Multiple Choice History AP – Ch. 19-25 – Flashcards
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The roots of Harriet Beecher Stowe's antislavery sentiments lay in the
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evangelical religious revivals of the Second Great Awakening
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Hinton R. Helper's book, The Impending Crisis of the South, argued that those who suffered most from slave labor were
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nonslaveholding southern whites
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In "Bleeding Kansas" in the mid 1850's,____________ was/were identified with the proslavery element, and _____________ was/were associated with the antislavery free-soilers
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The Lecompton Constitution; the New England Immigrant Aid Society
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The situation in Kansas in the mid-1850s indicated the impracticality of _______________ in the territories.
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popular sovereignty
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Match each figure with their role in the 1856 A. John C. Fremont B. Millard Fillmore C. Stephen A. Douglas D. James Buchanan 1. Democratic nominee for president 2. Republican nominee for president 3. Know-Nothing (American Party) nominee for president 4. Too tainted by Kansas-Nebraska Act to obtain Democratic nomination
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A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1
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In the presidential election of 1856, the Republicans
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revealed astonishing strength for a brand-new party
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The real significance of the election of 1856 was that it
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foreshadowed an ominous sectional clash over slavery in the election of 1860.
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In ruling on the Dred Scott case, the United States Supreme Court
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argued that Congress could not prohibit slavery in the federal territories
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Arrange these events in chronological order: (A) Dred Scot Decision, (B) Lincoln-Douglas Debates, (C) Kansas-Nebraska Act, and (D) Harpers Ferry raid.
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C,A,B,D
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For a majority of northerners, the most outrageous part of the Supreme Court's ruling in the Dred Scott case was that
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Congress had never had the power to prohibit slavery in any territory
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As a result of the panic of 1857, the South
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believed that it was economically superior to the North.
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In the North, the panic of 1857 created calls for
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free homesteads and higher protective tariffs.
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The political career of Abraham Lincoln could best be described as
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largely a failure until his meteoric rise after 1854.
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As a result of the Lincoln-Douglas debates
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Douglas defeated Lincoln for the Senate
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Stephen A. Douglas argued, in his Freeport Doctrine, during the Lincoln-Douglas debates that
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slavery would stay down if the people voted it down
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After John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry, the South concluded that
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the North was dominated by "Brown-loving" Republicans.
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Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 Republican party presidential nomination in part because he
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had made fewer enemies than front-runner William Seward
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Match each presidential candidate in the 1860 election topic of slavery A. Abraham Lincoln B. Stephen Douglas C. John Breckenridge D. John Bell 1. Extend slavery into the territories 2. ban slavery from the territories 3. preserve the Union by compromise 4. enforce popular sovereignty
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A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3
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In the election of 1860, the Constitutional Union party was formed
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as a middle-of-the-road party fearing for the break up of the union.
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"Lame-duck" President James Buchanan believed that
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the Constitution did not authorize him to force southern states to stay in the Union.
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President James buchanan declined to use force to keep the South in the Union for all of the following reasons except
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he believed that the Constitution allowed secession
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Abraham Lincoln opposed the Crittenden Compromise because
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he had been elected on a platform that opposed the extension of slavery
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Secessionists supported leaving the Union for all of the following reasons except
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they believed that Republicans had been infiltrating their political ranks.
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In declaring their independence, the Confederate States relied heavily on the example of the
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principles of self-dtermination of the Declaration of Independence
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The immense debt owed to northern creditors by the South was
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repudiated by the South.
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President James Buchanan's decision on Kansas's Lecompton Constitution.
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hopelessly divided the democratic party
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President Lincoln's decision on what to do about the situation at Fort Sumter in the first weeks of his administration can best be characterized as
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a middle of the road solution.
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In order to persuade the Border States to remain in the Union, President Lincoln
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used legally dubious methods
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The Border States offered all of the following advantages except
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large navigable rivers
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Lincoln's declaration that the North sought to preserve the Union with or without slavery
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revealed the influence of the Border States on his policies.
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During the Civil War, most of the Five Civilized Tribes in the Indian Territory of present-day Oklahoma
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supported the Confederacy.
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In return for support from the Plains Indians during the Civil War, the Union
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waged war on them and herded them onto reservations
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To achieve its independence, the Confederacy had to
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fight the invading Union army to a draw.
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All of the following were similar characteristics that both Union and Confederate soldiers shared except
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poor unskilled workers were well represented among both armies.
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Johnny Reb tended to be all of the following except
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detached personally from the war.
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Billy Yank tended to be all of the following except
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religious
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Of all the hardships faced by the soldiers during the civil War, the greatest was
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disease
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The greatest weakness of the South during the Civil War was its
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economy
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The North's greatest strength in the Civil War was its
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economy
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Much of the hunger experienced by Confederate soldiers in the Civil War was due to
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the South's rickety transportation system
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Northern soldiers eventually became known for their
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discipline and determination
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To find effective high-level commanders, the Union
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used trial and error
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A supposed asset fro the South at the beginning of the Civil War that never materialized to its real advantage was
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intervention from Britain and France
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On reason that the British did not try to break the Union blockade of the South during the Civil War was that
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they feared losing Northern grain shipments
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The South believed that the British would come to its aid because
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Britain was dependent on Southern cotton
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During the Civil War, Britain and the United States were nearly provoked into war by
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the Trent affair, involving the removal of Southern diplomats from a British ship.
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During the Civil War, diplomacy for the Union and the Confederacy
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was critical for both
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Confederate commerce-raiders such as the Alabama
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proved effective against Union shipping
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Napoleon III's attempt to install Maximilian on the Mexican throne was a clear violation of
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the Monroe Doctrine
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America's minister to Britain, during the Civil War, under President Lincoln was
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Charles Francis Adams
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France abandoned its attempt to control Mexico
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when the United States threatened to force France to leave.
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During the Civil War
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relations between the Union and Canada were at times very poor
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The Southern cause was weakened by
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the concept of states' rights that Confederacy professed.
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As leader of the Confederacy, Jefferson Davis
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defied rather than was led by public opinion
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The problems that Abraham Lincoln experienced as president were less prostrating than those experienced by Jefferson Davis partly because the North
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had a long-established and fully recognized government.
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As president of the confederacy, Jefferson Davis did not exercise the arbitrary power wielded by Abraham Lincoln because
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of the South's emphasis on states' rights
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To fill the army's demand for troops, prior to 1863, the North relied mainly on
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volunteers
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In Lincoln's attempts to preserve the Union, he did all of the following questionable actions as president except
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refused to implement a draft, or conscription law, during the war
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The Union's establishment of the National Banking System
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was the first significant step toward a unified banking network since 1836.
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During the Civil War, the Union
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launched a new national banking system
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As a result of the Civil War, the Northern economy
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greatly expanded its industrial and technological productivity
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Possessing _____ percent of the nation wealth in 1860, the South claimed only ____ percent in 1870.
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30, 12
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During the Civil War, women in the North
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had new opportunities opened to them in industry.
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The Exodusters' westward massmigration to Kansas finally faltered when
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steamboat captains refused to transport more former slaves across the Mississippi.
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The greatest achievements of the Freedmen's Bureau were in
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education
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The white South viewed the Freedmen's Bureau as
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a meddlesome federal agency that threatened to upset white racial dominance
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In President Andrew Johnson's view, the Freedmen's Bureau was
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a meddlesome agency that should be killed.
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Andrew Johnson had been put on Lincoln's ticket as vice president in his second term
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to appeal to War Democrats and pro-Union southerners
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As a politician, Andrew Johnson developed a reputation as a(n)
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champion of the poor whites.
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The controversy surrounding the Wade-Davis Bill and the readmission of the Confederate states to the Union demonstrated
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the deep differences between President Lincoln and Congress
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In his 10 percent plan for Reconstruction, President Lincoln promised
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rapid readmission of Southern states into the Union.
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_______________believed that the Southern states had completely left the Union and were therefore, "conquered provinces" than terms Congress demanded
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Thaddeus Stevens
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For congressional Republicans, one of the most troubling aspects of the Southern states' quick restoration to the Union was that
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with the black population fully counted, the South would be stronger than ever in nation politics
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The incident that caused the clash between Congress and President Johnson to explode into the open was
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Johnson's veto of the bill to extend the Freedmen's Bureau.
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The first and only ex-Confederate state to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment in 1866 and thus be immediately readmitted to the Union was
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Tennessee
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The Fourteenth Amendment guaranteed
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citizenship and civil rights to freed slaves
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The Fourteenth Amendment
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prohibited ex-Confederate leaders from holding public office
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Johnson's veto of the Civil Rights Bill of 1866 prompted Congress to seek passage of
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The Fourteenth Amendment
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In the 1866 congressional elections
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voters endorsed the congressional approach to Reconstruction
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The root cause of the battle between Congress and President Andrew Johnson was
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Johnson's "soft" treatment of the white South
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Many feminist leaders were especially disappointed with the Fourteenth Amendment because it
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specified for the first time in the Constitution that only males could vote.
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Which of the following was not among the functions provided by the black Union League?
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Helping blacks migrate from the South to the North
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Blacks in the South relied on the Union League to
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educate them on their civic duties.
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During Reconstruction, African American women assumed new political roles, which included all of the following except
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voting
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Which one of the following is least related to the other four? (Ch. 22-Reconstruction)
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Ku Klux Klan
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Radical Reconstruction state governments
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passed much desirable legislation and badly needed reforms
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Political corruption during Reconstruction was
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common in both North and South
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The Ku Klux Klan could best be described as
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a secret terrorist organization.
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In 1867, Secretary of State Seward achieved the Johnson administration's greatest success in foreign relations when he
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purchased Alaska from Russia
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Johnson was narrowly acquitted on the impeachment charges because
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it was finally recognized that the charges were dubious and political
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All of the following were reasons the Senate voted to acquit President Andrew Johnson except
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Johnson promised to step down as president
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Reconstruction might have been more successful if
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Thaddeus Stevens's radical program of drastic economic reforms and stronger protection of political rights had been enacted
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The Freedmen's Bureau
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was quite successful at providing education for former slaves.
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Despite his status as a military hero, General Ulysses S. Grant proved to be a weak political leader because he
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had no political experience and was a poor judge of character.
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In the presidential election of 1868, Ulysses S. Grant
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owed his victory to the votes of former slaves.
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In the aftermath of the Civil War
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waste, speculation, and corruption afflicted both business and government.
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New York's notoriously corrupt Boss Tweed was finally jailed under the pressure of
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New York Times exposes and the cartoons of Thomas Nast.
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The Credit Mobilier scandal involved
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railroad construction kickbacks.
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The Liberal Republican revolt from the regular Republican party in 1972 was motivated primarily by
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disgust at the corruption and scandals of the Grant administration
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President Ulysses S. Grant was reelected in 1872 because
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the Democrats and Liberal Republicans chose the eccentric editor Horace Greeley as their candidate
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Match each politician below with the Republican faction associated A. Roscoe Conkling B. James Blaine C. Horace Greeley D. Ulysses Grant 1. "Half-Breeds" 2. Stalwarts 3. Regular Republicans 4. Liberal Republicans
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A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3
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One result of Republican hard money policies in the mid-1870s was
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a political turn to the Democrats and new Greenback Labor party
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Those who enjoyed a successful political career in the post-Civil War decades were usually
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party loyalists
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The presidential elections of the 1870s and 1880s
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aroused enormous turnouts among voters even though there were few significant issues
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In religious and cultural terms, the Republicans appealed especially to groups that derived their views from the
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Puritan tradition of strict moral codes and government regulation of morality and society
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One reason for the extremely high voter turnouts and partisan fervor of the Gilded Age was
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sharp ethnic and cultural differences in the membership of the two parties
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Which of the following was not among the groups that formed the solid political base of the Republican party in the late nineteenth century
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Northern Big Cities
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The Compromise of 1877 resulted in
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the withdrawal of federal troops and abandonment of black rights in the South.
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The sequence of presidential terms of the "forgettable presidents" of the Gilded Age (including Cleveland's two nonconsecutive terms) was
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Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, Cleveland, Harrison, and Cleveland
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In the 1896 case of Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme court ruled that
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"separate but equal" facilities were constitutional
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Blacks who violated the Jim Crow laws or other elements of the South's racial code were often subject to
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lynching
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The presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes began with
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sharp class conflict and a national railroad strike.
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The fundamental attitude of Hayes and other Republican administrations toward labor agitation was
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strong support for the railroads and other business in their efforts to crush labor organizing.
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Labor unrest in the 1870s and 1880s resulted in
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the use of federal troops during strikes
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One of the main reasons that the Chinese came to the United States was to
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dig for gold
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The Pendleton Act required people applying for many federal government jobs to
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take a competitive examination
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The 1884 election contest between James G. Blaine and Grover Cleveland was noted for
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its viciously personal attacks between the two candidates
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When he was president, Grover Cleveland's strong belief in a laissez-faire approach to government gained the support of
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business people
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Benjamin Harrison's victory over Grover Cleveland in the election of 1888 was unusual in that
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Harrison lost the popular vote to Cleveland but won in the electoral college.
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The tariff bill, sponsored by the talented Congressman William McKinley of Ohio, provided for
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sky-high tariff rates that stirred rural discontent
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An epidemic of violent strikes and labor conflict in 1892 led to the prospect of
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the Populists adding industrial workers to their base of support among farmers
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The conservative white Bourbon Democrats of the South largely succeeded in crushing the Populist revolt by
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appealing to poor white farmers' anti-black racial feelings against their economic interests
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The early Populist campaign to create a coalition of white and black farmers ended in
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a racist backlash that eliminated black voting in the South
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The political developments of the 1890s were largely shaped by
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The most severe and extended economic depression up to that time
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Economic unrest and the repeal of the Sherman Silver Purchase Act led to the rise of the pro-silver leader
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William Jennings Bryan
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President Cleveland's hostility to silver and silver-backed currency was driven primarily by his fear that
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the growing drain of gold from the U.S. Treasury would force the United States off the gold standard
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President Grover Cleveland aroused widespread public anger by his action of
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borrowing 65$ million in gold from J.P. Morgan's banking syndicate
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President Cleveland's response to the depression of the 1890s demonstrated that he
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was unable to deal effectively with such a massive economic crisis
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Much of the investment funds that enabled American to industrialize in the late nineteenth century came from
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private foreign investors
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During the Gilded Age, most of the railroad barons
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built their railroads with federal land grants and loans
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The national government helped to finance transcontinental railroad construction in the late nineteenth century by providing railroad corporations with
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land grants and loans
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Match each railroad company below with the correct entrepreneur. A. James J. Hill B. Cornelius Vanderbilt C. Leland Stanford 1. Central Pacific 2. New York Central 3. Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe 4. Great Norther
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A-4, B-2, C-1
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The greatest economic consequence of the transcontinental railroad network was that it
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united the nation into a single, integrated national market.
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The greatest single factor helping to spur the amazing industrialization of the post-Civil War years was
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the railroad network
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The two industries that the transcontinental railroads most significantly expanded were
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mining and agriculture
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Which of the following was not among the common forms of corruption practiced by the wealthy railroad barons?
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Forcing their employees to buy railroad company stock
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In the case of Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois, the U.S. Supreme Court held that state legislatures could not regulate railroads because
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railroads were interstate businesses and could not be regulated by any single state.
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One of the most significant aspects of the Interstate Commerce Act was that it
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represented the first large-scale attempt by the federal government to regulate business
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When Europeans owned or invested in private companies in the United States, they generally
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let Americans manage the business unless there was an economic crisis.
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The single largest source of a critical raw material that fueled early American industrialization was the
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Mesabi iron range of Minnesota.
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The vast, integrated, continental U.S. market greatly enhanced the American inclination toward
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mass manufacturing of standardized industrial products
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One of the methods by which post-Civil War business leaders increased their profits was
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elimination of as much competition as possible.
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Match each entrepreneur below with the field of enterprise A. Andrew Carnegie B. John D. Rockefeller C. J. Pierpont Morgan D. James Duke 1. steel 2. oil 3. tobacco 4. banking
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A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
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Match each entrepreneur below with the field of enterprise A. Andrew Carnegie B. John D. Rockefeller C. J. Pierpont Morgan 1. interlocking directorate 2. trust 3. vertical integration 4. pool
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A-3, B-2, C-1
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John D. Rockefeller's organizational technique of horizontal integration involved
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forcing small competitors to assign stock to Standard oil or lose their business.
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America's first billion-dollar corporation was
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United States Steel
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The first major product of the oil industry was
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Kerosene
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The oil industry became a huge business
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with the invention of the internal combustion engine
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The "Gospel of Wealth" endorsed by Andrew Carnegie
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held that the wealthy should display moral responsibility in the use of their God-given money
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Although they were commonly called "Social Darwinists," advocates of economic, national, or racial "survival of the fittest" ideas actually drew less on biologist Charles Darwin than on
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British laissez-faire economists like Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo
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Believers in the doctrine of "survival of the fittest," like Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner, believed that
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the wealthy deserved their riches because they had demonstrated greater abilities than the poor.
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To help corporations, the courts ingeniously interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment, which was designed to protect the rights of ex-slaves, so as to
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incorporate big business
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In the late nineteenth century, tax benefits and cheap, nonunion labor especially attracted __________ manufacturing to the new South
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textile
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One of the greatest changes that industrialization brought about in the lives of workers was
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the need for them to adjust their lives to the time clock
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The group whose lives were most dramatically altered by the new industrial age was
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women
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Despite generally rising wages in the late nineteenth century, industrial workers were extremely vulnerable to all of the following except
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new educational requirements for jobs
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The image of the "Gibson Girl" represented a(n)
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romantic ideal of the independent and athletic new woman
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Which one of the following is least like the other four? Closed shop, Lockout, Yellow Dog Contract, Blacklist, or Company Town?
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Company town
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Generally, the Supreme Court in the late nineteenth century interpreted the Constitution in such a way as to favor
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independent workers and craftsmen
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Match each labor organization with the correct description. A. National Labor Union B. Knights of Labor C. American Federation of Labor 1. the "one big union" that championed producer cooperatives and industrial arbitration 2. a social-reform union killed by the depression of the 1870s 3. an association of unions pursuing higher wages, shorter working hours, and better working conditions
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A-2, B-1, C-3
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One group, barred from membership in the Knights of Labor, was
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non-producers
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The Knights of Labor believed that conflict between capital and labor would disappear when
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labor would own and operate businesses and industries
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The tremendously rapid growth of American cities in the post-Civil War decades was
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a trend that affected Europe as well
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The major factor in drawing country people off the farms and into the big cities was the
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availability of industrial jobs
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In 1900, the two largest cities in the world were
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London and New York City
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One of the early symbols of the dawning era of consumerism in urban America was
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large department stores
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Which one of the following has the least in common with the other four? Slums, Dumbbell tenements, Bedroom Communities, Flophouses, or the "Lung Block"?
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Bedroom Communities
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American cities increasingly abandoned wooden construction for brick and steel in their downtown districts after
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the great Chicago fire of 1871
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Most Italian immigrants to the United States between 1880 and 1920 came to escape
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the poverty and backwardness of southern Italy
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A bird of passage was an immigrant who
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came to America to work for a short time and then returned to Europe
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By the late nineteenth century, most of the Old Immigrant groups from northern and Western Europe
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had largely abandoned their ethnically based churches, clubs, and neighborhoods.
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New Immigrant groups were regarded with special hostility by many nativist Americans because
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their religions were distinctly different and some New Immigrants were politically radical
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The European diaspora to the Americas, Africa, Australia, and elsewhere was largely a by-product of the
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initial mass migration of European rural populations to that continent's big cities
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Prominent Protestant pastors like Walter Rauschenbusch and Washington Gladden argued that
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the Christian Gospel required that churches address poverty and other burning social issues of the day
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In the new urban environment, most liberal Protestants
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rejected biblical literalism and adapted religious ideas to modern culture
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The Darwinian theory of organic evolution through natural selection affected American religion by
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creating a split between religious conservatives who denied evolution and accomodationists who supported it
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In the 1890s, white collar positions for women as secretaries, department store clerks, and telephone operators were largely reserved for
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native-born Americans
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The vast majority of employed female workers in the late nineteenth century were
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single
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Labor unions favored immigration restriction because most immigrants were all of the following except
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willing to work for lower wages
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