Goyescas
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much of the piano suite Goyescas was reused for what
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an opera of the same name
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b/c of WWI, the opera Goyescas premiered where instead of Paris in 1916
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NY Metropolitan Opera
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who traveled from Spain to attend the opera premiere of Goyescas in 1916
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Granados and his wife Amparo
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why did Granado and his wife miss the scheduled sailing of their return ship after coming to NY to see Goyescas
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Wilson invited them over the White House
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which style were most of the US patriotic works in the nineteenth century
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popular
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why were there very few young American classical composers
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bias toward European composers in the repertory of most American orchestras
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America's first "great" composer although he worked in virtual isolation for the first two decades of the 1900s
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Charles Ives (1874-1954)
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how did Ives support himself before he was known for his compositions
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with his insurance business
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subtitle of Ives's Piano Sonata No. 2 (1920)
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Concord Mass., 1840-60
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what are the movement's of Ives's Piano Sonata No. 2 named for
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some of America's transcendentalist writers: Emerson, Hawthorne, The Alcotts, Thoreau
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when did Ives suffer a heart attack
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1918
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when did Ives start to unveil what he had been composing over the past 20 years
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after he suffered a heart attack and several strokes
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best-known proponent of Russian nationalism in the early twentieth century
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Igor Stravinsky
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subtitle of RoS
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Scenes from Pagan Russia
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why was music the hardest part of folklore to preserve
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it was hard to transcribe unless one had considerable training in music notation
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recorded performances of folk and ethnic music collected by scholars traveling around the globe
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field recordings
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how did Kodaly and Bartok ensure that their collecting efforts proceeded systematically
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divided up the local districts
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when did Bartok and Kodaly publish and initial book of 20 songs
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1906
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who did the accompaniments for Kodaly and Bartok's initial songbook
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each of them did 10
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when did Bartok publish a summary of his and Kodaly's work
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1924
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what was the summary of Kodaly and Bartok's work
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Hungarian Folksong
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how many melodies were in Hungarian Folksong
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8000
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what non-Austrian Empire countries did Bartok record music in
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North Africa and Turkey
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who classified five levels of folk-music adaptation that can be found in Bartok's music
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scholar Benjamin Suchoff
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first level of Bartok folk song adaptation
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Genuine folk tunes are featured, and the invented additions are of secondary importance. Folk song is the "jewel" and the added parts are the "mounting"
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second level of Bartok folk song adaptation
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Folk tune and invented material are treated equally
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third level of Bartok folk song adaptation
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the folk tune is presented as a kind of musical motto and the invented material is of greater significance
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fourth level of Bartok folk song adaptation
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composition is based on themes which imitate genuine folk tunes
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fifth level of Bartok folk song adaptation
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highest level is abstract composition in which neither folk tune nor its imitation is used, but the work is nevertheless pervaded by the spirit of folk music
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which approach to incorporation of folk tunes does RCC illustrate
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1st
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when was Romanian Christmas Carols (Sz. 56/BB 67), "First Series" composed
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1915
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treaty that sharply reduced Hungary's borders at end of WWI
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Treaty of Trianon
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collection of teaching pieces published by Bartok 1908-09 containing Hungarian and Slovak folksongs transcribed for piano
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For Children
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third largest ethnic group in Hungary in 1915
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Romania
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RCC is thought to be a suitably nationalistic continuation of what earlier pieces
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For Children
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what does Bartok do to make RCC more readily playable by small hands
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intervals never exceed one octave
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how many melodies are in RCC
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20
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where did Bartok collect the melodies for RCC
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Transylvanian sector of Romania in 1909
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RCC was the first of Bartok's works that contained what
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a list of the source colinde, or carols, within the published schore
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how many of Bartok's RCC colinde have nothing to do with Christmas
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1/3
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what goes on between the sun and the moon in one of the RCCs
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the sun asks for his sister, the moon's, hand in marriage
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what does a victorious hero fight in one of the RCCs
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an until then unvanquished lion (or stag)
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what happens to the nine sons in one of the RCCs
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after hunting for so many years in the old forest they are changed into stags
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how many boys go caroling acc. to Bartok
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8-10
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how many songs do the carolers sing at each house acc. to Bartok
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4-5
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RCC tunes use various scales that predate the CPT, meaning they are what
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modal
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the major scale was formerly known as what
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Ionian
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the minor scale was formerly known as what
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Aeolian
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which modes appear in Series I of RCC
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Dorian Phrygian Mixolydian Aeolian Ionian
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why do many colinde (like the fourth) sound unfinished
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they end on a high pitch
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what about the meter of RCC makes them more Romanian
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flexible meter
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what Hungarian gesture is heard at the very beginning of this set of the RCC
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drone accompaniment
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popular folk instrument in Hungary that sustains long pitches through its open pipes, or drones
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rustic bagpipe
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how does Bartok have a piano mimic the bagpipe in RCC
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play a single pitch E in both hands, letting it resonate for more than four measures
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how many pieces are in the RCC
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ten
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how does Bartok employ variety in setting to give the ten RCC pieces more interest
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-different registers -uses different accomp. in right and left hands -tempo changes -dynamic contrast
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mode of 1st song of RCC
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E Dorian
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mode of 2nd song of RCCC
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G Ionian
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mode of 3rd song of RCC
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D Aeolian
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mode of 4th song of RCC
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D Dorian
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mode of 5th song of RCC
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G Aeloian
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mode of 6th song of RCC
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E Phrygian and Aeolian
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mode of 7th song of RCC
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E Dorian
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mode of 8th song of RCC
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G Dorian
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mode of 9th song of RCC
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C Mixolydian
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mode of 10th song of RCC
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F Ionian
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closest parallel in the art world to atonality
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cubism
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tries to look at an object from many perspectives at once
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cubism
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Louis Vauxcelles's description of the paintings of Braque in a Nov 1908 exhibition
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geometric schemas and cubes
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hated the term atonality
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Schoenberg
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what term for atonality did Schoenberg lobby for
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pantonal
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what did Schoenberg succeed in persuading musicians to consider
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no real distinction between extreme chromaticism and extreme dissonance
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what revolutionary idea about crafting chords that performed functional relationships did Schoenberg start
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"Emancipation of the Dissonance"
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when did Schoenberg begin articulating his viewpoint on tonality in a harmony textbook
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1911
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the premiere of what piece produced the "Scandal Concert"
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Viennese premiere of Berg's Altanberg Lieder, Op. 4 on March 31, 1913
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in what ways is atonality avant-garde
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abandons traditional scales and chords
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what authors that were abandoning the linear narrative are often made out to be parallels of atonality
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Joyce and Eliot
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which Expressionist Schoenberg work is atonal
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Nacht
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how did Schoenberg hold Nacht together
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with the persistent 3 note ostinato called passacaglai
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what twentieth century styles can easily accommodate atonality
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Primitivism Expressionism
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what does Webern return to by assigning the label "bagatelle" to his pieces
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the Romantic-era genre of character pieces
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composer of Six Bagatelles for String Quartet, Op. 9, No. 5 "AuBerst langsam" (1911-13)
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Anton Webern
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when was bagatelles written
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1911-13
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synonym of bagatelle
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trifle
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what is Webern trying to convey with the title bagatelle
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these are not weighty, monumental works, they are simply short novelties
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Webern's entire compositional output can be contained onto what
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three CDs
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how is bagatelle a good illustration of Schoenberg's pantonality
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Webern employs all twelve notes of the chromatic scale within the first 7 measures of the piece
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composers working with atonality often refer to the chromatic scale as the what
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aggregate
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how many measures does it take Webern to expand the entire aggregate
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7
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instrumentation of the bagatelle
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2 violins 1 viola 1 cello
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two timbre techniques used by instruments in bagatelles
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-on the bridge -pizzicato
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plucking the string instead of bowing it
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pizzicato
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small device that limits some of the string's ability to vibrate which softens the sound that Webern asks players to use in bagatelle
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mute
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what dynamic does Webern ask players to play in for bagatelles
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pianissimo
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what does the tempo marking bagatelles, "Auberst langsam" mean
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extremely slow
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separation between notes makes them become individual points of sound, used in bagatelles
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pointillism
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how does Webern greatly emphasize each note
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occasionally changing the timbre, creating what Schoenberg called klangfarbenmelodie
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tone color melody, where the timbre of each sound matters more than the rise and fall of a conventional tune
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Klangfarbenmelodie
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"How acute the sense that would be able to perceive them! How high the development of spirit that could find pleasure in such subtle things!"
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Schoenberg on tone color melodies
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how is Bagatelle divided
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two halves
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first half of the bagatelle depicts what
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gradual presentation of the twelve notes from the aggregate, showing which instrument plays which note and the tone color
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how long is bagatelle
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13 bars
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what technique does Webern use in the second half of Bagatelle
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used the different timbres to create a type of imitative polyphony called a canon
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a synonym for canon
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round
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what overlaps to create the canon in bagatelles
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tone colors
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what instrument starts the canon
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the cello
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what measure does the canon in bagatelle start in
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6
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what kind of canon does the cello launch at the end of measure 7
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pizzicato
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how does Webern subtley announce the start of the canon
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there is no new pitch added to the aggregate in measure 5
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"Consider what moderation is required to express oneself so briefly. You can stretch every glance out into a poem, every sigh into a novel."
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Schoenberg's preface of the published score of Bagatelle
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